How to use analysis of variance correctly——an analysis of variance for the univariate quantitative data collected from the design of a single factor with multi-level / 四川精神卫生

The purpose of this paper was to introduce the prerequisites， basic ideas， calculation formulas and the SAS implementation of a single-factor multi-level design quantitative data univariate analysis of variance. The prerequisites included the independence， normality and homogeneity of variance. The core of the basic idea was the decomposition of the sum of squares of the total deviations for the mean. The test statistic F was constructed through the between-group mean square divided by the within-group （or called error） mean square. The result of analysis of variance was a general evaluation of the difference among all means of a factor with the whole levels. When it was found that the difference among all means of the factor was statistically significant， a specific approach needed to be adopted for the multiple comparisons about the multiple means of the factor. With the help of the SAS software， the paper performed the analysis of variances for two examples， and used three approaches to make the multiple comparisons among all means of a factor in one of the examples.

Les indicateurs de l'alimentation du nourrisson et du jeune enfant prédicteurs de la malnutrition chez les enfants 6-23 mois dans la zone de santé de Kapolowe, Haut-Katanga, R D Congo / NA

Introduction. L'étude visait évaluer les indicateurs de l'alimentation du nourrisson et du jeune enfant liés à l'état nutritionnel dans la zone de santé de Kapolowe, province du Haut Katanga avant les essais cliniques. Matériel et méthodes. Nous avons conduit une étude descriptive transversale dans la communauté auprès des 568 couples mère-enfant 6-23 mois évalués sur les indicateurs nutritionnels associés à la malnutrition. Résultats. L'allaitement maternel optimal était observé chez 10,7% des couples mère-enfant et l'alimentation complémentaire adéquate bénéficiée par 5,5% des enfants. Presque 25,6% des ménages utilisaient des toilettes améliorées, 98,8% des ménages buvaient l'eau des sources protégées et 12,1% des mères pratiquaient un minimum de lavage de mains. Le premier aliment complémentaire donné à la moitié des enfants (46%) était importé, mais 60,3 % des mères utilisaient le mélange farine de maïs + huile + sucre comme aliment de complément. La prévalence de la malnutrition aiguë, de la malnutrition chronique et de l'insuffisance pondérale était respectivement de 11,9%, 37% et 26,8%. La malnutrition aiguë était associée à l'occupation de la mère, au niveau socio-économique du ménage, à la Religion de la mère, à la consultation prénatale suivie par la mère, au Minimum de Diversité Alimentaire, à l'allaitement maternel non optimal, aux infections récurrentes et au faible poids de naissance. L'insuffisance pondérale était associée au sexe, à l'occupation de la mère, au niveau socio-économique, à la religion de la mère, au minimum de diversité alimentaire, à l'allaitement maternel non optimal, aux infections récurrentes et au faible poids de naissance. La malnutrition chronique était associée au sexe, au niveau socio-économique,

Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess infant and young child feeding indicators related to nutritional status in the Kapolowe health zone, Haut Katanga province prior to the clinical trials. Material and methods. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the community among568 mother-child pairs 6-23 months of age assessed on nutritional indicators associated with malnutrition. Results. Optimal breastfeeding was observed in 10.7% of the mother-child pairs and adequate complementary feeding in 5.5%. Almost 25.6% of households used improved toilets, 98.8% of households drank water from protected springs and 12.1% of mothers practiced minimal hand washing,12.1% of mothers practiced minimal handwashing. The first supplementary food given to half of the children (46%) was imported food, but 60.3% of mothers used maize flour + oil + sugar as a complementary food. The prevalence of acute malnutrition, chronic malnutrition and under weight were 11.9%, 37% and26.8% respectively. Acute malnutrition was associated with the mother's occupation, household socio-economic level, mother's religion, prenatal consultation attended by the mother, minimum dietary diversity, non-optimal breastfeeding, recurrent infections, and low birth weigh. Underweight was associated with gender, maternal occupation, socio-economic level, maternal religion, minimum dietary diversity, non-optimal breastfeeding, recurrent infections and low birth weight. Chronic malnutrition was associated with gender, socio-economic level, minimum meal frequency, type of toilet used, non-optimal breastfeeding, recurrent infections, and low birth weight. Conclusion. The prevalence of malnutrition, in all its forms, is still very high and worrying among children aged 6-23 months. The feeding practices are predictors of it.

How to use χ2 test correctly—— χ2 tests for the data collected from the three kinds of two dimensional contingency tables without ordinal variables in two directions / 四川精神卫生

The purpose of this article was to introduce the χ2 test and SAS and R software implementation of three kinds of two-way unordered two-dimensional contingency table data except the four-fold table data. The three kinds of the tables referred to the two-way unordered “R×2”“2×C” and “R×C” （both R and C were greater than 2） contingency tables. Generally speaking， the purpose of analyzing them was to test whether the two attribute variables in the contingency table were independent. When certain prerequisites were met， the simple statistical analysis method that could be used was the χ2 test， when the specific prerequisites were not met， the Fisher’s exact test， which required the large amount of calculation， should be selected.

