Las Premisas Históricas-socioculturales de la Pareja en la Ciudad de México: Exploración y Análisis Cualitativo / The Historical-Sociocultural Premises of the Mexican Couple: Exploration and Analysis

Resumen Dentro de las relaciones de pareja, los miembros muestran su cultura, pensamientos y creencias (PHSC), las cuales predicen las conductas aceptables, los roles que se deben de cumplir, y cómo se debe de llevar a cabo la relación. Sin embargo, la cultura tiende a modificarse con el paso del tiempo, y cambiar el comportamiento. El propósito de esta investigación fue explorar las PHSC de la pareja en sus diferentes etapas (inicio, mantenimiento y disolución) y analizar su evolución en comparación con los estudios previos. Participaron 180 adolescentes estudiantes de secundaria y 150 adultos mayores con una escolaridad no mayor a secundaria. Se aplicaron tres cuestionarios abiertos, uno para cada etapa de la relación sobre que se debe de sentir, hacer, pesar dentro de la relación. Para la exploración de los datos se realizó un análisis de contenido. Los resultados demuestran que la mayoría de las PHSC no fueron modificadas, como la fidelidad, el respeto y la confianza dentro de la relación, principalmente en las mujeres. Lo que demuestra que a pesar del tiempo existen normas y creencias que son constantes, estas premisas permanecen debido al que el ambiente las satisface, no obstante, aparecieron nuevas normas y creencias como son el pensar en unos mismos y en su bienestar como consecuencia de comportamiento exitoso para la adaptación de la especie.

Abstract Within couple relationships, members show their culture, thoughts and beliefs (PHSC), which predict acceptable behaviors, the roles that must be fulfilled, and how the relationship should be carried out. However, culture tends to change over time, and behavior changes. The purpose of this research was to explore the PHSC of the couple in their different stages (beginning, maintenance, and dissolution) and to analyze their evolution in comparison with previous studies. 180 adolescent high school students and 150 older adults with no more than secondary schooling participated. Three open questionnaires were applied, one for each stage of the relationship about what should be felt, done, and weighed within the relationship. To explore the data, a content analysis was performed. At the beginning of the relationship, norms and beliefs were found such as that the couple should live together, communicate, be affectionate, should not feel insecure, angry, be unfaithful and attack, while in maintenance they should give love, have trust, be happy, love, be faithful and honest as well as respect your partner, while you should not feel ashamed, sad and envious and again be unfaithful or aggressive. Finally, in the dissolution, the PHSC found were to feel melancholy, disappointment, but at the same time happiness, think about the reasons for separation and problems, resign themselves, and should not feel anger and hatred, think that it is the end of the world and have destructive reactions towards the former partner or themselves. The results show that most of the PHSC were not modified, such as fidelity, respect, and trust within the relationship, mainly in women. Which shows that despite time there are norms and beliefs that are constant, these premises remain because the environment satisfies them, however, new norms and beliefs appeared such as they are thinking about oneself and their well-being as a consequence of successful behavior for the adaptation of the species.

Índice de Tradicionalismo Cultural / Index of Cultural Traditionalism

Resumen Partiendo que la cultura es una variable sumamente importante en el estudio del comportamiento humano, que los significados y la cultura subjetiva dependen del contexto sociocultural de referencia y que la etnopsicología requiere del desarrollo de conocimiento y herramientas que permitan generar una mejor amalgama entre la psicología universal (occidental y de primer mundo), con La Psicología. Bajo este marco la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo, generar un índice de tradicionalismo cultural, a través de las Premisas Histórico-Socioculturales. Se aplicaron 1017 baterías que además de evaluar las PHSCs, también se evaluó el Individualismo-Colectivismo y la Instrumentalidad- Expresividad en hombres y mujeres provenientes de zonas urbanas y rurales del Norte, Centro y Sur de México, todas bajo el consentimiento informado. Los resultados reflejan un modelo con ajustes adecuados que permiten garantizar dicho índice. A su vez, el índice es sensible a variables culturales como el Individualismo - Colectivismo y a constructos socioculturales como la Instrumentalidad - Expresividad. Los resultados garantizan una herramienta que puede ser utilizada en la investigación psicológica o del comportamiento, así como en la aplicación de la psicología.

