Relações Entre Suporte Parental e Reconhecimento de Expressões Faciais Emocionais em Pré-Adolescentes / Relationships Between Parental Support and Recognition of Emotional Facial Expressions in Pre-Adolescents

Resumo Este estudo analisou a relação entre suporte parental e habilidade de reconhecer expressões faciais emocionais em pré-adolescentes através de uma revisão integrativa de pesquisas empíricas dos últimos dez anos. Foram encontradas 12 publicações, as quais utilizaram principalmente tarefas computadorizadas para avaliar o reconhecimento de expressões faciais, sendo a maioria estudos transversais. Houve uma associação de práticas parentais positivas com uma melhor habilidade de reconhecimento de expressões faciais dos filhos, assim como aspectos negativos da parentalidade estiveram associados a um pior reconhecimento de expressões faciais e a um favorecimento do reconhecimento de expressões negativas, sendo que alguns resultados foram contraditórios. Discute-se a importância desta habilidade para o desenvolvimento infanto-juvenil e destacam-se lacunas metodológicas e sugestões para avançar os estudos na área.

Abstract This study analyzed the relationship between parental support and the ability to recognize emotional facial expressions in pre-adolescents through an integrative review of empirical research in the last ten years. Twelve publications were found, which mainly used computerized tasks to evaluate the recognition of facial expressions, most of which were cross-sectional studies. There was an association of positive parental practices with better ability to recognize children's facial expressions, as well as negative aspects of parenting were associated with worse recognition of facial expressions and favoring the recognition of negative expressions, with some of these results presenting contradictions. It discusses the importance of this ability for the development of youth, highlights methodological gaps and suggestions to advance studies in the area.

Comportamento de 'media multitasking' (MMT) na pré-adolescência: Revisão integrativa e recomendações para pesquisas futuras / Media multitasking behavior (MMT) in pre-adolescence: Integrative review and recommendations for future research / Comportamiento de 'media multitasking' (MMT) en la preadolescencia: Revisión integradora y recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones

O acesso facilitado às tecnologias de informação e comunicação no dia a dia propicia a realização de diferentes atividades ao mesmo tempo. Este comportamento é chamado 'media multitasking' (MMT). Nos últimos anos, houve um aumento significativo no acesso a essas tecnologias por crianças na faixa etária de transição entre a infância e a adolescência. Com o objetivo de compreender as implicações desse fenômeno para a saúde mental e o bem-estar, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura, abrangendo estudos empíricos publicados de janeiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2020 em periódicos científicos indexados às bases de dados MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science e ERIC. Como resultado, identificou-se uma convergência no entendimento de que o comportamento de MMT pode afetar o desenvolvimento de habilidades componentes das funções executivas e de competências socioemocionais, interferindo no funcionamento cognitivo e psicossocial. O estudo revelou importantes demandas de pesquisa, atentando particularmente para possíveis associações entre MMT e características próprias da pré-adolescência. Além disso, concluiu-se que esse comportamento constitui uma variável relevante a ser considerada na prática clínica, em intervenções e ações psicoeducativas, bem como para assegurar assertividade em avaliações psicológicas e neuropsicológicas, especialmente tratando-se das novas gerações.

The facilitated access to information and communication technologies in everyday life promotes engaging in different activities simultaneously. This behavior is called media multitasking (MMT). In recent years there has been a significant increase in access to such technologies among children in the age group between childhood and adolescence. In order to understand the implications of this phenomenon to mental health and well-being, an integrative literature review was carried out, covering empirical studies published from January 2010 to January 2020 in scientific journals indexed to the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and ERIC databases. As a result, a convergence was identified in the understanding that MMT behavior can impact the development of constituent abilities of executive functions and social-emotional skills, interfering with cognitive and psychosocial functioning. The study revealed important research demands, particularly related to the possible associations between MMT and the characteristics of pre-adolescence. Furthermore, it led to the conclusion that this behavior constitutes a relevant variable to be considered in clinical practice, in interventions and psychoeducational efforts, as well as to ensure assertiveness in psychological and neuropsychological assessments, especially concerning the new generations.

