Relación entre modelos operantes internos y nivel educacional materno, con la teoría de la mente en niños chilenos de 3 y 4 años: rol mediador del lenguaje mentalizante materno / Relationship between Internal Working Models and Maternal Educational Level, with the Theory of Mind of Chilean Children Aged 3 and 4: Mediating Role of Maternal Mentalizing Language

Resumen La teoría de la mente (ToM) es la capacidad de reconocer los propios estados mentales y predecir los de otros, habilidad fundamental en el desarrollo socioemocional/cognitivo en preescolares. El presente estudio buscó describir la ToM de niños chilenos de 3 y 4 años, analizar las diferencias en su desarrollo según la edad y el rol mediador del lenguaje mentalizante (LM) materno, considerando el sexo de los niños, los modelos operantes internos (MOI) y el nivel educacional materno. La muestra fueron 110 niños con sus madres. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, pruebas para evaluar la ToM, el LM y los MOI de las madres. Un 50.9% de los niños se ubicó en el quintil 1 de la ToM y ninguno logró llegar al quinto. Las habilidades de la ToM con un mayor nivel de logro diferenciaron entre pretender y realidad (60.0%) y la de diferenciar la perspectiva visual propia y de otro (50.9%). Un 59.1 % de los niños no logró inferir deseos a través de la mirada, un 83.6% no logró la habilidad de acceso al conocimiento, y un 100% no logró la falsa creencia. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre niños de distintos rangos etarios en el desarrollo de la ToM, sugiriendo una creciente dificultad de adquisición de sus habilidades. Además, un mayor LM de las madres se relacionó con mayor desarrollo de la ToM en los niños, con un rol mediador en la influencia de los MOI y nivel educacional materno sobre la ToM.

Abstract The theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to recognize one's own mental states and infer them in others, fundamental in socio-emotional/cognitive development in preschoolers. This study sought to describe the ToM of 3- and 4-year-old Chilean children, to analyze the differences in their development according to age, and the mediating role of maternal mentalizing language (ML) considering the sex of the children, the internal working models (IWM) and maternal educational level. The sample considered 110 children with their mothers. A sociodemographic questionnaire, tests to evaluate the ToM, the ML and the IWM of the mothers were applied. 50.9% of the children were in quintile 1 of the ToM and none managed to reach the fifth. The ToM skills with a higher level of achievement were differentiating between pretending and reality (60.0%) and differentiating one's own visual perspective and another's (50.9%). 59.1 % of the children did not manage to infer wishes through the gaze, 83.6% did not achieve the ability to access knowledge, and 100% did not achieve the false belief. The results show significant differences between children of different age ranges in the development of ToM, suggesting a growing difficulty in acquiring their skills. In addition, a higher ML in mothers was related to a greater development of ToM in children, with a mediating role in the influence of IWM and maternal educational level on ToM.

Giardia lamblia-infected preschoolers present growth delays independent of the assemblage A, B or E

BACKGROUND Intestinal parasite Giardia can affect children's physical development mainly stunting even in asymptomatic cases. The protozoa G. lamblia is divided into assemblages A-H. However, it is still unclear whether clinical manifestations and pathogenesis may vary according to the infecting assemblage. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether G. lamblia assemblages influence differently the physical development of preschoolers from a community of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS Anthropometric parameters were analysed from children attending a daycare centre and stool samples were obtained for the G. lamblia diagnosis. G. lamblia isolates from positive samples were genotyped. Data were analysed in order to verify whether there is a relationship between G. lamblia infection and the physical development of children according to the assemblage. FINDINGS Herein we demonstrated that although eutrophic, G. lamblia-infected daycare preschoolers from a low-income community presented growth delay compared to non-infected ones. This effect was observed for the three assemblages (A, B or E) found infecting humans. MAIN CONCLUSION G. lamblia causes growth delays on children independent of infecting assemblage (A, B or E).

Orofacial Myofunctional Aspects of Nursing Infants and Preschoolers

Abstract Introduction Clinical assessment in orofacial motricity is required for the speech therapist to diagnose and treat disorders involving the stomatognathic system. Validated tools can help establish a prognosis and outline intervention methods connected to human development. Objective The goal of the present study was to examine the domains of the oromyofunctional assessment of nursing infants and preschoolers according to sex and age group, as well as the application of the MMBGR Protocol - Nursing Infants and Preschool Children. Methods A quantitative technique was used to conduct an analytical and cross-sectional investigation. The present study included a total of 214 healthy breastfeeding infants and preschoolers of both sexes. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the medians. The Spearman correlation of each test domain was determined. R Core Team 2021 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) was used, and the significance threshold was set at 5%. Results In intraoral and extraoral examinations, there was a difference between sexes for tongue scores in nursing infants(d =-0.428; p = 0.045), worse in males. When the orofacial functions were considered in nursing infants, there were differences between the sexes for the liquid/solid/semisolid deglutition scores (d = 0.479; p = 0.031), with females performing worse. There were sex differences in solid/semisolid deglutition (d = -0.335; p = 0.043), and speech in preschoolers (d = - 0.478; p = 0.034), including the production of phones/phonemes (d = - 0.599; p = 0.007), which were always worse in males. Conclusion The research revealed sex disparities and related the domains of oromyofunctional assessment, according to scores, of the domains of myofunctional assessment, as recorded in a standardized oromyofunctional assessment protocol by age group.

