Cervical preneoplasia biomarkers: a conundrum for the community based gynecologic surgical pathologist / 부인종양

The integration of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) in the cell genome is an essential step in the oncogenic pathway of lower ano-genital HPV-related squamous preinvasive and invasive lesions. The expression of HR-HPV surrogate biomarkers of HR-HPV integration by immunohistocytochemistry (IHC) serves as a diagnostic and/or a prognostic tool of cervical preinvasive lesions. IHC is claimed to decrease the interobserver variability in the diagnosis of histomorphologically equivocal lesions, and to be helpful in evaluating the potentiality of regression, persistence or progression. The most common biomarkers used in cervical pathology are p16(INK4a), Ki-67, the HPV capsid L1 antigen, and ProEXc. Critical review of the literature shows a great variability in the diagnostic accuracy, risk evaluation, and relative distribution of these biomarkers in low and high grade preinvasive lesions. Review of the literature suggests that currently dual IHC with p16 and L1 provide the best diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of lesions diagnosed histomorphologically as low and high-grade.

A Different Perspective on Macroscopic Sampling of Cholecystectomy Specimens

BACKGROUND: Because there may be interdepartmental differences in macroscopic sampling of cholecystectomy specimens, we aimed to investigate differences between the longitudinal sampling technique and our classical sampling technique in cholecystectomy specimens in which there was no obvious malignancy. METHODS: Six hundred eight cholecystectomy specimens that were collected between 2011 and 2012 were included in this study. The first group included 273 specimens for which one sample was taken from each of the fundus, body, and neck regions (our classical technique). The second group included 335 specimens for which samples taken from the neck region and lengthwise from the fundus toward the neck were placed together in one cassette (longitudinal sampling). The Pearson chi-square, Fisher exact, and ANOVA tests were used and differences were considered significant at p<.05. RESULTS: In the statistical analysis, although gallbladders in the first group were bigger, the average length of the samples taken in the second group was greater. Inflammatory cells, pyloric metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, low grade dysplasia, and invasive carcinoma were seen more often in the second group. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the use of a longitudinal sampling technique enabled us to examine a longer mucosa and to detect more mucosal lesions than did our classical technique. Thus, longitudinal sampling can be an effective technique in detecting preinvasive lesions.

Lesiones preinvasivas del cuello uterino / Pre-invasive lesions in the cervix

Introducción: el cáncer de cuello uterino es la segunda causa de muerte en la mujer a nivel mundial y la principal por enfermedades malignas. Estudios cubanos han reportado que más del 12 porciento de mujeres atendidas en el programa presentaron esta enfermedad, a pesar del programa nacional de detección precoz vigente. Su incidencia pone en evidencia que el control de la enfermedad, aunque constituye un propósito deseado, todavía no ha logrado los objetivos propuestos. Objetivos: hallar la correlación citohistológica, categorizar los grados de lesión y caracterizar el grupo de pacientes. Métodos: estudio de evaluación retrospectivo a pacientes atendidas en la Clínica de Especialidades Médicas de Bayamo con lesiones preinvasivas del cuello uterino desde enero del 2010 a junio del 2011. El universo fueron 246 citologías anormales y la muestra 89 resultados histológicos con cualquiera de los tres grados de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical obtenidos, se calculó la sensibilidad y especificidad para determinar la efectividad del diagnóstico histológico. Resultados: predominaron las neoplasias intraepiteliales cervicales grado I en los resultados citológicos e histológicos. La mayoría de las pacientes estaban en el grupo de 25 a 39 años. La sexarquia precoz y la evidencia del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) fueron muy frecuentes. La correlación de la citología y la histología en el diagnóstico hallada fue del 64,1 porciento con una sensibilidad del 90,3 porciento y una especificidad del 79,3 porciento. Conclusión: la correlación diagnóstica entre la citología y la histología fue efectiva

Introduction: cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death in women worldwide and the main due to malignant diseases. Cuban studies have reported that over 12 percent of women attending the program had this disease, despite a national screening program in place for early detection. Its incidence shows that the control of this disease, although a desired purpose, has not yet achieved the proposed objectives. Objectives: to find the histological correlation quote, to categorize the grade injury, and to characterize the patient group. Methods: it was conducted a retrospective study evaluating patients treated at Bayamo medical specialty clinic from January 2010 to June 2011. These patients had preinvasive lesions of the cervix. The universe was 246 abnormal cytologies and we had a sample of 89 histologic results with any of the three grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia obtained. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity to determine the effectiveness of the histological diagnosis. Results: there was predominance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I in the cytologic and histologic results. Most patients were 25 to 39 years old. The evidence early sexuality and human papilloma virus were very common. The correlation of cytology and histology in the diagnosis was 64.1 percent sensitivity of 90.3 percent and a specificity of 79.3 percent. Conclusion: the diagnostic correlation between cytology and histology was effective