Formulation and evaluation of Buccal mucoadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium using 23 factorial designs

Buccal tablets

Diclofenac sodium

Drug release

Mucoadhesion

Mucoadhesive tablets

Release kinetics

Screening for malaria infection in residents on the China-Myanmar border: RDT, microscopy and PCR / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective To compare the screening effects of RDT, microscopy and PCR for malaria among residents in low malaria areas and elimination areas, and to investigate the presence of malaria in residents of border Villages in Cangyuan Va County and asymptomatic infections in surrounding areas, providing a basis for preventing re-introduction of malaria after elimination. Methods From August 2020 to March 2021, the fingertip blood of the investigated subjects was collected from three survey sites in the border area between China and Myanmar, namely Banlao Township in Cangyuan Va Autonomous County of Lincang City, Banwai District, Mengmao County, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar, Yongmo and Dayan Township, Nandeng Special Zone, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar. The malaria parasite antigen detection test kit, malaria parasite microscopic examination, fluorescent quantitative PCR and nested PCR were used to detect the asymptomatic infection of malaria parasites. Results A total of 1 040 blood samples were collected, including 606 from China and 434 from Myanmar, with 506 males and 534 females. Among them, , there were 51 individuals aged 0 to <5 years, 283 aged 5 to < years, 187 aged 15 to < years, 232 aged 30 to <45 years, 205 aged 45 to < years, and 82 aged ≥60 years. All 1 040 people tested negative for plasmodium antigen detection kit. One case of Plasmodium vivax detected by plasmodium microscopic etiology, with a detection rate of 0.10%. One case of P. vivax was also detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR and nested PCR, with a detection rate of 0.10%. Among them, one case of P. vivax was detected in Banwai District, Mengmao County, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar, with a detection rate of 0.35%. The detection rates of malaria parasites in Banlao Township in Cangyuan Va Autonomous County of Lincang City, Yunnan Province and Yongmo Township and Dayan Township, Nandeng Special District, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar were both 0. The difference in the detection rate of malaria parasites among the three survey sites was not statistically significant (χ2 =2.682, P>0.05). The asymptomatic P. vivax infection was detected in a 6-year-old girl from Banwai District, Mengmao County, the Second Special Zone of Shan State, Myanmar. Conclusions RDT is not suitable for malaria screening in low malaria area and elimination area. Microscopic examination and PCR can be used for malaria screening, but PCR operation is complex and costly. In surrounding areas outside of China, malaria is still prevalent, while there is no source of malaria infection in border villages of Cangyuan Va County. However, there is a risk of importation, and timely and effective measures should be taken to prevent reintroduction and transmission.

Research progress in preventing delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection / 中国综合临床

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the common method for treatment of early gastric cancer. Compared with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), ESD can completely remove large lesions while ensuring negative margins as much as possible, which enables a more accurate pathological staging of tissue and reduces the risk of postoperative cancer recurrence. On the other hand, ESD generally results in larger ulcerations than EMR, which increases the likelihood of complications such as bleeding and perforation. Delayed bleeding is one of the main complications after gastric ESD. Delayed bleeding after ESD can cause hemorrhagic shock and even death, so we should take effective management strategies to prevent the occurrence of delayed bleeding after gastric ESD, such as the use of acid suppressive drugs, enough intraoperative hemostasis, lesion closure, and the use of lesion covering materials.