Memoria de trabajo y planificación como predictores de las competencias matemáticas tempranas

Introducción: La relación entre funciones ejecutivas y habilidades matemáticas ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Sin embargo, no existe consenso respecto de la contribución específica de la memoria de trabajo y la planificación en el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas tempranas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad predictiva de estos dos dominios ejecutivos sobre las competencias matemáticas de preescolares. Método: Se implementó un diseño no experimental ex post facto, con una muestra de 104 niños/as chilenos/as. La evaluación de sus funciones ejecutivas se realizó con la tarea "inversión de números" de la Batería IV Woodcock-Muñoz para evaluar la memoria de trabajo verbal, la subprueba "Torpo, el topo torpe" del Test de Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (TENI) para evaluar la memoria de trabajo visoespacial y el Test de Laberintos de Porteus para evaluar la planificación. Con el fin de evaluar las habilidades matemáticas se utilizó el Test de Evaluación Matemática Temprana Utrecht (TEMT-U), versión chilena. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, correlaciones y modelos de regresión múltiple. Resultados: La memoria de trabajo verbal seguida por la memoria de trabajo visoespacial y la planificación fueron los mejores predictores de las competencias matemáticas de los/as niños/as. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que estas funciones ejecutivas desempeñan un papel clave en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas y aportan información específica a las/os educadoras/es para que puedan planificar sus estrategias de enseñanza en función de las demandas cognitivas que requiere cada habilidad matemática, lo que puede ser una vía potencial para promover mejores logros de aprendizaje en esta importante disciplina.

Introduction: The relationship between executive functions and mathematical skills has been extensively studied. However, there is no consensus regarding the specific contribution of working memory and planning in the development of early mathematical skills. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive capacity of these two executive domains on preschoolers' mathematical skills. Method: A non-experimental ex post facto design was implemented with a sample of 104 Chilean children. The evaluation of their executive functions was performed with the "number inversion" task of the Woodcock-Muñoz IV Battery to assess verbal working memory, the "Clumsy Mole the Clumsy Mole" subtest of the TENI Child Neuropsychological Evaluation Test to assess visuospatial working memory, and the Porteus Maze Test to assess planning. To assess mathematical skills, the Test de Evaluación Matemática Temprana Utretch TEMT-U, Chilean version, was used. Descriptive analyses, correlations and multiple regression models were performed. Results: Verbal working memory followed by visuospatial working memory and planning were the best predictors of children's mathematical skills. Conclusions: These results suggest that these executive functions play a key role in mathematics learning and provide specific information to educators so that they can plan their teaching strategies according to the cognitive demands required by each mathematical skill, which may be a potential way to promote better learning achievements in this important discipline.

Habilidades de comprensión y producción narrativa en niños montevideanos de 5 años. Una comparación por nivel socioeconómico / Narrative abilities in a group of Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds

Resumen Este estudio caracteriza y compara las habilidades narrativas y el vocabulario receptivo de 54 preescolares montevideanos de nivel socioeconómico medio (NSM) y bajo (NSB). Los niños realizaron tareas de vocabulario receptivo, producción narrativa (en dos condiciones: manipulando títeres al contar la historia y sin manipularlos), y comprensión narrativa (recuento oral y preguntas posteriores a la reconstrucción). Las narrativas fueron transcritas, codificadas y analizadas en términos de super y macroestructura siguiendo la gramática de historias de Stein y Glenn (1979) (coherencia) y de microestructura (productividad y complejidad). Los niños de ambos grupos tuvieron un desempeño acorde a su edad en comprensión y producción narrativa, a pesar de que el grupo de NSM tuvo un mejor desempeño en vocabulario receptivo. Hubo diferencias en comprensión (cantidad de episodios recuperados y en la respuesta a preguntas) que favorecieron al NSM, pero no en la cantidad de categorías recuperadas ni en la extensión y complejidad del recuento. Para producción narrativa no hubo diferencias en secuencia narrativa, ni en la cantidad de episodios completos en ninguna de las condiciones, pero sí en cuanto a la complejidad sintáctica en la condición sin títeres. Los resultados muestran una relación compleja entre vocabulario y habilidades narrativas, dado que diferencias importantes en vocabulario no se reflejaron de manera homogénea en el desempeño narrativo. Estos resultados aportan a los debates actuales sobre el papel del vocabulario en el desarrollo de habilidades narrativas, así como a pensar la validez ecológica de las evaluaciones en el desarrollo cognitivo y lingüístico.

Abstract Narrative abilities are an important part of communication, academic success, and healthy relationships. These abilities involve complex language and cognitive skills, such as precise vocabulary, control of the coherence markers, relations of cause-effect, and planning. They are also relevant during the elementary school years and interact with the socio-emotional skills necessary to understand different points of view. Oral narrative production develops dramatically from 3 to 5 years of age and is a key factor in a child's ability to communicate about the world. During this period narratives are a product of increasing linguistic sophistication over the preschool period and there is a complex relationship between early narratives and language proficiency. So far, most research about this topic has been pursued in populations other than Latin American preschoolers. At the same time, a considerably lesser number of studies about narrative abilities development have been carried out comparing typically developing children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. To our knowledge, there are no studies in Uruguay that assess the narrative abilities development in typically developing preschool children who grow up in vulnerable contexts. It is therefore of the utmost relevance to produce empirical evidence for this population. For these reasons, this study aimed at characterizing and comparing narrative abilities and receptive vocabulary in a group of a total of 54 Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds (middle and low socioeconomic status, SES). Children were assessed in receptive vocabulary and narrative abilities across two task conditions: (1) narrative comprehension through a story retelling task which included some final questions about the story; (2) narrative production elicited from a set of thematically related puppets. The examiner gives a child a puppet set and asks him/her to elaborate a narrative using them. After that, puppets are removed and the child is asked to retell the story without puppets. Children's oral productions were video-taped and then transcribed and categorized using the ELAN software (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 2019). The verbal information was categorized according to Stein and Glenn's (1979) story grammar and considering the microstructural aspects (productivity and complexity). Analyses showed that both groups performed according to their stage of development in both narrative task conditions. With regards to the narrative comprehension task, no differences in the number of recovered categories, extension, or narrative complexity were observed. Concerning the narrative production task, there were no differences between the groups in narrative sequences, nor in the number of completed episodes in conditions neither with puppets nor without puppets. Results showed that children who grow up in poverty perform more poorly than their peers from middle-income families in receptive vocabulary, in the number of recovered episodes, ask-answer items of narrative comprehension tasks. Moreover, concerning the microstructural parameters analyses showed that children from middle socioeconomic backgrounds scored better in syntactic complexity in the without puppets condition. No differences between the groups were observed in syntactic complexity in the puppets condition. Taken together these results indicate a complex link between vocabulary and narrative abilities. It is worth noting that important differences in vocabulary did not reflect in the children's narrative performance. These findings are also relevant as a contribution to an ongoing debate about the role of vocabulary in the development of narrative abilities. Furthermore, these results could inform the discussion about the ecological validity of the test of cognitive and linguistic development. Finally, to provide some additional evidence to Uruguayan Spanish language about the relationships between oral language and cognitive development allows to carry out early interventions before formal schooling sets children for success in school and life.

