Interaction Dynamics with Babies During Shared Reading Practices / Dinâmicas de Interação em Situações de Leitura Compartilhada com Bebês / Dinámicas de Interacción con Bebés durante Momentos de Lectura Compartida

Abstract This paper examines the triadic dynamics of baby-teacher-book during shared reading in an Early Childhood Education School to explain how educational teaching practices can enhance initial reading experiences and development processes in Early Childhood. A ten-months-old baby and a teacher participated in this study and, as an instrument for data collection, reading situations were registered and later these sessions were weighted through use of microgenetic analysis. From the analysis of the data present in the detailed case, it was identified the emergence of qualitative indicators that favoured the involvement of the baby in the activity, the mediation and educational actions of the teacher and the use of the book were more frequent. The effective use of the object book with that baby has contributed to qualitative changes in the baby's development and learning and emphasizes the incentive to share reading with other children.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a dinâmica da tríade bebê-professora-livro durante a leitura compartilhada em uma Escola de Educação Infantil a fim de explicar como as práticas educativas de ensino potencializam experiências iniciais de leitura e processos de desenvolvimento na Primeira Infância. Uma bebê de dez meses e uma professora participaram desse estudo e como instrumento para coleta de dados foi utilizado a vídeogravação de momentos de leitura e posteriormente essas sessões foram ponderadas através da análise microgenética. A partir das análises dos dados presentes no caso detalhado, identificou-se a emergência de indicadores qualitativos que favoreceram o engajamento da bebê na atividade, sendo que a mediação e ações educativas da professora e do uso do livro foram mais frequentes. O uso efetivo do livro-objeto pode ter contribuído para mudanças qualitativas no desenvolvimento e aprendizagem da bebê e enfatiza a necessidade de incentivar o compartilhamento da leitura nessas idades.

Resumen Este artículo tuvo como objetivo examinar la dinámica de la tríada bebé-maestra-libro durante la lectura compartida en una Escuela de Educación Infantil con el fin de explicar cómo las prácticas docentes educativas pueden potenciar las experiencias iniciales de lectura y los procesos de desarrollo en la Primera Infancia. En este estudio participó una bebé de diez meses y una maestra y como instrumento de recolección de datos se utilizó la grabación en video de los momentos de lectura y posteriormente estas sesiones fueron ponderadas a través del análisis microgenético. A partir del análisis de los datos presentes en este caso, se identificó la emergencia de indicadores cualitativos que favorecen la participación de la bebé en la actividad, siendo más frecuentes la mediación y las acciones educativas de la docente, así como el uso del libro. El uso efectivo del libro objeto con la bebé ha contribuido a cambios cualitativos en el desarrollo y aprendizaje de los niños y enfatiza el incentivo de compartir la lectura con otros niños pequeños.

Evaluación de la competencia pragmática de cuatro adultos españoles con discapacidad auditiva congénita a través del Protocolo Rápido de Evaluación Pragmática - Revisado / Assessing the pragmatic competence of four spanish adults with congenital hearing loss through Protocolo Rápido de Evaluación Pragmática - Revisado

Numerosos estudios apuntan a las dificultades del lenguaje oral que pueden presentar las personas con discapacidad auditiva a lo largo de su desarrollo. No obstante, se conoce poco acerca del nivel de competencia pragmática que alcanzan y cómo esta área se desarrolla. En esta investigación se pretenden abordar las características pragmáticas de cuatro adultos españoles con discapacidad auditiva congénita a través del Protocolo Rápido de Evaluación Pragmática Revisado (PREP-R), que evalúa diferentes niveles de pragmática: textual, enunciativa e interactiva y, además,aporta un índice de habilidad pragmática general, específica y de base gramatical. Los participantes fueron evaluados mediante videograbaciones de muestras de lenguaje espontáneo en conversación con un familiar. Los resultados indican que, en general, los cuatro sujetos presentan un buen nivel de competencia pragmática, que se manifiesta a la hora de ajustar los actos de habla. Sin embargo, para regular su lenguaje, tienden a utilizar conductas compensatorias como: estrategias verbales que les permiten ganar tiempo extra para la construcción de sus emisiones, empleo de actos verbales y/o paraverbales compensatorios y el uso de gestos que completan su producción verbal. Estos datos indican que, aunque los participantes de este estudio presentan buenas habilidades pragmáticas, es necesario seguir desarrollando estrategias a nivel de intervención que les permitan comunicarse sin dificultades en diferentes contextos y con distintos interlocutores.