Investigation of public health emergency core capacity of district-level disease prevention and control institutions under normalized epidemic prevention and control / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveBased on the investigation of the core capacity development of health emergency response of Shanghai disease prevention and control institutions after the COVID-19 pandemic， to analyze the shortcomings of health emergency response capacity of Shanghai disease prevention and control institutions， and to put forward suggestions to improve the core capacity of Shanghai's disease prevention and control system in the face of public health emergencies. MethodsUsing questionnaire surveys， investigations and evaluations were conducted on the emergency system development， epidemic monitoring and risk assessment， emergency team manpower and equipment， and actual response to COVID-19 in 16 district-level disease prevention and control institutions in Shanghai. ResultsThe overall public health emergency response capacity building of the district-level disease control agencies in Shanghai is relatively good， and the effect of capacity building has been proven during the handling of the new coronavirus. But at the same time， it also exposed some specific problems such as imperfect system construction， lack of emergency personnel and materials， insufficient on-site handling capabilities of personnel， and uneven allocation of emergency personnel and materials among different agencies. ConclusionShanghai district-level disease control should focus on the specific problems， such as strengthening the development of health emergency system， improving the human resources and material reserves of the emergency teams， and optimizing the laboratory testing ability， to further improve the core health emergency capacity of Shanghai disease control system.

Research progress on action mechanism and clinical application of hyaluronic acid / 药学实践杂志

Hyaluronic acid is widely present in the human body. It is an important component of extracellular matrix. It has unique hydrodynamic properties, good viscoelasticity and strain properties. At present, hyaluronic acid has been widely used in biomaterials, targeted-drug preparations, cosmetics and prevention of adhesion after abdominal surgery. With the expansion of the application scope of hyaluronic acid and the continuous emergence of new medical materials, the research on hyaluronic acid has been increasing in recent years. This paper reviews the clinical application of hyaluronic acid and its mechanism, in order to provide reference for the further development and safe application of hyaluronic acid products.

Corneal blindness in Platos cave: the acting forces to prevent and revert corneal opacity. Part I: epidemiology and new physiopathological concepts / A cegueira corneal na caverna de Platão: as forças para prevenir e reverter a opacidade da córnea. Parte I: epidemiologia e novos conceitos na fisiopatologia

ABSTRACT The burden of corneal blindness and visual deficiency can be felt worldwide. Its association with several endemic diseases such as childhood blindness, trauma, infectious keratitis (including variants caused by herpes, hanseniasis, and fungi), vitamin A deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and other dry eye syndromes reflects its poorly understood underlying mechanisms and suggests that the actual frequency of the disease is underestimated. The low effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic strategies against corneal scarring or deformity predicts a high frequency of patients with corneal blindness in the future. Corneal blindness is associated with environmental factors and socioeconomic limitations that restrain health assistance and maintain a modest efficiency of the current therapeutic strategies for resolving corneal diseases in large-scale programs. We present here a critical review of the concepts associated with corneal blindness that need to be considered when planning strategies to prevent and treat corneal blindness worldwide (to be able to leave Plato's cave, where corneal blindness is encaged.

RESUMO O problema da deficiência visual e da cegueira corneal abrange o mundo todo e corresponde à quarta causa de cegueira e deficiência visual, com acometimento estimado de mais de 16 milhões de pessoas. A associação com várias doenças endêmicas, como cegueira infantil, trauma, ceratites infecciosas (incluindo herpes, hanseníase e fungos), hipovitaminose A, diabetes mellitus e outras causas de síndromes de olho seco, indicam que a verdadeira frequência é subestimada e que os diferentes mecanismos são pouco conhecidos. A baixa eficácia na prevenção e tratamento da cicatriz e deformidade da córnea permite antecipar que a prevalência da cegueira corneal irá crescer no futuro. As razões para o aumento da cegueira corneal envolvem fatores ambientais, limitações socioeconômicas para ampliar a assistência à saúde e a modesta eficiência das estratégias terapêuticas para resolver o problema em grande escala. O presente trabalho traz uma revisão crítica dos conceitos associados à cegueira corneal. Essa análise é uma etapa necessária para preparar o caminho com o objetivo de deixar a caverna que encarcera a cegueira corneal, em analogia ao mito de Platão, e melhorar as estratégias para prevenir e tratar a cegueira corneal em escala mundial.