Consumo de suplementos dietarios en niños escolares de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Un estudio piloto / Dietary supplements consumption in school children from Bucaramanga, Colombia. A pilot study

Resumen Introducción: La obesidad infantil es un problema global de salud pública. Una de las causas subyacentes de este evento complejo y multicausal se relaciona con la alta ingesta de energía. El uso inadecuado de suplementos dietarios podría superar los requerimientos de energía y nutrientes y generar una ganancia excesiva de peso corporal en los niños. Objetivo: Describir el tipo, cantidad y frecuencia de consumo de suplementos dietarios ingeridos por niños y niñas durante la edad preescolar, y evaluar la correlación entre este consumo y la composición corporal de los mismos en la edad escolar. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal analítico. Estudio piloto realizado en niños en edad escolar de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Variables dependientes: porcentaje de grasa corporal y masa músculo esquelética. Principal variable independiente: consumo de suplementos dietarios. La correlación entre variables fue evaluada usando el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (rho). Resultados: La prevalencia del consumo de suplementos dietarios en algún momento, antes de los cinco años, fue de 51,11% (IC 95%, 0,35 a 0,66). Las formas de presentación usadas con mayor frecuencia fueron en polvo, granulado y líquido. Los tipos de suplementos utilizados correspondieron a fórmulas poliméricas (40,91%), seguidos por aceite de hígado de bacalao (36,36%). A mayor consumo de suplementos dietarios, se observó mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal (rho = 0,346) y menores valores de masa muscular esquelética (rho = -0,286). Sin embargo, estas correlaciones no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,114 y p = 0,286, respectivamente). Conclusión: Este estudio encontró una correlación débil y positiva entre el consumo de suplementos dietarios en la primera infancia y el porcentaje de grasa corporal y una correlación débil y negativa con la masa músculo esquelética; sin embargo, no hubo significancia estadística. Es necesario continuar investigando acerca de potenciales efectos no deseados del consumo inadecuado de suplementos durante la primera infancia.

Abstract Introduction: Childhood obesity is a global public health problem. One of the underlying causes of this complex and multicausal event is related to high energy intake. Inappropriate use of dietary supplements could exceed energy and nutrient requirements resulting in excessive body weight gain in children. Objective: To describe the type, quantity and frequency of consumption of dietary supplements ingested by boys and girls during preschool age and to evaluate the correlation between this consumption and their body composition at school age. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. Pilot study, carried out in school children from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Dependent variables: body fat percentage and skeletal muscle mass. Main independent variable: consumption of dietary supplements. The correlation between variables was evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho). Results: The prevalence of consumption of dietary supplements at some point before the age of five was 51.11% (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.66). The most frequently used forms of presentation were powder, granules and liquid. The types of supplements used corresponded to polymeric formulas (40.91%), followed by cod liver oil (36.36%). A higher consumption of dietary supplements showed a higher percentage of body fat (rho=0.346) and lower values of skeletal muscle mass (rho= -0.286). However, these correlations were not statistically significant (p=0.114 and p=0.286, respectively). Conclusion: This study found a weak positive correlation between dietary supplement use in early childhood and body fat percentage and a weak negative correlation with skeletal muscle mass; however, there was no statistical significance. Further research is needed on the potential undesirable effects of inappropriate supplement use in early childhood.

Hanseníase em gêmeos de 3 anos em Mato Grosso, Brasil: a importância da baciloscopia no diagnóstico / Leprosy in 3-year-old twin children in Mato Grosso, Brazil: the importance of bacilloscopy in the diagnosis

Introdução: o diagnóstico clínico da hanseníase em crianças é particularmente difícil. Relato de Caso: crianças gêmeas bivitelinas, com três anos de idade, eram contactantes de pai com hanseníase Virchowiana. Os dois pacientes têm lesões cutâneas bem definidas e irregulares, anteriormente tratadas como micoses e uma cicatriz de BCG. Foram confirmados positivos para Mycobacterium por análise histopatológica da pele. Discussão: especialmente, com menos de cinco anos, os diagnósticos de hanseníase são raros e difíceis porque simulam outras doenças. Esses diagnósticos são alarmes epidemiológicos para áreas endêmicas e mostram a importância dos sintomas em crianças e o rastreamento nos contactantes dos pacientes.

Introduction: the clinical diagnosis of leprosy in children is particularly difficult. Case Report: fraternal twins, three years old, were in contact with a father with Virchowian leprosy. Both patients have well-defined and irregular skin lesions previously treated as mycoses and a BCG scar. They were confirmed positive for Mycobacterium by histopathological analysis of the skin. Discussion:especially, with less than five years, leprosy diagnoses are rare and difficult because they simulate other diseases. These diagnoses are epidemiological alarms for endemic areas and show the importance of symptoms in children and tracking of patients' contacts.