Numerous studies reveal the oral language difficulties that people with hearing loss may present throughout their development. However, little is known about the level of pragmatic competence they achieve and how this area evolves. This research aims to address the pragmatic characteristics of four Spanish adults with congenital hearing loss through Protocolo Rápido de Evaluación Pragmática -Revisado (PREP-R, which can be translated as Quick Protocol for Pragmatic Evaluation -Revised). This test assesses different levels of pragmatics: textual, enunciative, and interactional, and also provides an indicator for general, specific, and grammatically-based pragmatic ability. The participants were assessed by videotaping spontaneous speech samples in conversation with a family member. The results indicate that, in general, the four subjects present an adequate level of pragmatic competence, which is manifested in their adjustment of speech acts. Nevertheless, they show a tendency to use compensatory behaviors toregulate their speech, such as verbal strategies that allow them to gain extra time to construct their utterances, compensatory verbal and/or paraverbal acts, and gestures that complement their verbal productions. These data indicate that, although the participants of this study show good pragmatic skills, it is necessary to continue developing intervention strategies that allow them to communicate without difficulties in different contexts and with different communication partners.

Cognição social e pragmática da linguagem: estudo com crianças autistas / Social cognition and pragmatics: study with autistic children / Cognición social y pragmática del lenguaje: estudio con niños autistas

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a interface entre cognição social e linguagem, analisando as relações entre a teoria da mente e a pragmática da linguagem em crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Participaram da pesquisa 24 crianças com TEA, entre 6 e 12 anos de idade. Para a avaliação das habilidades sociocognitivas foram utilizadas tarefas da escala de teoria da mente e, para a avaliação da pragmática, um instrumento de compreensão de enunciados literais e não literais (avaliados nas subcategorias: implicaturas conversacionais e expressões idiomáticas). Os resultados indicaram que: 1) as crianças manifestaram compreensão da linguagem literal significativamente superior à compreensão das implicaturas conversacionais e das expressões idiomáticas; e 2) que as crianças que acertaram as tarefas de falsa crença foram as que tiveram um desempenho melhor nos enunciados não literais de expressões idiomáticas. Esses achados dão suporte à hipótese de associação positiva entre compreensão da falsa crença e pragmática.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interface between social cognition and language, analyzing the relationships between theory of mind and pragmatics in autistic children. Twenty-Four Brazilian autistic children, between 6 and 12 years of age, participated in the study. The Theory of Mind Scale was utilized to assess the social cognitive skills; and, to evaluate pragmatics, it was used tasks that requested the child to make judgments about literal and non-literal statements (assessed in two subcategories: conversational implicatures and idiomatic expressions). The results indicate that 1) the children manifested a comprehension of literal language significantly superior to the comprehension that they showed towards non literal language, and, 2) the children who had success on false belief tasks had higher scores on idiomatic expressions. These findings support the hypothesis of a positive association between false belief and pragmatic understanding.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la interfaz entre cognición social y lenguaje, analizando las relaciones entre teoría de la mente y pragmática en niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Participaron 24 niños con TEA entre 6 y 12 años. Para la evaluación de las habilidades sociocognitivas se utilizaron tareas de la escala de teoría de la mente, y para la pragmática, un instrumento de comprensión de enunciados literales y no literales (implicaciones conversacionales y expresiones idiomáticas). Los resultados indicaron que 1) los niños manifestaron comprensión del lenguaje literal significativamente superior a la comprensión de las implicaciones conversacionales y de las expresiones idiomáticas, y 2) que los niños que acertaron las tareas de falsa creencia fueron las que tuvieron un desempeño mejor en los enunciados no literales de expresiones idiomáticas. Estos hallazgos apoyan la hipótesis de asociación positiva entre comprensión de la falsa creencia y pragmática.