La ocurrencia de rebrotes de la COVID-19 y su relación con el número reproductivo

RESUMEN El peligro de la ocurrencia de endemia por la COVID-19 es una preocupación del gobierno y epidemiólogos cubanos, pero conocer alguna métrica que influya en su surgimiento es de gran utilidad para evitarla. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar mediante modelos dinámicos y teoría cualitaiva de ecuaciones diferenciales, cómo el número reproductivo básico Ro constituye una métrica que incide en la ocurrencia de estos eventos. Se empleó un modelo de tipo SIR con demografía adaptado a las condiciones de Cuba. Los resultados demostraron que se consigue dar respuesta, desde el punto de vista matemático, a las condiciones que pueden causar un rebrote de la enfermedad. Recomendamos mantener activadas las medidas epidemiológicas que se relacionan en este trabajo y que ayudan a mantener controlados los casos confirmados que aparezcan y evitar de esta manera posibles rebrotes.

ABSTRACT The danger of the occurrence of endemic COVID-19 worries the Cuban government as well as epidemiologists. Knowledge about a metric that influences its emergence is a very useful tool to prevent it. The purpose of the study was to prove through dynamic models and the qualitative theory of differential equations that the basic reproduction number R0 is a metric influencing the occurrence of these events. A SIR model was used, which was adjusted to Cuban conditions. Results showed that a mathematical response may be provided to conditions potentially causing a fresh outbreak of the disease. We recommend to maintain activated the epidemiological measures referred to in the paper, which help keep under control the confirmed cases occurring, thus preventing possible fresh outbreaks.

Prácticas pa ra la prevención de accidentes en el hogar en cuidadores de niños de 1 a 5 años en un barrio de Cartagena (Colombia) / Practices for the prevention of accidents in the home in caregivers of children from 1 to 5 years in a district of Cartagena (Colombia)

Introducción: los accidentes en la población infantil constituyen una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad convirtiéndose hoy día en un problema de salud pública mundial, principalmente la población más afectada son los niños en etapa preescolar, por la vulnerabilidad y dependencia del cuidador. Objetivos: describir las prácticas para la prevención de accidentes en el hogar en cuidadores de niños de 1 a 5 años en un barrio de Cartagena (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo descriptivo transversal. Constituido por 354 cuidadores de niños menores de 5 años, se utilizó la técnica de observación y la aplicación del instrumento con base a la práctica N° 15 de AIEPI (Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia). Resultados: socio demográficamente los cuidadores fueron principalmente de género femenino (87%), con 20 ­ 29 años de edad (44,9%), madres de los niños (61,3%), conviven en unión libre (54,2%), son bachilleres (50,3%), de estrato uno (91,8%), amas de casa (62,7%), con hijos (93,8%), residen en casas (54,5%). Los niños de 1 a 5 años fueron mayoritariamente de género masculino (51,7%), y han presentado accidentes (75,1%), sobre todo, caídas (61,9%). El nivel de riesgo de accidentes en el hogar fue bajo (85%), y las prácticas de prevención suelen ser regulares (55,1%). Conclusión: los niños enfrentan relativamente bajo riesgo de accidente en el hogar, sin embargo, las prácticas para prevenirlos resultan ser regulares..(AU)

Introduction: accidents in children are an important cause of morbidity and mortality,becoming today a global public health problem, mainly the most affected population are children in preschool, for the vulnerability and dependence of the caregiver. Objectives:to describe the practices for the prevention of accidents at home in caregivers of children from 1 to 5 years of age, in a neighborhood of Cartagena (Colombia). Materials and methods: quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Consisting of 354 caregivers of children under 5 years of age, the technique of observation and the application of the instrument was used based on practice No. 15 of IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness). Results: demographic partner caregivers were mainly female (87%), with 20 - 29 years of age (44.9%), mothers of children (61.3%), live together in a free union (54.2%), are high school graduates (50.3%), of stratum one (91.8%), housewives (62.7%), with children (93.8%), reside in houses (54.5%). Children from 1 to 5 years old were male (51.7%), and had accidents (75.1%), especially falls (61.9%). The level of accident risk in the home was low (85%), and prevention practices are usually regular (55.1%). Conclusion: children face relatively low risk of accident in the home, however, practices to prevent them turn out to be regular..(AU)