Innovative methods in nutritional interventions through sensory-based workshops with preschool children / Métodos inovadores em intervenções nutricionais com pré-escolares por meio de oficinas sensoriais

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to describe the sensory workshops carried out as part of an intervention study developed in 2018 (Brazil), designed to promote the consumption of vegetables, legumes, and fruits among preschool children aged 4 to 6 years old (n=179). Methods The study comprised three stages: (a) raising awareness among the school staff and parents; (b) collecting data on children's food consumption; and (c) conducting sensory-based workshops. Through experimentation, children were encouraged to explore the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch to learn about foods. Five workshops were held weekly each one corresponding to one of the senses. Participatory and interactive dynamics as well as playful techniques were adopted to stimulate children's interaction with foods and verbal expression about the experiences. Results Through experimentation, the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch were explored, enabling children to learn about food and preparations. Conclusion The low-cost sensory method proved easy to apply and its replication in the school environment to promote healthy eating in preschoolers should be encouraged. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, under the register number RBR-5b6zrg.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as oficinas sensoriais realizadas no âmbito de um estudo de intervenção desenvolvido em 2018 (Brasil), para promover o consumo de verduras, legumes e frutas em pré-escolares de 4 a 6 anos (n=179). Métodos O estudo compreendeu três etapas: (a) sensibilização dos funcionários da escola e responsáveis; (b) coleta de dados sobre o consumo alimentar das crianças; e (c) realização de workshops de base sensorial. Por meio da experimentação, as crianças foram incentivadas a explorar os sentidos do olfato, do paladar, da visão, da audição e do tato para aprender sobre os alimentos. Semanalmente foram realizadas cinco oficinas, cada uma correspondendo a um dos sentidos. Dinâmicas participativas e interativas, bem como técnicas lúdicas foram adotadas a fim de estimular a interação das crianças com os alimentos e a expressão verbal sobre as experiências. Resultados A experimentação dos sentidos do olfato, paladar, visão, audição e tato foram explorados, possibilitando que as crianças aprendessem sobre alimentos e preparações. Conclusão O método sensorial de baixo custo mostrou-se de fácil aplicação, e sua replicação no ambiente escolar para promoção da alimentação saudável em pré-escolares deve ser incentivada. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, número de registro RBR-5b6zrg.

Cambios del pH salival por ingesta cariogénica y no cariogénica en preescolares de Huaura, Perú / Salivary pH changes caused by cariogenic and non-cariogenic food intake in preschoolers from Huaura, Peru

Introducción: El tipo de dieta influye directamente en el valor del pH salival, el cual es un factor importante para evitar la formación de caries. Objetivo: Evaluar el cambio del pH salival por ingesta cariogénica y no cariogénica en preescolares de una institución educativa de Huaura, Perú. Métodos: Esta investigación fue de tipo observacional, comparativo y longitudinal. El tamaño de muestra fue de 30 preescolares. Después que los niños consumieron dieta cariogénica y no cariogénica, se evaluó su pH a diferentes tiempos. Para el contraste de resultados se utilizó la prueba T Student y U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: El pH salival con dieta no cariogénica a los cinco minutos fue 7,11 ± 0,19 y 7,09 ± 0,20, y, a los 40 minutos, 7,46 ± 0,19 y 7,42 ± 0,22, en mujeres y hombres, respectivamente. El pH salival con dieta cariogénica en mujeres fue 6,56 ± 0,21 a los cinco minutos y 7,15 ± 0,12 a los 60 minutos; mientras que, en los hombres, para iguales rangos de tiempos fue 6,47 ± 0,32 y 7,23 ± 0,22, respectivamente. Al realizar las comparaciones entre grupos de dieta cariogénica y no cariogénica se observaron diferencias muy significativas (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Para la dieta cariogénica el pH disminuye como máximo a los cinco minutos y se restablece a partir de los 60 minutos. Para la dieta no cariogénica disminuye en el mismo tiempo pero se recupera a los 40 minutos, siendo este proceso similar en ambos géneros(AU)

Introduction: Salivary pH, an important factor in caries prevention, is under the direct influence of diet type. Objective: Evaluate salivary pH changes caused by cariogenic and non-cariogenic food intake in preschoolers from an educational institution in Huaura, Peru. Methods: An observational longitudinal comparative study was conducted of a sample of 30 preschoolers. After the children consumed cariogenic and non-cariogenic food, their salivary pH was evaluated at various times. Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to contrast results. Results: Salivary pH with a non-cariogenic diet at five minutes was 7.11 ± 0.19 and 7.09 ± 0.20; whereas at 40 minutes it was 7.46 ± 0.19 and 7.42 ± 0.22, in female and male participants, respectively. Salivary pH with a cariogenic diet in women was 6.56 ± 0.21 at five minutes and 7.15 ± 0.12 at 60 minutes, whereas values in men for the same time ranges were 6.47 ± 0.32 and 7.23 ± 0.22, respectively. Comparison between the cariogenic and non-cariogenic diet groups revealed very significant differences (p < 0.01). Conclusions: With a cariogenic diet, pH is reduced at five minutes maximum, and is restored as of 60 minutes. With a non-cariogenic diet, pH is reduced in the same time period, but is restored at 40 minutes. This process is similar in the two genders(AU)

Análisis confirmatorio de un cuestionario de control y presión al comer en madres de preescolares costarricenses / Confirmatory analysis of a control and pressure when eating questionnaire among mothers of Costa Rican preschoolers

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la validez de la estructura factorial para un cuestionario adaptado a partir del Preschooler Feeding Questionnaire (PFQ) con subescalas asociadas al control y la presión parental al comer. Metodología: se elaboró un cuestionario de 11 reactivos expresados con escalas tipo Likert y agrupados en dos subescalas: Presión Maternal al Comer y Control Maternal al Comer. Se evaluaron 50 madres y posteriormente se realizó un análisis factorial para identificar la estructura factorial subyacente, mediante la evaluación de la confiabilidad con el α de Cronbach, la extracción de componentes principales con una rotación Varimax y la normalización de Kaiser. Luego, se efectuó un análisis confirmatorio de factores con 430 madres. Por medio de la estadística descriptiva se estudiaron las prácticas parentales de «control» y «presión», mientras un modelo SEM valoró la existencia de relaciones causales entre el IMC, el género infantil y dichas prácticas. Resultados: se validó una estructura factorial de dos escalas, Control y Presión, compuestas cada una de tres reactivos (x2 = 187,3, df. = 116, x2/df. = 1,62, CFI = 0,998, GFI = 0,991, AGFI = 0,983, NFI = 0,994, IFI = 0,998, and RMSEA = 0,018). No se estableció relación causal alguna entre estos factores con el IMC o el género de los infantes, siendo ambos factores mayores a la media. Conclusión: la adaptación del formulario constituye una herramienta válida y fiable de futura utilidad en el estudio de prácticas nutricionales parentales.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the validity of the factorial structure for a questionnaire adapted from the Preschooler Feeding Questionnaire (PFQ) with subscales associated with control and parental pressure when eating. Methodology: a questionnaire was prepared with 11 items expressed with "Likert" type scales and grouped into two subscales: "maternal pressure when eating" and "maternal control when eating". This was evaluated with 50 mothers, subsequently carrying out a factor analysis to identify the underlying factorial structure, evaluating the reliability with Cronbachs α and using a principal components extraction with a Varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization. A confirmatory factor analysis was subsequently performed with 430 mothers. Descriptive statistics studied both "control" and "pressure" parental practices, while an SEM model assessed the existence of causal relationships between BMI, child gender and these practices. Results: a factorial structure of two scales was validated, "Control" and "Pressure", each composed of three items (x2 = 187.3, df. = 116, x2 / df. = 1.62, CFI = 0.998, GFI = 0.991, AGFI = 0.983, NFI = 0.994, IFI = 0.998, and RMSEA = 0.018). No causal relationship was established between these factors with the BMI or the gender of the infants, both factors being greater than the average. Conclusion: The adaptation of the questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool of future utility in the study of parental nutritional practices.