El acceso facilitado a las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en el cotidiano promueve la realización de diferentes actividades al mismo tiempo. Este comportamiento es llamado 'media multitasking' (MMT). En los últimos años, ha sucedido un aumento significativo en el acceso a esas tecnologías por niños en el grupo de edad de transición entre la infancia y la adolescencia. Para comprender las implicaciones de este fenómeno para la salud mental y el bienestar, se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura, abarcando estudios empíricos publicados desde enero de 2010 a enero de 2020 en revistas científicas indexadas a las bases de datos MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science y ERIC. Como resultado, se encontró una convergencia en el entendimiento de que el comportamiento de MMT puede afectar el desarrollo de habilidades que componen las funciones ejecutivas y las competencias socioemocionales, interfiriendo con el funcionamiento cognitivo y psicosocial. El estudio mostró importantes demandas de investigación, particularmente con atención a las posibles asociaciones entre MMT y características de la preadolescencia. Además, se concluyó que este comportamiento es una variable relevante a considerar en la práctica clínica, en las intervenciones y acciones psicoeducativas, así como para asegurar asertividad en las evaluaciones psicológicas y neuropsicológicas, especialmente con las nuevas generaciones.

Percepção corporal em pré-adolescentes e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade: uma análise junguiana / Body perception in pre-adolescents and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a junguian análisis

O enfrentamento da obesidade demanda suporte psicossocial frente à prevalência de psicopatologias associadas ao viés do peso na adolescência. Analisou-se percepção corporal em 63 sujeitos, 37 meninos e 26 meninas, de 9 a 14 anos, de Monteiro Lobato, São Paulo, por meio do Desenho de Percepção Corporal. Avaliaram-se correlações entre consciência, persona corporal, sexo, idade e IMC por Qui-quadrado. Resultados: IMC influencia na percepção do Contorno Corporal. Sexo e idade influenciam na integração. Meninas e meninos pré-adolescentes obesos apresentaram, respectivamente, alteração limítrofe na percepção de Contorno e Postura Corporal. Para a psicologia junguiana, a obesidade na adolescência ativa conflitos inconscientes, altera o equilíbrio do ego, reforça o isolamento e realimenta a crise identitária. Percepção corporal, tema pouco explorado, demanda pesquisa, amostra ampliada e validação de instrumentos para estudo da obesidade na adolescência.

The confrontation of obesity demands psychosocial support in face of the high prevalence of psychopathologies associated with weight bias in adolescence. Body perception was analyzed in 63 subjects, 37 boys and 26 girls from 9 to 14 years old from Monteiro Lobato, São Paulo, through the Body Perception Drawing. The evaluation was based on body conscience and persona, correlated to sex, age and BMI via Chi-Square. Results: BMI influences the perception of Body Contour. Sex and age influence Integration. Obese pre-adolescent girls and boys presented borderline alteration in the Contour and Body Posture perception, respectively. For jungian psychology, obesity in adolescence activates unconscious conflicts, alters the ego balance, reinforces isolation and feeds the identity crisis. Body perception, an unexplored topic demands for research and validation of instruments for the understanding of obesity in adolescence.

Hacer frente a la obesidad requiere apoyo psicosocial en vista de la prevalencia de psicopatologías asociadas con el peso en la adolescencia. La percepción corporal se analizó en 63 sujetos, 37 niños y 26 niñas, de 9 a 14 años, de Monteiro Lobato, São Paulo, a través del Dibujo de Percepción Corporal. Se evaluaron las correlaciones entre Consciencia, Persona del cuerpo, Sexo, Edad e IMC por Chi-Square. Resultados: el IMC influye en la Percepción del contorno corporal. El género y la edad influyen en la integración. Niñas y niños obesos pre-adolescentes, respectivamente, presentaron cambios limítrofes en la percepción del contorno y la postura corporal. Para la psicología junguiana, la obesidad en la adolescencia activa conflictos inconscientes, altera el equilibrio del ego, refuerza el aislamiento y alimenta la crisis de identidad. La percepción corporal exige investigación, muestra ampliada y validación de instrumentos para el estudio de la obesidad en la adolescencia.