Analyze the reasons for the retraction of journal papers after publishing and take prevent measures / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To analyze the reasons for the retraction of journal papers after publishing,take preventive measures,provide countermeasures for establishing research integrity.Methods Search the PubMed Database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) with search type "Retracted Publication" [Publication Type] OR "Retraction of Publication" [Publication Type],from 2016/01/01 to 2017/06/01,to acquire the retracted publications,and to summarize the reasons for retraction.Results Initially extracted 1 098 results,and ultimately 895 papers were included in the analysis.The reasons for retraction were divided into two categories:unintentional errors and academic misconduct.The main reasons of academic misconduct were fabrication and falsification,accounted for 30.17％,followed by plagiarism,accounted for 20.22％.Conclusions Main reason for the retraction of journal papers was academic misconduct.We can establish scientific integrity through the following ways,such as strengthening the research ethics education and enhancing the awareness of research integrity;improving the scientific evaluation system and creating free atmosphere of scientific research;establishing long-term system of management,supervision and punishment of scientific research;taking rigorous review of manuscripts by editor.

Analysis and prevention of scientific misconduct in the application for project of National Natural Science Foundation of China / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To analyze the reasons for the withdrawal of the National Natural Science Foundation of China projects,adopt preventive measurements,to provide countermeasures for the project application and establish scientific integrity.Methods Search the official website of National Natural Science Foundation of China(http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/),and browse case processing decisions during the last five years,analyze the reasons for the withdrawal of projects and classify the scientific misconducts.Results We got 83 publicly accessible cases which involved 93 persons.There were 52 projects whose fund granting has been annulled,and 50 projects at the stage of application have been revoked due to scientific misconduct.The projects were withdrawn mainly due to the fraud peer review,accounting for 46.2％,the project applications were revoked mainly due to copying applications,accounting for 54.0％.Conclusions The countermeasures to prevent the scientific misconducts in the application process including:increase scientific research integrity propaganda;improve the construction of laws and regulations;improve the detection rate of scientific misconduct;give full play to the supervisory role of supporting institutions;increase the intensity of punishment;improve the selection and supervision system of experts;establish a credit management system during the whole process.

Effect observation of using the self-made pressure reduction bilateral nasal oxygen tube to prevent the nasal oxygen tube ear pressure sore for the comatose patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To observe and discuss the effect of using the self-made pressure reduction bilateral nasal oxygen tube to prevent the ear pressure sore for the comatose patients. Methods Totally 86 cases of comatose patients which needed permanent oxygen inhale admitted during Jan 2016 to Dec 2016 were divided into observation group and control group:Each group 43 cases. Observation group used self-made pressure reduction bilateral nasal oxygen tube to inhale the oxygen, control group used the conventional disposable bilateral nasal oxygen tube to inhale the oxygen and the pressure ulcer stage. Results There was no significant difference in Braden score in two groups, the difference was statistically significant (P>0.05) . Observed two groups patients′ nasal oxygen tube ear pressure sore situation, these were only 2 patients happened nasal oxygen tube ear pressure sore in observation group, on the contrary, these were 9 patients happened in control group, occulting probability was higher than observation group significantly. and the extend of the pressure sore is much serious than the observation. Difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.11, P<0.05). Conclusions During the privation of the nasal oxygen tube ear pressure sore for the comatose patients, self-made pressure reduction bilateral nasal oxygen tube can alleviate the ear skin pressure effectively, reduce the pressure sore occur, the effect is obvious, nursing quality is improved, deserve the clinical expansion.