Necesidades educativas sobre salud bucodental en el grado prescolar / Educational needs related to oral health in the preschool grade

Introducción: La caries dental y la enfermedad periodontal son las enfermedades bucodentales más prevalentes, con una tendencia al aumento de las maloclusiones. Se considera la promoción de salud como un proceso educativo a través del cual la comunidad logra ejercer control de su salud. Objetivo: Identificar las necesidades educativas sobre salud bucodental en el grado prescolar, en Sagua la Grande, Villa Clara, durante el curso escolar 2017-2018. Método: Investigación descriptiva transversal en Sagua la Grande, durante el curso 2017-2018. La población quedó constituida por 326 niños, 24 docentes y 326 familias. La variable estudiada fue necesidades educativas sobre salud bucodental en el grado preescolar. Resultados: Se evidenció que no se realizan acciones educativas sobre salud bucodental. No existen proyectos ni un programa de capacitación sobre salud bucodental para los docentes que la sustente. No es concebida la salud bucal dentro del sistema de trabajo metodológico del sector. No se analizan contenidos de salud bucodental en consejos de dirección y preparaciones metodológicas Los docentes realizan escasas acciones educativas sobre salud bucodental. El nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucodental fue evaluado de mal en los niños (74,23 por ciento), en docentes (41,67 por ciento) y familias (47,24 por ciento). Conclusiones: Se evidenció que no se realizan acciones educativas sobre salud bucodental y predominó el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucodental evaluado de mal en niños, docentes y familias(AU)

Introduction: Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most prevalent oral conditions, with a tendency to an increase in malocclusions. Health promotion is considered to be an educational process by which the community gains control of their health. Objective: Identify the educational needs related to oral health in the preschool grade. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Sagua la Grande during the school year 2017-2018. The study population was 326 children, 24 teachers and 326 families. The variable analyzed was educational needs related to oral health in the preschool grade. Results: It was found that educational actions related to oral health are not performed, nor is there an oral health training program for teachers or projects supporting it. Oral health is not included in the system of methodological work for the sector. Oral health contents are not discussed in management meetings or methodological preparation sessions. Teachers conduct a scant number of oral health educational actions. Knowledge about oral health was evaluated as poor in 74.23 percent of the children, 41.67 percent of the teachers and 47.24 percent of the families. Conclusions: It was found that oral health educational actions are not performed and knowledge about oral health is poor among children, teachers and families(AU)

Características de la alimentación temprana y actual de preescolares en la Región de Valparaíso, Chile

RESUMEN Son múltiples los factores que influyen en el estado nutricional (EN) y la formación de preferencias alimentarias en preescolares, por lo cual se han propuesto intervenciones tempranas para disminuir el ambiente obesogénico. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar si aspectos alimentarios tempranos se relacionan con el EN y con algunas características alimentarias actuales en preescolares chilenos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Participaron 61 preescolares de jardines infantiles de la Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles (JUNJI) de comunas de la V Región de Chile. Se determinó el EN con peso y talla, y composición corporal con impedanciómetro Bodystat 1.500, además se recopilaron antecedentes del embarazo y alimentación infantil a través de encuestas. Los análisis estadísticos se consideraron significativos con un valor de p<0,05. La lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) inferior a 6 meses se asoció con un bajo consumo de verduras en la edad preescolar (PE), además, la duración de la LME se correlacionó directamente con el consumo de verduras en preescolares. La introducción de azúcar antes de los 12 meses, se asoció con el consumo de golosinas dulces en edad PE y este con mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal, mientras que la introducción temprana de sal se asoció con mayor consumo de golosinas saladas. La introducción de azúcar previa a los 12 meses podría determinar un mayor consumo de alimentos poco saludables en preescolares. El consumo de verduras presentó asociación positiva con la duración de la LME, lo que sugiere que los patrones alimentarios en edades tempranas podrían modular las preferencias de alimentos en edades posteriores.

ABSTRACT There are multiple factors that influence nutritional status (NS). Early interventions have been proposed to reduce the obesogenic environment, including the targeting of food preferences among preschoolers. Our aim was to analyse if early dietary aspects were related to NS and some current eating features in Chilean preschool children. An observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out among 61 preschoolers from the National Board of Kindergartens (JUNJI) from councils in the V Region of Chile. NS was determined with weight and height, and body composition with a Bodystat 1.500 impedance meter, in addition, background data of pregnancy and infant feeding were collected through surveys. Statistical analyses were considered significant with a p value <0.05. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for less than 6 months was associated with a low consumption of vegetables in preschool (PE) age, in addition, the duration of EBF was directly correlated with the consumption of vegetables. The introduction of sugar before 12 months was associated with the consumption of sweet snacks and this with a higher percentage of body fat, while the early introduction of salt was associated with a higher consumption of savoury snacks. Introducing sugar prior to 12 months of age could lead to higher consumption of unhealthy foods in preschoolers. Consumption of vegetables showed a positive association with the duration of EBF, which suggests that eating patterns at an early age could modulate food preferences at later ages.