Sample-A Raw Data For Future Information Of Life

Gene amplification requires a biological sample which is collected prior to the demands. The sample for such analysis plays a vital role as they serve as a resource for the core material-Deoxyribonucleic acid. A sample for gene amplification or any analysis would be collected prior to the demands and type of analysis. Human blood has been an essential resource of DNA from the commencement of DNA extraction in the 19th century. After then several protocols developed according to the requirement of both samples of different forms and their retrieval as various forms and methods. The sample has various characteristics and prerequisites when collected for gene analysis. Some important characteristics of sample collection methods are significant, which are not widely taken. This work analyses various general sample collection protocols and highlights some of the major characteristics and prerequisites for the sample. This work initiates and delivers to attain the core of genomics by bringing out the basic raw materials importance and consequences on amplification which is highly sensitive.

Emergência de relações monetárias por meio do procedimento de ensino de escolha com o modelo com resposta construída para crianças surdas / Emergency monetary relations through constructed response matching to sample with deaf children

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito de um procedimento de ensino de escolha com o modelo com resposta construída sobre aprendizagem de relações monetárias. Participaram seis crianças, com surdez neurosensorial congênita e com surdez profunda, com repertório mínimo de LIBRAS e distribuídas em dois grupos em função do desempenho no pré-teste de habilidades matemáticas: I) acertos de pelo menos 80%, e, II) acertos com desempenho de até 20%. Houve ensino entre valores em LIBRAS e preços (AB), figuras de moedas (AC), seguidos de testes com as relações simétricas (BA e CA) e testes entre preços e figuras de moedas (BC), a relação inversa (CB), entre figuras de notas e preços (DB), entre figura de moedas (CC) e figuras de notas (DD). Nos testes, em ambos os grupos, houve emergência de relações condicionais entre numerais decimais e valores monetários em LIBRAS e entre figuras de moedas e valores monetários em LIBRAS. Isso indica que, independentemente do repertório inicial, houve aprendizagem deste tipo de relação condicional monetária, sendo discutível a exigência de pré-requisitos. Nos testes houve variabilidade no responder, o que pode ter ocorrido em função da maior complexidade das relações envolvidas.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a teaching procedure of constructed response matching to sample (CRMTS) on learning monetary relations. Six deaf children divided into two groups. They were taught via CRMTS about values in Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) and their relations to prices and pictures of coins, followed by testing in symmetrical relations (BA and CA) and tests between prices and pictures of coins (BC), the inverse (CB), facsimile of Brazilian real bills and prices (DB), between pictures of coins (CC) and pictures of facsimile of Brazilian real bills (DD). In tests, in both groups, there was the emergence of conditional relations between prices and monetary values in LIBRAS and between pictures of coins and monetary values in LIBRAS. This indicates that, regardless of the initial repertoire of the participants were learning about this type of conditional monetary. In tests there was variability in responses what may have occurred because of these relations involve greater complexity.

Ensino de relações condicionais monetárias por meio de "Matching to Sample" para crianças surdas com e sem pré-requisitos matemáticos / Teaching conditional monetary relations through Matching to Sample to deaf children with and without mathematical prerequisites

O estudo pretendeu verificar o efeito de um procedimento de ensino de escolha de acordo com o modelo (MTS) sobre aprendizagem de relações monetárias em crianças surdas com e sem pré-requisitos matemáticos. Participaram seis crianças surdas distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais (com e sem pré-requisitos matemáticos). Houve ensino via MTS entre valores em Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS) e: preços (AB), figuras de moedas (AC) e figuras de cédulas (AD), seguidos dos testes de simetria e transitividade. A maioria dos participantes apresentou emergência de relações. O ensino via MTS em componentes envolveu relações entre preços e figuras de moedas (DB) e figuras de notas e figuras de moedas (DC), seguido de testes de simetria, transitividade e de generalização (simulação de compra e venda). Houve diferença no desempenho entre os participantes dos Grupos I e II, o que confirma a importância de pré-requisitos para aprendizagem de relações monetárias.

The study aims to determine the effect of a teaching procedure of matching to sample (MTS) on the learning of monetary relations in deaf children with mathematic prerequisites and without them. Six deaf children were divided into two experimental groups (with and without mathematic prerequisites). They were taught via MTS about values in Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) and their relations to: prices (AB), pictures of coins (AC) and facsimile of Brazilian Real bills (AD), followed by tests of symmetry and transitivity. Most participants showed emerging relations. Teaching via component-matching-training involved relations between facsimile of Brazilian Real bills and prices (DB) and facsimile of Brazilian Real bills and pictures of coins (DC), followed by tests of symmetry, transitivity and generalization (simulation of buying and selling). There was a difference in performance between the participants in Groups I and II, which confirm the importance of mathematic prerequisites to learn monetary relations.