Aberrant Neural Activation Underlying Idiom Comprehension in Korean Children with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder

PURPOSE: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication impairments and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. Impaired pragmatic language comprehension is a universal feature in individuals with ASD. However, the underlying neural basis of pragmatic language is poorly understood. In the present study, we examined neural activation patterns associated with impaired pragmatic language comprehension in ASD, compared to typically developing children (TDC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was applied to 15 children with ASD and 18 TDC using the Korean pragmatic language task. RESULTS: Children with ASD were less accurate than TDC at comprehending idioms, particularly when they were required to interpret idioms with mismatched images (mismatched condition). Children with ASD also showed different patterns of neural activity than TDC in all three conditions (neutral, matched, and mismatched). Specifically, children with ASD showed decreased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (Brodmann area 47) in the mismatched condition, compared with TDC (IFG; t(31)=3.17, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that children with ASD face difficulties in comprehending pragmatic expressions and apply different pragmatic language processes at the neural level.

Trastorno de la comunicación social (pragmático) (TCS f80. 82) / Disorder of social communication (pragmatic) (TCS f80. 82)

Resumen Autores: Dra. Myriam M. Velarde IncháusteguI 1 Dr. Jorge A. Vattuone Echevarría 2 Dra.Myriam E. Gómez Velarde 3 99 La pragmática estudia el lenguaje en su relación con los usuarios y las circunstancias de la comunicación. Se hace un recuento histórico desde el Síndrome Semántico Pragmático de Rapin y Allen (1980), pasando por Bishop (2000), Trastorno Pragmático del Lenguaje (TPL), hasta el Manual Estadístico de Enfermedades Mentales, DSM-5, (2013) donde aparece una nueva categoría tipi cada como Trastorno de la Comunicación Social (Pragmático) TCS, incluida dentro de los Trastornos de la Comunicación. La DSM-5 da cuatro criterios diagnósticos para la TCS: A. Dificultades en el uso de la comunicación verbal y no verbal. B. Dificultades que causan limitaciones funcionales en la comunicación. C. Los síntomas se manifiestan en edades tempranas. D. No es atribuible a déficit sensorial, motor o neurológico. Se hace diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades que tienen compromiso pragmático: el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH) no muestra déficit en "relaciones sociales" ni en "comunicación no verbal". Con el Trastorno de Aprendizaje no verbal o Procedimental (TAP), el déficit pragmático es común en ambos grupos, pero en el TCS es más grave y "coherencia y comprensión" se ven más afectados. Con el Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) la diferencia es que los autistas manifiestan intereses restringidos y conductas motoras estereotipadas. Se revisan las pruebas más comunes donde la prueba Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) de Bishop es una prueba útil para valorar la pragmática en los escolares, ya adaptada y validada al idioma español.

Abstract Pragmatics studies how language relates with its users and the circumstances of communication. This study is a historical account from the Pragmatic Semantic Syndrome of Rapin and Allen (1980), through Bishop (2000), Pragmatic Language Disorder (PLD), to the Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses, DSM-5, (2013) where a new category appears and is categorized as Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder SCD and is included in Communication Disorders. The DSM-5 provides four diagnostic criteria for the SCD: A. Difficulties in the use of verbal and non-verbal communication. B. Difficulties that cause functional limitations in e ective communication. C. Symptoms shown at early age. D. Not attributable to sensory, motor or neurological deficit; illness, intellectual disability. Differential diagnosis with other entities that have pragmatic commitment, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), do not show a de cit in 'social relations' or in 'non-verbal communication' factors. With non-verbal or Procedural Learning Disorder (PLD), pragmatic deficit is common in both groups, but in SCD it is more severe and 'coherence and understanding' are more affected. The main difference with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is that autistic individuals exhibit restricted interests and stereotyped motor behaviors. Finally, the most common tests are reviewed where the Bishop's Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) is a useful test to evaluate pragmatics in schoolchildren, which is already adapted and validated in Spanish.