Atividade física para crianças até 5 anos: Guia de Atividade Física para a População Brasileira / Physical activity for children up to 5 years old: Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population

Este artigo descreve o processo de construção das recomendações de atividade física para crianças de até cinco anos incluídas no Guia de Atividade Física para a População Brasileira. O desenvolvimento destas recomendações tomou por base as diretrizes propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em 2019. Complementarmente, buscou-se suporte teórico nas seguintes estratégias: 1-revisão de escopo, conduzida de modo a atualizar o corpo de evidências acerca dos correlatos de determinantes da atividade física em crianças de até cinco anos; 2-síntese de guias nacionais de atividade física; 3-escuta com pais e professores, a fim de identificar o grau de dificuldade destes em entenderem as recomendações contidas na proposta apresentada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, além de barreiras e estratégias para maior envolvimento das crianças em atividades físicas; e, 4-consulta pú-blica. Todas as ações foram desenvolvidas no período de maio a dezembro de 2020, por um grupo de trabalho constituído por pesquisadores com experiência na temática e representantes do Ministério da Saúde. Como resultado, foram incluídas no Guia um total de 35 recomendações, sendo 10 rela-cionadas aos benefícios, quatro à dose, sete aos tipos de atividades, sete às orientações para prática e outras sete relacionadas à redução de comportamento sedentário. Quando pertinente e possível, estas recomendações foram diferenciadas para crianças do nascimento até um ano de vida, de um e dois anos e de três a cinco anos. A mensagem principal é de que qualquer atividade física é melhor do que nenhuma e de que o comportamento sedentário deve ser reduzido

This paper describes the process of establishing physical activity recommendations for children up to five years old included in the Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. The development of these rec-ommendations was based on the guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization in 2019. Theoretical support was gathered by using the following strategies: 1-Scoping review conducted to update the body of knowledge about the correlates and determinants of physical activity in children 0-5 years old; 2-synthesis of the existing national physical activity guidelines; 3-Online interviews with parents and teachers aiming to identify their degree of difficulty in understanding the recommendations contained in the World Health Organization Physical Activity guidelines and to identify barriers and strategies for improving the involve-ment of children in physical activities; and, 4-Public consultation. All actions were developed in the period from May to December 2020, by a working group composed of researchers with expertise in this field and representatives of the Ministry of Health. As a result, a total of 35 recommendations were included in the Brazilian guidelines, 10 of which were related to benefits, four to the dose, seven to the types of activities, seven to the strategies for improving practice, and seven others related to the reduction of sedentary behavior. When relevant and possible, these recommendations were differentiated for children from birth to one year of age, 1-2 years, and 3-5 years. The main message is that any physical activity is better than none and that sedentary behavior should be reduced

Behavior Problems in Four-Year-Old Children from a Brazilian Birth Cohort / Problemas de Comportamento em Crianças Brasileiras de Quatro Anos de Idade

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of behavior problems in 3750 four years old children from a birth cohort. Children were followed from birth to four years old through home visits, and questionnaires on child health and development and the Child Behavior Checklist 4-18/CBCL were applied. Prevalence rates were high (total problems 35.6%), particularly externalizing problems, which occurred in 44.4 % of children (48.3% girls; 40.6% boys; p < 0.001). Internalizing problems were less prevalent, occurring in 15.5 % of children (19.1% boys; 11.6% girls; p < 0.001). Regardless of sex, there was a higher prevalence of behavioral problems in children with younger siblings, whose mothers had less education and had no partner.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de problemas de comportamento em 3750 crianças pertencentes a uma coorte de nascimentos. As crianças foram acompanhadas do nascimento aos quatro anos de idade, por meio de visitas domiciliares, tendo sido aplicados instrumentos sobre saúde e desenvolvimento infantil e o Child Behavior Checklist 4-18/CBCL. As prevalências encontradas foram altas (total de problemas de comportamento: 35,6%), com destaque para problemas de externalização, que ocorreram em 44,4% das crianças (48,3% meninas; 40,6% meninos; p < 0,001). Problemas de internalização foram menos prevalentes, ocorrendo em 15,5% das crianças (19,1% meninos; 11,6% meninas; p < 0,001). Independente do sexo, houve maior prevalência de problemas de comportamento em crianças com maior número de irmãos mais novos, cujas mães tinham menor escolaridade e não tinham companheiro.

Functional network connectivity in default mode for preschoolers with autism: an fMRI study / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To estimate the predictive ability of group differences on autistic traits of social communication impairment by comparing the intrinsic functional network connectivity between default mode network and other brain networks between preschoolers with autism and typically developing control.Methods:Sixty preschoolers diagnosed autism according to DSM-5 and 60 typical developing individuals matched by age and sex were analyzed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Establish functional network connections between the default mode network and other brain networks based on the results of the data-driven approach (independent component analysis). Subsequently, the correlation between the connectivity strength with statistical differences and the autistic traits of social communications impairments was analyzed.Results:Relative to typically developing control participants, preschoolers with autism showed increased functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and subcortical networks (basal ganglia and thalamus, Bg/Th) ( t=3.758, P<0.01, FDR-corrected). The strength of such connections was significantly associated with the severity of autistic core social communication disorders ( r=0.34, P=0.007). Furthermore, the average connection strength of DMN showed a hyper-FNC with the basal ganglion network ( t=3.455, P<0.01, FDR-corrected). Conclusion:There is an excessive functional connection between medial prefrontal cortex and subcortical nucleus in preschool autism children. The abnormal functional connection of DMN may be the key factor of core social disorder in preschool autism children.