The value of different methods for prevention of venous thromboembolism for patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the clinical value of different methods for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) for patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery with high risk factors .Methods Prospectively case controlled study was performed in 178 patients underwent laparoscopic gynecological surgery with high risk factors at the No .152 Central Hospital of PLA from January 2013 to October 2014 .All patients were divided into group A ,B and C .A total of 64 cases in group A received subcutaneous injection of LMWH (5 000 U ,once a day) at 12 hours after operation .A total of 64 cases in group B were treated with LMWH (2 500 U ,once a day) combined with Salvia miltiorrhiza(20 mL ,once a day) .A total of 50 cases in group C did not treated with prophylactic use of these drugs .The incidence of deep venous thrombosis(DVT) ,postoperative bleeding in and co‐agulation changes were recorded and compared in the three groups .Results All patients were successfully operated with laparosco‐py ,among them ,7 cases were complicated with DVT and 9 cases were complicated with postoperative bleeding .The incidence of postoperative DVT in group A ,B and C was 0 ,1 .6% and 12 .0% respectively ,the differences were statistically significant in group A and B compared with group C ,respectively (P<0 .05) .The incidence of postoperative bleeding group A ,B and C was 9 .4% , 3 .1% and 2 .0% respectively ,the differences were statistically significant in group A compared with group B and C (P<0 .05) .Af‐ter operation ,the platelet count in group A decreased ,however ,that in group B and C changed little .The platelet count in group A was statistically different compared with group B and C (P< 0 .05) .The plasma activated partial thromboplastin time and pro‐thrombin time in group A and B were prolonged ,the differences were statistically significant in group A and B compared with group C (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Early injection of LMWH after laparoscopic gynecological surgery in patients with high risk factors can significantly reduce the incidence of VTE ,LMWH combined with Salvia miltiorrhiza could improve security of anticoagulation with‐out increasing the risk of postoperative bleeding .

Delphi Evaluation and Analysis of the Results of Perfume Pouch Wearing Method in Practice Guidelines to Prevent Disease for Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Prevented ;by Sachet-Therapy / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To evaluate and screen the concentration and coordination degree of the opinions of the experts in TCM pediatrics on the preventive method of Practice Guidelines to Prevent Disease for Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Prevented by Sachet-Therapy;To formulate scientific and practical methods for perfume pouch wearing in this book. Methods Delphi method was applied to this research. All questionnaires were designed based on the literature research and distributed to more than 30 experts for 3 rounds. And the results in the first two rounds of survey were analyzed. Results Totally 31 and 33 valid questionnaires were received in the first and second time respectively. The experts’ activity index was 88.6% and 93.4% respectively. The perfume pouch wearing methods of Practice Guidelines to Prevent Disease for Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Prevented by Sachet-Therapy was set down. And most of the experts shared a positive view on the concentration and coordination degree of this book. Conclusion The experts’ opinions upon this draft are quite positive. The experts are from all over China, and they are quite professional, with representativeness. The perfume pouch wearing methods of Practice Guidelines to Prevent Disease for Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Prevented by Sachet-Therapy are generally recognized by the experts. However, there are still some different ideas in terms of some indexes, which need to be further discussed.

Analysis of the related factors of postpartum hemorrhage via vaginal delivery / 中国基层医药

Objective To analyze the relevant factors of vaginal delivery postpartum hemorrhage,and discussion how to prevent postpartum hemorrhage.Methods 2 417 maternal women who hospitalized vaginal delivery were selected.Preeclampsia,macrosomia,placental abruption,obesity,premature rupture of membranes,high blood pressure,gestational age,maternal age,maternal time,the number of abortion,scar uterus vaginal delivery,oxytocin induced labor,misoprostol for cervical mature,forceps midwifery,and the correlation of postpartum hemorrhage were analyzed.Results The incidence rate of postpartum hemorrhage was 15.22%.Pre -eciampsia,macrosomia,placental abruption had significant association with postpartum hemorrhage(χ2 =26.75,0.16,22.26,all P 0.05 ).Oxytocin induced labor,misoprostol for cervical mature,forceps midwifery were significantly associated with postpartum hemorrhage(χ2 =45.66,21.77,88.06,all P <0.01 ).Conclusion Prenatal maternal and neonatal weight control,prevention of preeclampsia,placental abruption occurred to prevent postpartum hemorrhage;Intrapartum avoid no indications oxytocin,misoprostol for cervical mature,forceps midwifery and reduce postpartum hemorrhage;Postpartum accurately estimated blood loss, active treatment,avoid serious complications.