Construindo a noção de sintoma: articulações entre psicanálise e pragmática / Construire la notion de symptôme: les articulations entre la psychanalyse et la pragmatique / La construcción de la noción de Síntoma: articulaciones entre el psicoanálisis y la pragmática / Building the notion symptom: connections between pragmatics and psychoanalysis

Este trabalho pretende identificar pontos de aproximação entre a psicanálise e os estudos sobre a linguagem presentes na obra do filósofo austríaco Ludwig Wittgenstein. Para tal, parte-se da construção da noção de sintoma, sua definição no campo médico e psiquiátrico até sua demarcação no campo psicanalítico, elemento que só se define por sua relação com as práticas discursivas do sujeito. Ao introduzir a noção de jogos de linguagem, Wittgenstein destaca o caráter pragmático da linguagem: as regras de uso estabelecidas em determinado contexto conferem o significado a uma expressão linguística. Se para a psicanálise o sintoma implica uma articulação simbólica, é na relação entre significantes, própria do jogo linguístico, que se estabelecem as possibilidades de significação do próprio sujeito.

Cette étude vise à identifier les points de rapprochement entre la psychanalyse et les études sur la langue présentes chez le philosophe autrichien Ludwig Wittgenstein. Pour cela, on part de la construction de la notion de symptôme, sa définition dans le domaine médical et psychiatrique, jusqu'à sa délimitation dans le domaine psychanalytique, un élément qui est seulement défini par sa relation avec les pratiques discursives du sujet. En introduisant le concept des jeux de langage, Wittgenstein souligne le caractère pragmatique de la langue : les règles d'utilisation établies dans un contexte particulier confèrent un sens à une expression linguistique. Si pour la psychanalyse le symptôme implique une articulation symbolique, c'est dans la relation entre signifiants, caractéristique du jeu linguistique, où s'établissent les possibilités de signification du sujet lui-même.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los puntos de aproximación entre el psicoanálisis y los estudios sobre el lenguaje presente en la obra del filósofo austríaco Ludwig Wittgenstein. Para eso, parte desde la construcción de la noción de los síntomas, su definición en el campo médico y psiquiátrico hasta su demarcación en el campo psicoanalítico, elemento que sólo se define por su relación con las prácticas discursivas de la materia. Al introducir el concepto de juegos de lenguaje, Wittgenstein hace hincapié en el carácter pragmático del lenguaje: las normas de uso establecidas en un contexto particular confieren sentido a una expresión lingüística. Si para el psicoanálisis el síntoma implica una articulación simbólica, es la relación entre significantes, del propio juego de lenguaje, en la que se establecen las posibilidades de significado del sujeto.

This study aims to identify confluences between psychoanalysis and studies on language presented in Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein's work. In order to do so, one starts from the construction of the notion of symptom, its definition in the medical and psychiatric fields, to its demarcation in the psychoanalytical field, where the symptom is only defined by its relationship with the discursive practices of the subject. When introducing the concept of language-game, Wittgenstein emphasizes the pragmatic aspect of language: the rules of use established in a particular context give meaning to a linguistic expression. If, for psychoanalysis, the symptom implies a symbolic articulation, it is in the relationship between signifiers, proper to the language game, that the possibilities of signification of the subject himself are established.

Caracterización del lenguaje oral de la población indígena zenú / Characterization of oral language of the indigenous population Zenú

Los Zenúes son un pueblo amerindio que hablaba la lengua Guajiba o Guamacó, pero en la ac-tualidad hacen uso exclusivo del español, aunque conservan producciones que evidencian rasgos fonéticos y semánticos específicos poco conocidos. El desconocimiento de su filiación lingüís-tica y el de sus particularidades motivó el presente trabajo, el cual muestra la caracterización del lenguaje oral de la población del resguardo indígena Zenú de San Andrés de Sotavento de Sucre, buscando reconocer las diferencias en contenido, forma y uso que permitirían rescatar su riqueza lingüística y el acervo cultural de ello para la costa Caribe. El estudio fue descriptivo y de corte transversal, incluyó técnicas de recolección mixtas aplicadas a 381 indígenas del resguardo mencionado. Los resultados evidenciaron procesos de simplificación en fonemas y sílabas, omi-sión de elementos sintácticos, preferencia de verbos en presente y pasado, cambios en referentes semánticos, léxico receptivo limitado y básico pero coherente, presencia de sobreextensiones en la significación y argumentación, características conversacionales pasivas para mantener, esperar y ceder turnos y empleo de gestos naturales como mediadores de la interacción. Se concluyó que existen particularidades fonológicas atribuidas al contexto socio cultural de la población; a nivel morfosintáctico predomina el empleo de estructuras gramaticales simples y complejas de tipos yuxtapuestas y coordinadas. En los niveles semántico y pragmático se evidenció reconocimiento de conceptos, empleo de vocablos contextualizados; introversión y escasas destrezas conversacio-nales que dan cuenta de pasividad en la interacción.