Prácticas de alimentación infantil de cuidadores principales, conducta alimentaria y estado nutricional de preescolares en Chile / Child feeding practices of primary caregivers, eating behavior and nutritional status of preschoolers in Chile

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la relación entre estado nutricional, prácticas de alimentación del cuidador y conducta alimentaria en preescolares de una comuna del centro sur de Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 249 preescolares y sus cuidadores principales. Se encontró una relación positiva entre índice de masa corporal (IMC) del niño y preocupación por el peso del niño (r = .51, p < .01), así como entre IMC del niño y alimentación restrictiva del cuidador (r = .20, p < .01). Se encontraron relaciones débiles aunque significativas entre estado nutricional (IMC y porcentaje de grasa corporal) y conducta alimentaria en niños. Análisis de correlaciones canónicas indicaron que las variables agrupadas de prácticas de alimentación infantil se relacionaron positivamente con el estado nutricional del niño (ρ3 = .54, < .001). Adicionalmente, se encontró que la preocupación por el peso del niño mediaba parcialmente la relación entre restricción alimentaria e IMC (IC 95% efecto indirecto "ab" [.02; .13]) y entre restricción y porcentaje de grasa corporal (IC 95% efecto indirecto "ab" [.06; .50]). Las actitudes y prácticas de alimentación infantil de los cuidadores principales, particularmente la preocupación por el peso del niño y la restricción en la alimentación juegan un rol crítico en la mantención y manejo de la obesidad en preescolares. Se exploran las implicancias prácticas de estos hallazgos.

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between child nutritional status, feeding practices of the primary caregiver and the child eating behavior of preschoolers in a community in south-central Chile. The sample comprised 249 preschool children from three public and semi-public schools and their primary caregivers. A positive relationship was found between body mass index (BMI) and weight concern (r = .51, p < .01) and restrictive feeding practice (r = .20, p < .01). Significant but weak relationship existed between BMI, body fat percentage and child eating behavior. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that child feeding practices as a group were related to nutritional status of children. Additionally, weight concerns partially mediate the relationship between restrictive feeding and BMI (CI 95% indirect effect "ab" [.02; .13]) and body fat percentage (IC 95% efecto indirecto "ab" [.06; .50]). Child feeding practices of the primary caregivers, particularly weight concern and restrictive feeding play an important role in the management of the preschool children obesity.

Valoración emocional de imágenes y temperamento en preescolares: papel de la edad y la valencia / Emotional appraisal of images and temperament in preschoolers: Role of age and valence

Resumen La valoración es una etapa crucial del procesamiento emocional que prepara para la acción. Durante este proceso se generan distintas respuestas a partir de la evaluación de aspectos emocionales de los estímulos. Estas variaciones pueden deberse a la influencia de características individuales. La literatura señala al temperamento como uno de los factores asociados a las diferencias en la valoración emocional y el afrontamiento. Este trabajo analiza la relación entre la valoración emocional de estímulos visuales y características temperamentales obtenidas por medio del Cuestionario de Conducta Infantil (CBQ). Para esto, 198 preescolares de cuatro y cinco años valoraron 15 imágenes (negativas, neutras y positivas) y se analizaron estas valoraciones en función de las características temperamentales. Se encontró mayor cantidad de valoraciones negativas a los cuatro años que a los cinco (p = .056, η² parcial = .031), y de valoraciones positivas en el grupo con puntaje alto de esfuerzo de control en comparación con el de puntaje bajo (p = .020, η² parcial = .029). Esto sugiere una asociación entre la valoración emocional, la edad y el esfuerzo de control. Este resultado podría deberse a que las niñas y los niños estuvieran desviando su atención de los aspectos negativos de los estímulos.

Abstract Emotional appraisal is a crucial stage of emotional processing that prepares for action (coping). During this process different responses are generated from the evaluation of emotional aspects of the stimuli. These variations may be due to the influence of individual characteristics. The literature points to temperament as one of the factors associated with differences in emotional appraisal and coping. This paper analyzes the relationship between the emotional appraisal of visual stimuli and temperamental characteristics, obtained through the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). For this purpose, 198 preschoolers aged 4 and 5 assigned of three possible emotional expressions to 15 images (negative, neutral and positive) and then compared the number of appraisals according to temperamental characteristics. Higher number of negative appraisals were found in the 4-year group compared to the 5-year group (p = .056, η² partial = .031), and of positive appraisals in the group with high effortful control score compared to the low score group (p = .020, η² partial = .029), suggesting an association between emotional assessment, age and effortful control. This result could be due to the fact that children were diverting they attention from the negative aspects of stimuli.

Correlación entre indicadores antropométricos y niveles de leptina en madres e hijos. Cali, Colombia, 2012-2013 / Correlation Between Anthropometric Indicators and Leptin Levels in Mothers and Children. Cali, Colombia, 2012-2013

Resumen Antecedentes: la obesidad es un factor de riesgo para las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: explorar la relación entre indicadores antropométricos y niveles de leptina en un grupo de madres y en sus hijos. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal en 74 binomios madre-hijo de Cali, Colombia. Se realizó caracterización sociodemográfica, evaluaciones antropométricas y leptina sérica en 56 madres y 26 niños. Se usaron coeficientes de correlación entre los indicadores antropométricos y la leptina. Resultados: las madres presentaron 35,5 % de exceso de peso, elevada grasa corporal en un 80 % y niveles de leptina de 20,5 ng/mL. Los niños tenían 20,7±2,4 meses de edad; 8,2 % de exceso de peso; 4,1 % desnutrición aguda y niveles de leptina de 1,85 ng/mL. En madres e hijos las correlaciones entre indicadores antropométricos fueron significativas y positivas, lo mismo con leptina en las madres, pero en los niños solo correlacionó débilmente con peso/talla e IMC-edad. La leptina en las madres se correlacionó débilmente con indicadores antropométricos de los niños, pero no al contrario. Conclusión: la prevalencia de exceso de peso es alta en las madres y menor en los niños. La leptina en las madres se correlaciona débilmente con indicadores antropométricos de los niños, pero no al contrario.

Abstract Background: Obesity is a risk factor for non-communicable chronic diseases. Objective: Explore the relationship between anthropometric indicators and leptin levels in a group of mothers and their children. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 74 mother-child pairs from Cali, Colombia. Sociodemographic characterization, anthropo-metric evaluations, and serum leptin measurements were performed in 56 mothers and 26 children. Correlation coefficients were used between anthropometric indicators and leptin. Results: 35.5% of mothers had excess weight, 80% had high body fat, and leptin levels of 20.5 ng/dL. The children were 20.7 ± 2.4 months old; 8.2% presented with excess weight; 4.1% had acute malnutrition, and leptin levels of 1.85 ng/dL. In mothers and children, the correlations between anthropometric indicators were significant and positive, the same with leptin in mothers, but in children leptin only correlated weakly with weight / height and BMI-age. Leptin in mothers was weakly correlated with anthropometric indicators in children, but not vice versa. Conclusion: The prevalence of excess weight was high in mothers and less so in their children. Leptin in mothers weakly correlated with anthropometric indicators in their children, but not vice versa.