Analysis on eugenics test results of 2 1 63 pregnant couple of Xingbin district in Laibin city / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To conduct eugenics inspections for preparing pregnant couples,to find out risk factors causing fetal birth defects,to provide the scientific basis of eugenic and superior nurture.Methods A total of 2 1 63 preparing pregnant couples were conducted eugenics detection before childbirth to assess pregnant risk.Results A total of 1 547 cases were checked out with preg-nancy risk with the positive rate as 35.76%(1 547/4 326).Among them,the positive rate of male was 26.81% (580/2 1 63).the positive rate of women was 44.71% (967/2 1 63).Women positive rate was significantly higher than the male.Conclusion The eu-genics detection before pregnant could found risk of pregnancy as soon as possible,in order to take corresponding preventive meas-ures in time,has important significance for prevention of birth defects.

Clinical observation of therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in 1482 cases / 中国基层医药

Objective To analyze the clinical observation and incidences of complications of therapeutic post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).Methods The clinical information of 1 482 cases of therapeutic ERCP was analyzed retrospectively.Results Among them,468 cases had nasal biliary drainage,532 cases had pancreatic or bile duct stent after endoscopic procedure and the other 482 case hadn't.For the drainage group, there were 396 cases of biliary stone,36 cases of simple dilatation of common bile duct,8 cases of biliary cyst,6 cases of strictured papilla,18 cases of inflammatory stricture of common bile duct,2 cases of sclerosing cholangitis and 2 cases of autoimmune pancreatitis.For the pancreatic or bile duct stent group,there were 483 cases of malignant bili-ary obstruction,13 cases of biliary stone,28 cases of pancreatic duct stone,3 cases of sclerosing cholangitis and 5 cases of inflammatory stricture of common bile duct.And there were 385 cases of biliary stone,36 cases of simple dilatation of common bile duct,38 cases of inflammatory stricture of common bile duct,11 cases of strictured papilla, 9 cases of pancreatic duct stone and 3 cases of biliary cyst for un -drainage group.The incidences of acute pancreati-tis and acute cholangitis (4.4%,2.6%)were higher in un -drainage group than the nasal biliary drainage group (1.5%,0.6%,P 0.05)and the stent group(0.4%,0.8%,P >0.05).The incidences of 4 kinds of complications were not significantly different between the nasal biliary drainage group and the stent group.Conclusion Endoscopic nasal biliary drainage or stent can prevent and treat some of therapeutic ERCP com-plications effectively.

Prevención de transmisión vertical VIH: antirretrovirales y otros factores protectores / Prevention of vertical transmission HIV: antiretroviral and other protective factors