The Zenúes are an Amerindian people who spoke the Guamacó language, but today they use the Spanish, although they retain productions that demonstrate specific and little known semantic and phonetic features. The neglect of their linguistic affiliation and their particularities motiva-ted the research team to develop this work, which presents the characterization of oral language of the population of the Zenú indigenous reservation of San Andrés de Sotavento in the depart-ment of Sucre, seeking recognition of the differences in content, form and use, that would allow rescue its rich linguistic and cultural heritage of this for the Caribbean Coast. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional; it included mixed collection techniques which were applied to 381 indigenous people belonging to the reservation mentioned above. The results showed simpli-fication processes in phonemes and syllables, omission of grammatical elements and preference of present and past verbs, changes in semantic referents, limited and basic receptive vocabulary, nevertheless, it is consistent; they also showed presence of overextension in the significance and argumentation, passive conversational features to keep, to wait and to give up the turn and using of natural gestures as mediator of the interaction. In conclusion, this study reveals that there are phonological particularities attributed to socio-cultural population context; it shows predomi-nant use of simple and complex grammatical structures of juxtaposed and coordinated type in the morphosyntactic level; as well as recognition of concepts and use of contextualized words; and at pragmatic level, most people are characterized as introverted, they have poor conversatio-nal skills, so that, they are passive actors in the conversation

¿Puede el CCC-2 diferenciar perfiles pragmáticos? / Can the CCC-2 differentiate pragmatic profiles?

Objetivo: El presente trabajo pretende comprobar la capacidad de diferenciación y detección de perfiles pragmáticos de la traducción española de la Children´s Communication Checklist-2 (CCC-2). Método: Se realizó el perfil normativo del instrumento en una muestra de 100 sujetos de habla española. Para determinar hasta qué punto la traducción española de la CCC-2 puede diferenciar entre niños con trastornos pragmáticos del lenguaje y niños con trastornos del lenguaje expresivo se realizó una comparación entre 10 sujetos con síndrome de Asperger y 10 sujetos con síndrome Down con un grupo Control. Resultados: La traducción española de la CCC-2 es capaz de identificar perfiles pragmáticos y de diferenciar entre perfiles normativos y clínicos como el del síndrome de Asperger y el del síndrome de Down. Además, este instrumento es capaz de obtener una imagen del perfil cuantitativo de las dificultades de comunicación de estos niños.

Objective: The current study aims to check the ability of the Spanish translation of the Children´s Communication Checklist-2 (CCC-2) to discriminate and identify pragmatic profiles. Method: A normative profile of the instrument was performed on a 100 Spanish-speaking sample. To determinate to what extend the Spanish translation of the CCC-2 is able to discriminate between children with a pragmatic language disorder and an expressive language disorder a comparison was made between 10 subjects with an Asperger syndrome and 10 subjects with Down syndrome versus a Control group. Results: The Spanish translation of the CCC-2 is able to identify pragmatic profiles and to discriminate between normative and clinic profiles as Asperger syndrome and Down syndrome. Furthermore, this instrument is able to obtain a quantitative profile picture of the communication impairments of those children.

Dizer o sofrimento: fenomenologia, cognitivismo, pragmática / Expressing suffering: phenomenology, cognitivism, pragmatics / Decir el sufrimiento: fenomenología, cognitivismo, pragmática

As experiências existenciais comportam um aspecto subjetivo e não podem receber uma expressão que as tornam integralmente comunicáveis. Mas isso não implica a aceitação do solipsismo a que condenam as filosofias da consciência, como a fenomenologia husserliana ou sartreana. E se o cognitivismo mostra que, na experiência subjetiva, há um suplemento não objetivável, a hermenêutica indica como é possível, pela linguagem narrativa, conceber certa comunicabilidade, embora semanticamente limitada, dos estados subjetivos. A Psicologia cognitiva, de outra maneira, com base na teoria das categorias e da ideia de aprendizagem, aponta para um universal parcial, tornando possível certa comunicação das emoções. No entanto, é somente na ação comum, na pragmática, que as hipóteses interpretativas podem superar sua indeterminação e ser eventualmente confirmadas.