Variações paramétricas em pré-requisitos da linguagem: Estudo longitudinal das interações criança-acompanhante / Parametric variations in language prerequisites: A longitudinal study of the infant-caregiver interactions

Variáveis apontadas pelos estudos experimentais como pré-requisitos no processo de aquisição da linguagem (freqüência, tipicidade, contigüidade temporal e direção do olhar na relação palavra referente),e analisar suas variações paramétricas. Participaram do estudo três crianças (uma menina edois meninos, todos com dois meses no início do estudo), acompanhadas geralmente por suas mães. As díades foram filmadas uma vez por semana em suas casas, por aproximadamente 15 minutos (amenina até os 7 meses e os meninos até os 5 meses). Os resultados mostraram que: 1) os acompanhantes nomearam diversos objetos e ações, nomeando até os seis meses de idade mais objetos que eventos, e depois mais ações; 2) cada referente foi nomeado principalmente com uma palavra; 3) o acompanhante nomeou basicamente objetos/ações presentes no ambiente imediato da criança; e 4) para duas díades, inicialmente (2 a 5 meses), era principalmente o acompanhante que olhava para o objeto/ação nomeado, mas gradualmente a criança também começa a olhar o referente nomeado. Estes resultados mostram, em uma situação de observação natural longitudinal, a ocorrência de condições que têm sido apontadas como importantes para a aquisição de repertórios lingüísticos.

This study aimed to identify in infant-caregiver interactions, in natural settings, the occurrence of some variables indicated by experimental studies as language prerequisites (frequency, tipicity, temporal contiguity and direction of gaze in word-referent relation) and to analyze its parametric variations. Two boys and one girl participated, all two months of age at the start of the study, usually accompanied by their mothers. Dyads interactions were recorded at home, one day per week for approximately 15 minutes (the girl until the age of 7 months and the boys until 5 months). Results showed that 1) caregivers named various objects and actions, more objects than events up to six months of age and then more actions; 2) each referent was named mainly with a word 3) basically, caregivers named objects/actions present in the immediate environment and, 4) for two dyads, initially(2 to 5 months), it was especially the caregiver who would look at the named object/action, but gradually the child would also start directing her gaze toward the named referent. Overall, results show, in a naturalistic, longitudinal context, the occurrence of conditions that have been pointed out as important to acquisition of linguistic repertoires.

Pré-requisitos da linguagem: Padrões comportamentais na interação criança-acompanhante / Language prerequisites: Behavioral patterns in the infant-caregiver interaction

A interação criança-acompanhante é considerada central no processo de aquisição da linguagem. Este estudo procurou identificar e analisar padrões comportamentais (e.g., estratégias de ensino maternas;aquisições cognitivas filiais) estabelecidos nas interações criança-acompanhante durante o primeiro ano de vida da criança. Participaram três crianças (uma menina e dois meninos), todas com dois mesesno início do estudo, geralmente acompanhadas pelas mães. Foram filmadas sessões semanais dasinterações criança-acompanhante. Os resultados mostraram que inicialmente os comportamentos maternos adaptar e apontar e o comportamento filial observar foram os mais emitidos. A partir doquinto mês nota-se que apontar, aquisições cognitivas e sons ocorreram com maior freqüência.Além disso, verificou-se que: 1) os módulos dinâmicos, chorar, rir e interação motora tiveram amaior freqüência; 2) a interação protolingüística mais emitida foi não-verbal do acompanhante; e 3)as estratégias de ensino, apontar, adaptar e fornecer feedback foram as que apresentaram maior freqüência. De maneira geral se observaram covariações entre os comportamentos do acompanhante eos da criança. Estes resultados são discutidos considerando a literatura sobre a interação mãe-criança,os dados anteriores desta linha de pesquisa e os possíveis papéis daqueles padrões comportamentais como pré-requisitos na aquisição da linguagem.

Infant-caregiver interaction is a fundamental aspect in language acquisition process. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze behavioral patterns (caregiver's teaching strategies; child cognitive acquisitions) established in infant-caregiver interactions during the first year of life. Twoboys and one girl participated, all two months of age at the start of the study, usually accompanied by their mothers. Weekly sessions of infant-caregiver interaction were filmed. Results showed that, initially, caregiver behaviors of adapting and pointing and infant behavior observing were most frequent. From the fifth month on, pointing, cognitive acquisitions and sounds were more frequent. It was also observed that 1) crying, laughing and motor interaction were most frequentin the dynamic modules; 2) the most frequent instance of protolinguistic interaction was non verbal of the caregiver; and 3)the most frequent teaching strategies were pointing, adapting and giving feedback. In general, co-variations between caregiver and infant behaviors were observed. Results are discussed in terms of the child-caregiver interaction literature, previous data from this line of investigation and possible roles of those behavioral patterns as prerequisites in language acquisition.