Estudiar los factores asociados a la prevención de la transmisión vertical VIH y su relación con la tasa de infección en niños. Estudio retrospectivo, analítico, observacional de la consulta de seguimiento VIH/Sida del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, período 2005-2010. Revisión de historias y fichas médicas de exposición perinatal VIH. Análisis estadístico descriptivo, cálculo de OR con intervalos de confianza de 95%. 321 niños incluidos. El diagnóstico de las madres VIH fue: 41,7% período preconcepcional, 41,7% gestación, 10,3% puerperio y 6,2% posnatal. 83,9% de las madres que recibieron tratamiento antrirretroviral durante gestación. 83,5% inició antes de las 34 semanas. 60,7% (n=195) de los neonatos fueron obtenidos por cesárea. 49,1% (n=158) de las madres recibieron zidovudina intraparto. 72,6% (n=238) de los neonatos inició adecuadamente zidovudina. 9% (n=28) recibió lactancia materna. Tasa general de transmisión VIH 5,6% (n=18), con ascenso en la tasa desde 1,4% (IC:0,18-5,20) en las diagnosticadas durante período preconcepcional, hasta 50,0% (IC:25,58-74,41) en posnatal. El acumulado de factores de protección resulta en menor tasa de infección con el cumplimiento de al menos 2 de ellos (P<0,05). El cumplimiento del tratamiento gestacional materno, zidovudina periparto, cesárea electiva, zidovudina neonatal y omisión de leche materna fueron factores protectores estadísticamente significativos para la prevención de la transmisión vertical VIH. El control prenatal y el cumplimiento del tratamiento antirretroviral gestacional materno, zidovudinaperiparto, cesárea electiva, zidovudina neonatal y omisión de leche materna son factores protectores efectivos para disminuir la transmisión vertical. El programa nacional de tratamiento antirretroviral para infección VIH debe continuar y optimizar su funcionamiento

Study the factors associated with the prevention of HIV vertical transmission and the relation with the rate of infection in children. Retrospective, analytic and observational study of the Infectious Pediatrics Consultation at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, during 2005 to 2010. Medical histories and data from the format of perinatal HIV exposition were revised. Descriptive analysis, OR calculation with confidence intervals of 95%. 321 children were included. The HIV diagnosis of mothers were: 41,7% in the preconceptional period, 41,7% in the gestational period, 10,3% in the puerperal period and 6,2% in the posnatal period. 83,9% of mothers who received antiretroviral treatment before birth. 72,6% (n=238) of the newborns used AZT, 9% received breastfeeding. Rate of HIV transmission was 5,6% (n=18). If diagnosis had been preconceptional, the rate was 1,4% (IC:0,18-5,20) and it increased to 50,0% (IC:25,58-74,41), in case of the posnatal diagnosis. The accomplishment of at least two protective factors resulted in a lower rate of infection (P<0,05). The gestational treatment, the AZT before birth, the elective cesarean, the AZT neonatal and the omission of breastfeeding were protective factors with statistical significance to prevent vertical transmission of HIV. The gestational treatment, the AZT before birth, the elective cesarean, the AZT neonatal and the omission of breastfeeding are protective factors effective to prevent HIV vertical transmission. The national program of antiretroviral treatment must be maintained and optimized

Analgesia preemptiva com nepafenaco 0, 1% na fotocoagulação da retina / Preemptive analgesia of nepafenac 0. 1% in retinal photocoagulation

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito preemptivo com nepafenaco 0,1% em pacientes submetidos à fotocoagulação da retina para tratamento da retinopatia diabética proliferativa. Métodos: Trinta pacientes foram submetidos à fotocoagulação com laser de argônio em ambos os olhos. O olho contralateral de cada paciente foi o controle. O nepafenaco e o placebo foram utilizados 30 minutos antes da aplicação do laser. Ambos os olhos foram fotocoagulados no mesmo dia. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada por meio da escala analógica visual e da escala descritiva de dor. Resultados: A análise da interação instilação versus nepafenaco mostrou que os pacientes do grupo placebo apresentaram níveis de dor semelhantes em ambos os olhos, e os do grupo nepafenaco apresentaram redução importante do nível de dor no olho em que foi instilado a suspensão de 0,1% quando comparado ao olho contralateral que recebeu placebo (p=0,023). Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que a suspensão de 0,1% de nepafenaco foi útil na analgesia preemptiva de pacientes submetidos à fotocoagulação de retina quando comparada ao placebo. .