Abstract Culture is an extremely important variable in the study of human behavior, where the work done in this regard has allowed to identify that the meanings and the subjective culture depend on the sociocultural context of reference, where ethnopsychology requires the development of knowledge and tools that allow generating a better amalgam between universal psychology (Western and First World), with Psychology. Under the frame of reference that defines culture as a system of meanings shared by a group and transmitted from generation to generation, which allows the group to satisfy their basic survival needs, seek happiness and well-being and understand the meaning of life; and with the support that different studies have reported differences in psychological variables according to the socio-cultural context, the present investigation had as objective, to generate an index of cultural traditionalism, through the Sociocultural Historical Premises (PHSCs). 1017 batteries were applied that, in addition to evaluating the PHSCs, Individualism-Collectivism and Instrumentality- Expressivity were also evaluated in men and women from urban and rural areas of North, Central and South Mexico, all under the informed consent. The results reflect a factorial structure formed by Machismo, Virginity, Respect over love, Social reproduction, cultural dynamics and Gender inequality. A model was obtained with adequate adjustments that allow guaranteeing this index with variables associated exclusively with the traditional culture, where Virginity and Social Reproduction represent the greatest weight within the index of cultural traditionalism. In turn, the index is sensitive to cultural variables such as Individualism - Collectivism and sociocultural constructs such as Instrumentality - Expressivity, reflecting significant differences in different factors, with effects ranging from small to moderate. The results guarantee a tool that can be used in psychological or behavioral research, as well as in the application of psychology.

Premisas teóricas para la gestión de la investigación universitaria en el contexto actual del desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología en Venezuela / Theoretical premises for the management of university research in the current context of the development of science and technology in Venezuela

La gestión de la investigación universitaria constituye una forma novedosa, diferente y estratégica que permite hacerla competitiva y productiva. En este sentido, la investigación universitaria puede ser explicada a la luz de un cuerpo de premisas teóricas que permitan la comprensión de la gestión de la investigación universitaria en el contexto del desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología en Venezuela; teniendo como escenarios, las universidades nacionales autónomas que administran programas de investigación. En este sentido se suele decir que cada investigador suele acercarse a su objeto de estudio desde una perspectiva determinada dependiendo de los objetivos que persiga, y este trabajo no está ajeno a esta realidad. Así, ese proceso pasó por considerar y tomar en cuenta los aspectos más importantes que develaron situaciones simples de conexiones entre eventos para llegar a definir lo observado desde la simplicidad. Las conexiones entre estos eventos tienen como características fundamentales los argumentos suposicionales; que atienden al concepto de premisa, de manera que se aplique no solo a enunciados sino también a argumentos. En este artículo se exploran algunas de las consecuencias de esa propuesta para la teoría de los argumentos, y surge así el corpus de tres premisas generadas a partir del tejido de la red de significados emergidos de los encuentros con gerentes e investigadores, como participantes de la realidad social de la gestión de la investigación universitaria(AU)

The management of university research is a novel, different and strategic way to make it competitive and productive. The university research can be explained in the light of a body of theoretical premises that allow the understanding of the management of university research in the context of the development of science and technology in Venezuela; taking as scenarios the autonomous national universities that administer research programs. In this sense, it is usually said that each researcher usually approaches his object of study from a certain perspective depending on the objectives he pursues, and this work is not alien to this reality. Thus, this process came to consider and take into account the most important aspects that revealed simple situations of connections between events to get to define the observed from simplicity. The connections between these events have as fundamental characteristics the suppositional arguments; that attend to the concept of premise, so that it applies not only to statements but also to arguments. This article explores some of the consequences of this proposal for the theory of arguments, and thus arises the corpus of three premises generated from the web of meanings emerging from meetings with managers and researchers, as participants in the social reality of the management of university research(AU)

Responsibility and liability in cases of suicide by patient in hospital premises.

It is not uncommon to see that a few patients commit suicide in hospital premises. What would be the responsibility and liability of Hospital Manager in such situations? In the light of increasing incidents of such suicides in hospital premises, all pros and cons of such situations are discussed in length. A few settled and unsettled cases are discussed with an aim to create a debate on the issue and settle it squarely.