Existential experiences involve a subjective aspect and cannot accommodate an expression that makes them integrally communicable. But this does not mean the acceptance of the solipsism implied by philosophies of consciousness, such as Husserl’s and Sartre’s phenomenology. If cognitivism indicates that, in subjective experience, there is a supplement that cannot be rendered objective, hermeneutics shows how it is possible, through narrative language, to conceive some communicability, although semantically limited, of subjective states. On the other hand, with basis on the theory of categories and the idea of learning, cognitive psychology points out a partial universal, making possible some communication of emotions. However, it is only in common action, in pragmatics, that interpretive hypotheses can overcome their indetermination and be eventually confirmed.

Las experiencias existenciales comportan un aspecto subjetivo y no pueden tomar una expresión que las haga totalmente comunicables. Pero esto no implica la aceptación del solipsismo a que filosofías de la conciencia, como la fenomenología husserliana o sartreana las condenan. Ahora, si el cognitivismo muestra que en la experiencia subjetiva existe un componente no objetivable, la hermenéutica indica como es posible, a través del lenguaje narrativo, concebir una cierta comunicabilidad, todavia que semanticamente limitada, de los estados subjetivos. La psicología cognitiva, de outra forma, a partir de la teoria de las categorías y de la idea de aprendizado, apunta para un universal parcial, haciendo posible cierta comunicación de las emociónes. Sin embargo, es sólo en la acción comun, en la pragmática, que las hipótesis interpretativas pueden superar su indeterminación y ser eventualmente confirmadas.

Les expériences existentielles comportent um aspect subjectif et ne peuvent recevoir une expression que les rende integralement communicables. Mais cela n’implique pas que nous soyons condamnés au solipsisme des philosophies de la conscience, comme la phénoménologie de Husserl ou de Sartre. Et si le cognitivisme montre que, dans l’expérience subjective, il y a un supplément non objectivable, l’herméneutique indique comment il est possible, au moyen du langage narratif, de concevoir une certaine communicabilité, bien que sémantiquement limitée, des états subjectifs. La psychologie cognitive, quant à elle, partant de la théorie des catégories et de l’idée d’apprentissage, soutient la possibilité d’un universel partiel rendant possible une certaine communication des émotions. Néanmoins, c’est seulement dans l’action commune, pragmatiquement, que les hypothèses interprétatives peuvent surmonter leur indétermination et être eventuellememt confirmées.

Hemispheric specialization for communicative processing: neuroimaging data on the role of the right hemisphere

Neuropsychology has traditionally studied language emphasizing the exclusive control of the left hemisphere of the brain over this process. With the growing development of this area in psychology and the availability of neuroimaging techniques, a critical analysis of the traditional concept of cerebral dominance for language and of the bases of the neurobiological representations of this cognitive function is crucial. In this context, this review aims to investigate evidence brought by neuroimaging studies on the role of the right hemisphere in communicative processing in healthy individuals. Data suggest a co-activation of brain hemispheres in this processing, with an important contribution given by the right hemisphere in discursive, pragmatic-inferential, and prosodic processing.

A articulação Themata-Fundos Tópicos: por uma análise pragmática da linguagem / Articulating the concepts of Themata and of Topic Ground: toward a pragmatic approach of language

Este trabalho defende a articulação themata-fundos tópicos, visando uma abordagem pragmática da linguagem. O método Alceste permite operar essa articulação. As classes que ele detecta correspondem às tomadas de posição dos enunciadores. Os fundos tópicos contém themata. As extremidades dos eixos fatoriais correspondem às taxinomias, às polaridades opostas que dinamizam as relações intergrupos. Esta abordagem pragmática da linguagem, por intermédio do programa Alceste, fornece ao psicólogo social os elementos necessários para a construção de um sistema explicativo, capaz de restituir o elo perdido entre as distribuições dos mundos lexicais e as relações intergrupos.