Caracterización epidemiológica de los accidentes en el hogar: atención médica inmediata. Servicio desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr Agustín Zubillaga / Epidemiological characterization of accidents at home: immediate medical attention. Deconcentrated service Dr Agustín Zubillaga Pediatric Hospital

Se realizó una investigación de tipo no experimental, transversal y descriptiva para establecer las características epidemiológicas de los accidentes en el hogar de 112 pacientes entre 2 a 13 años de edad que ingresaron a la Atención Médica Inmediata (AMI) del Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga entre diciembre 2018 y enero 2019. La mayoría de los pacientes son preescolares (46%), del sexo masculino (71%) y de procedencia urbana (59,8%). En cuanto a las madres, predominaron aquellas mayores de 30 años (39,2%), con grado de instrucción secundaria (44,6%) y amas de casa (69,6%). La mayoría de los padres son mayores de 30 años (54,5%), tienen educación primaria (37,5%) y trabajan fuera del hogar (90,1%). Con respecto a los cuidadores, predominaron los mayores de 30 años (67%) y en su mayoría son familiares del niño (93%). El día de mayor frecuencia de los accidentes en el hogar fueron los viernes (18,8%), en el horario de 1 a 6:59 pm (46%) y el lugar más frecuente fue en el patio (36,6%). El tipo de accidente predominante fueron las caídas (34,9%), seguida de las quemaduras (25%) e intoxicaciones (21,4%). Este estudio permitió conocer las características epidemiológicas de los accidentes en el hogar y aporta datos para la toma de decisiones y la elaboración de protocolos de prevención(AU)

A non-experimental, transversal, descriptive study was conducted to establish the epidemiological characteristics of accidents in the home of 112 patients between 2 and 13 years of age who attended the Atención Médica Inmediata (AMI) of the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga between December 2018 and January 2019. Most patients are preschoolers (46%), male sex (71%) and from urban areas (59.8%). In most cases, mothers were older than 30 years (39.2%), with secondary education (44.6%) and homemakers (69.6%). The majority of fathers were older than 30 years (54.5%), with primary education (37.5%) and worked outside the home (90.1%). Most caregivers were older than 30 years (67%) and relatives of the child (93%). Accidents occurred predominantly on Friday (18.8%), from 1 to 6:59 pm (46%) and in the yard (36.6%). Most frequent type of accident were falls (34.9%), followed by burns (25%) and poisoning (21.4%). This study allowed us to know the epidemiological characteristics of accidents in the home and provides data for decision-making and the development of prevention protocols(AU)

Geohelmintiasis, estado nutricional y antropometría de niños de 3 a 6 años del Centro Escolar de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador / Geohelminthiasis, nutritional status and anthropometry of children from 3 to 6 years old from the School Center of the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador

Las geohelmintiasis son nematodos que afectan al hombre a través de la ingesta de huevos parasitarios, afectando el estado nutricional antropométrico de la población infantil, motivo por el cual se planteó como objetivo determinar incidencia de las helmintiasis transmitidas por el suelo en el estado nutricional antropométrico de niños de 3 a 6 años en un centro escolar Guayaquil en Ecuador, durante el último semestre del 2018. Se aplicó la metodología descriptiva de corte transversal; donde se incluyeron 92 preescolares de 3 a 6 años. A cada niño(a) se le hizo su estudio antropométrico nutricional, unido a un estudio coprológico realizado a 45 niños. Se obtuvo el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) con el cual se determinó el estado nutricional (IMC/Edad/Sexo), usando los percentiles del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador. Se revisaron los IMC de los 35 niños que presentaron geohelminiasis quienes evidenciaron una ligera disminución en la ganancia de los valores de las variables antropométricas. Se encontró predominio del sexo femenino (54,35%), la edad fue 3,78 años, peso: 15,21 Kg y talla: 100,23 cm2, el IMC fue 16,62 Kg/cm2, sin diferencias entre el sexo; la especie de mayor ocurrencia fue la Trichuris. trichiura 43,47% (niñas 10/23) y 66,67% (niños 8/12). Se concluye que 29,34% de los preescolares estudiados están malnutridos, presentan geohelmintiasis, por ello es recomendable realizar intervenciones dirigidas a representantes, estudiantes y docentes, para atender paralelamente geohelmintiasis y nutrición para garantizar la calidad de vida(AU)

Geohelminthiasis are nematodes that affect man through the ingestion of parasitic eggs, affecting the anthropometric nutritional status of the infant population, which is why the objective was to determine the incidence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the anthropometric nutritional status in children aged 3 to 6 years of a school in Ecuador, during the last semester of 2018. A cross-sectional descriptive methodology was applied; where 92 preschoolers from 3 to 6 years old were included. Each child was given his or her nutritional anthropometric study, together with a coprological study of 45 children. There was obtained the Body Mass Index (BMI) with which there decided the nutritional state (BMI / Age / Sex), using the centiles of the Department of Public health of Ecuador. The BMI of the 35 children with geohelminiasis were reviewed and showed a slight decrease in the gain of anthropometric variables. The prevalence of female sex was found (54,35%), the age was 3,78 years, weight: 15,21 Kg and height: 100,23 cm2, the BMI was 16,62 Kg/cm2, with no differences between sex; the species of greatest occurrence was Trichuris trichiura 43,47% (girls 10/23) and 66,67% (boys 8/12). It is concluded that 29.34% of the preschools studied are malnourished, have geohelminthiasis, so it is advisable to make interventions aimed at representatives, students and teachers, to attend parallel geohelminthiasis and nutrition to ensure quality of life(AU)