Objective: To evaluate the preemptive effect of nepafenac 0,1% in patients undergoing retinal photocoagulation for the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy Methods: Thirty patients underwent argon laser photocoagulation in both eyes. The contralateral eye of each patient was the control. The nepafenac and placebo were used 30 minutes before the application of the laser. Both eyes were photocoagulated in the same day. Pain intensity was assessed by visual analog scale and descriptive pain scale Results: The analysis of the interaction instillation versus nepafenac showed that patients in the placebo group had similar levels of pain in both eyes, and the nepafenac group had significant reduction in pain in the eye that was instilled suspension of 0,1% when compared to the contralateral eye which received placebo (p = 0.023). Conclusion: This study suggests that a suspension of 0,1% nepafenac helpful for preemptive analgesia in patients undergoing retinal photocoagulation compared to placebo. .

La caries dental y los factores relacionados en una población de adultos de la ciudad de la rioja, Argentina / The dental caries and related factors in adult population of the city of rioja, Argentina

La caries dental es un proceso patológico post-eruptivo, localizado, externo, involucra un reblandecimiento de los tejidos duros del diente procediendo a la formación de una cavidad1. Se determinó la presencia de caries dental, su relación con factores patológicos y preventivos en adultos de La Rioja, Argentina. A partir de 183 adultos de 25 a 35 años de edad se estudiaron los dientes con caries, obturaciones, perdidos e índice CPOD y se registraron en una ficha dental. Por cada adulto se obtuvo una historia clínica. El 77% de los adultos presentó un promedio de 3,73±4,28 caries, 4,75±4,61 obturaciones, 1,91±2,92 perdidos e índice CPOD 10,39±5,90. El CPOD para el género femenino fue mayor que para el masculino (p=0,042). La caries se relacionó con bajo nivel de educación (p=0,0001), ingreso económico (p=0,0086), cepillado dental diario (p=0,0340), cepillado nocturno (p=0,0018), con consulta prevalente por dolor (p<0,0001), falta de visita bucal anual (p=0,0003) y de obra social (p=0,0064). La caries dental es una enfermedad presente en la población adulta se asocia con bajo nivel de educación, económico y preventivo dental. Necesita del abordaje económico cultural integrado de la sociedad para mejorar la salud bucal del adulto y asegurar su calidad de vida en su senectud.

The dental caries is defined a post eruptive pathological process of external origin located tooth involves softening of the hard tissues of the tooth proceeding consequently to the formation of a tooth cavity1. The presence of dental caries was determined, its relationship with pathological and preventive factors in adults of La Rioja, Argentina. From 183 adults from 25-35 years of age, were studied decayed, fillings, missing teeth and index DMFT and recorded on a dental chart. For each adult, a clinic history was obtained. The 77% of adults had a mean of 3,73 ±4,28 caries, 4,75 ±4,61 filling, 1,91 ±2,92 missing and DMFT 10,39 ±5,90. The DMFT was higher for the female gender than for males (p=0,042). Caries was associated with low level of education (p=0,0001), low income (p=0,0086) lack tooth daily brushing (p<0,0340), lack of night brushing (p=0,018), check only for pain (p< 0,0001), lack of annual dental visit (p=0,0003) and absence of coverage social (p=0,0064). Dental caries is a disease present in the population of adults, is associated with low level education, economic and lack of prevention dental. Requires a socio cultural economic work of society to improve the oral health of adults and ensure their senescence.

The clinical efficacy of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injection on prevention splenectomy surgery of deep vein thrombosis / 实用医学杂志

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injection on prevention splenectomy surgery of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Methods 132 patients who would received splenectomy were selected as an object of study from June 2011 to June 2013. They were divided into the treatment group and the control group by randomizing. The two groups were surgery treated with the same methods and other postoperative. The treatment group received intravenous drip of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injection after 6 hours once daily for 10 consecutive days. The control group received subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin like the time of the treatment group. Results There was a difference in the incidence of DVT between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion It is effective that Salvia Miltiorrhiza injection in preventing deep vein thrombosis after splenectomy.