This article stands up for relationships among the concepts of Themata and of Topic ground, in order to develop a pragmatic approach to language. The Alceste method is an effective tool to operate this articulation. The clusters distribution that it detects reproduces the positions taken by different groups of speakers. The Topic ground contains Themata. The lexical oppositions, which the factorial analysis makes visible, correspond to the dichotomies, the polarities that keep in motion the inter-group relations. This pragmatic approach to language, through Alceste, provides all the information that the social psychologist needs to conceive one model capable to rescue the link between lexical worlds and inter-group relations.

A construção e transmissão do conhecimento matemático sob uma perspectiva wittgensteiniana / The construction and transmission of mathematical knowledge from a Wittgensteinian perspective

Com a "virada-lingüística" do final do século XIX, alguns filósofos, entre eles o austríaco Ludwig Wittgenstein, passam a considerar o papel das nossas expressões lingüísticas na constituição dos sentidos. Em particular, nas suas reflexões sobre os fundamentos da matemática, Wittgenstein sugere que vejamos as proposições matemáticas como regras a serem seguidas, atreladas a procedimentos e técnicas de natureza convencional, no interior de nossas formas de vida; sem que haja, portanto, uma realidade última e extralingüística que "fiscalize" a atividade matemática. Nesta nova abordagem, o pragmático passa a desempenhar um papel transcendental na transmissão e construção do conhecimento, contrapondo-se, assim, ao dogmatismo presente nas concepções epistemológicas anteriores e abrindo novas possibilidades para se pensar o ensino dessa disciplina.

With the "linguistic turn" of the end of the 19th century, some philosophers, including the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, began to consider the role of our linguistic expressions in the constitution of sense. Particularly in Wittgenstein's reflections on the foundations of mathematics, he suggests that we consider mathematical propositions as rules to be followed, attached to conventional procedures and techniques in our forms of life, without a finite and extra-linguistic reality that "supervises" mathematical activity, however. According to this new approach, the pragmatic dimension plays a transcendental role in the transmission and construction of knowledge, thus opposing the dogmatism present in the previous epistemological conceptions and providing new possibilities to conceive the teaching of this discipline.

The Application of Phonetics,Semantics and Pragmatics to the Medical Vocabulary Teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The article studies the teaching techniques in medical English teaching from phonetics,semantics and pragmatics point of view for the purpose of effectively enlarging students' vocabulary and communicative competence.

Exploring the Nature of "Hwa-Byung" Using Pragmatics / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: While most psychiatrists diagnose Hwa-Byung as a chronic psychogenic disorder associated with familial, financial and personality, the purpose of study was to shed light on the nature of Hwa-Byung through pragmatics. Hwa-Byung is characterized as 'Hwa' which means fire 'Byung' which means disease. This condition cannot be empirically experienced, rather it is represented by suffering internally (in the mind). It also could find an aspect of somatization, and self-diagnosing. METHOD: As patients themselves diagnose Hwa-Byung, pragmatical approach was taken to analyze the context of the learning through their communication with others. The case examples resulted from in-depth telephone counseling with a client who is housewife with Hwa-Byung over a period of time at the Women's Hot Line. RESULT: The study showed that the client experienced continuous improper attacks by her husband. She expressed improperness by applying her personal emotions to social-justice reasoning. CONCLUSION: 'Hwa' means lack of mutual intimacy in this research. By expressing this 'Hwa', the client would like to recover mutual intimacy with her husband.

Atos de fala e hipnose / Acts of speech of hypnosis

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é introduzir uma relação entre os estudos de hipnose e a teoria dos atos de fala de Searle. Primeiro, são levantadas questões acerca das relações entre atos de blinguagem e hipnose. Em seguida, é realizado um estudo exploratório para esclarecer quais são os atos de fala presentes na indução clássica. Neste sentido, é realizada a descrição dos principais atos de linguagem presentes em indução hipnótica, bem como suas conseqüências performáticas.

The main objective of this paper is to introduce a relationship betweenhypnosis studies and Searle's speech acts theory. Subjects concerning therelationships between speech acts and hypnosis are introduced. Then, anexploratory study is accomplished in order to clear up which speech acts arepresent in a classic hypnotic induction. In that sense, a description is madeof the main speech acts in a hypnotic induction, as well as of theirperformatic consequences