Relationship between selected hormonal and metabolic parameters at birth and blood pressure during pre-adolescence / Relación entre parámetros endocrino-metabólicos al nacimiento y la presión arterial durante la pre-adolescencia

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between selected hormonal parameters (at birth and at age 8 years) and blood pressure levels at pre-adolescence in a cohort of intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) and normal birth weight infants (NBW). Methods: A cohort study from early pregnancy to childhood was performed. Seventy-six fetuses/children were evaluated between 1995 and 2004. Cord blood samples were taken at birth and several hormonal and metabolic parameters evaluated. Sixty-four children of the original cohort were available for blood sampling, blood pressure and anthropometric measures at a mean age of 8 years. 27 (42.2%) were IUGR and 37 (57.8%) were NBW. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with cord blood levels of hormonal and metabolic parameters at birth and at 8 years as independent variables and children’s blood pressure as dependent variable adjusted by IUGR status, gender, Body Mass Index and age of the child at the time of blood pressure evaluation. Results: The maternal age (26.6±5.8 vs 26.9±5.8 years old) and the gestational age at birth (39.1±1.4 vs 39.6±1.3 weeks) were similar between the groups. IUGR children were shorter (1.28± 0.09 m vs 1.33± 0.09 m, p=0.04). Growth hormone levels (GH) at birth were negatively associated with systolic blood pressure at 8 years of age (regression coefficients for umbilical cord blood levels: -0.9, 95% CI -2.03 to 0.04 mg/ml, p= 0.04). Conclusion: The alterations on blood pressure can begin in fetal life were levels of GH could have an important role.

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre parámetros hormonales seleccionados (al nacimiento y a los 8 años de edad) y los niveles de presión arterial a los 8 años de edad en una cohorte de niños con restricción en el crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) y con peso normal al nacimiento (PNN). Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes desde el inicio del embarazo hasta la infancia (1995-2004). Se tomaron muestras de sangre de cordón umbilical al nacimiento y a los 8 años para evaluar parámetros endocrino-metabólicos seleccionados (variable independiente) y la presión arterial a los 8 años de edad (variable dependiente). Se evaluaron 64 niños de la cohorte original; 27 (42.2%) casos pertenecían al grupo de RCIU y 37 (57.8%) al grupo con PNN. El análisis multivariado se ajustó por RCIU, género, índice de masa corporal y edad del niño en el momento de medir la presión arterial. Resultados: La edad de las madres (26.6±5.8 vs 26.9±5.8 años) y la edad gestacional al parto (39.1±1.4 vs 39.6±1.3 semanas) fueron similares entre los grupos. Los niños de 8 años que nacieron con RCIU fueron más bajos (1.28± 0.09 m vs 1.33± 0.09 m, p=0.04). Los niveles de hormona de crecimiento (GH) al nacimiento fueron asociados negativamente con la presión arterial sistólica del niño (coeficiente de regresión: -0.9, 95% CI -2.03 a 0.04 mg/ml, p=0.04). Conclusión: Las alteraciones de la presión arterial pueden comenzar desde la vida fetal y los niveles de GH fetal pueden jugar un papel importante.

The Characteristics of Adolescent Substance Abuse by the Age of the First Exposure to Substances / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the age of the first exposure to substances influences the characteristics of substance abuse. METHOD: Ninety seven adolescent boys in a substance abuse treatment facility were evaluated by using questionnaires, individual diagnostic interviews, and psychology tests. They were classified into 3 groups, preadolescence group(PA), early adolescence group(EA), and middle adolescence group (MA) according to the age of the first exposure to substances, and the data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 9.0. RESULTS: The average age was 16.4+/-1.2 years. There were 39 in PA, 29 in EA, and 29 in MA. In comparison to EA, PA showed higher frequency in substance use, substance dependence, and positive family history of alcohol abuse. In comparison to MA, PA had higher frequency in troubles in interpersonal relationship, functional impairment, dependence on substances, withdrawal symptoms, amount of alcohol and gas consumed, positive family history of alcohol abuse. presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and higher score in K-subscale of MMPI. PA also used more variety of substances more frequently, and had shorter duration before starting the second substance. In comparison to MA, EA showed higher frequency of substance use, functional impairment, trouble in interpersonal relationship, diagnoses of substance dependence, and shorter duration before starting the second substance. However, less EA were from disorganized families. Among the 3 groups, there were no statistically meaningful differences in combined use of alcohol, trial of abstinence, duration of abstinence, child abuse history, family support, intelligence, and frequency and duration of running away from home. CONCLUSION: Earlier exposure to substances may lead to more serious problems of drug abuse. Earlier drug prevention education for adolescents should be provided.