A contribuição de terapeutas ocupacionais no domínio da gestão de risco e desastres: um protocolo de revisão de escopo / Contribution of occupational therapists to the field of risk and disaster management: a scoping review protocol

Resumo Introdução Desastres trazem consequências humanas, socioeconômicas e ambientais e agravam situações de vulnerabilidade. Tanto países centrais, altamente industrializados, como países com dificuldades econômicas estão sujeitos a esses eventos. No Brasil, a pandemia de COVID-19 e o rompimento de barragens evidenciam dificuldades em se antecipar e responder esses tipos de eventos. Ações da terapia ocupacional no campo das emergências e desastres são escassas na literatura, notadamente na esfera da prevenção. Objetivo Explorar as evidências da contribuição de terapeutas ocupacionais no domínio da gestão de risco e desastres a partir das características, prioridades e principais áreas de interesse da produção intelectual em terapia ocupacional. Método Uma pesquisa abrangente será conduzida nos periódicos Disasters, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, and Risk, International Journal of Risk Reduction e Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, assim como nas bases de dados Occupational Therapy Literature Search Service (OTDBASE), PubMed e Web of Science. Critérios de inclusão Ações e experiências no âmbito da terapia ocupacional, notadamente aquelas de terapeutas ocupacionais na gestão de riscos e desastres, encontradas em estudos revisados por pares, que adotem métodos quantitativos, qualitativos e mistos, nos idiomas espanhol, inglês e português, sem restrição temporal. A abordagem preconizada pelo Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) para seleção de estudos, avaliação crítica, extração e síntese de dados será utilizada.

Abstract Introduction Disasters bring human, socioeconomic, and environmental consequences and exacerbate situations of vulnerability. Both highly industrialized core countries and those facing economic difficulties are subject to these events. In Brazil, the COVID-19 pandemic and the collapse of dams highlight difficulties in anticipating and responding to these types of events. Actions of occupational therapy in the field of emergencies and disasters are scarce in the literature, notably in the sphere of prevention. Objective To explore the evidence of the contribution of occupational therapists in the field of risk management and disasters based on the characteristics, priorities, and main areas of interest of intellectual production in occupational therapy. Method A comprehensive search will be conducted in the journals Disasters, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, and Risk, International Journal of Risk Reduction, and Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, as well as in the databases Occupational Therapy Literature Search Service (OTDBASE), PubMed, and Web of Science. Inclusion Criteria Actions and experiences in the field of occupational therapy, notably those of occupational therapists in risk and disaster management, found in peer-reviewed studies adopting quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, without temporal restriction. The approach advocated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) for study selection, critical appraisal, and data collection and synthesis will be used.

Evaluación de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos para la detección temprana de trastorno neurocognoscitivo / Evaluation of neuropsychiatry symptoms for the early detection of neurocognitive disorder

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El diagnóstico oportuno del trastorno neurocognitivo es de los principales retos en la atención de los trastornos neurocognitivos. Por esto, se han generado estrategias para la detección preclínica de la enfermedad, entre ellas las destinadas a evaluar síntomas neuropsiquiátricos (NPS) como la escala Mild Behavior Impairment - Checklist (MBI-C). MÉTODOS: Inicialmente se realizó una búsqueda en BVSalud, Medline y PsycNet, luego se realizó una búsqueda en bola de nieve. Se incluyeron términos referentes a deterioro comportamental leve (abarcando los NPS en etapas tempranas), deterioro cognitivo leve y términos específicos del MBI-C. RESULTADOS: La presencia de NPS se asocia con un aumento en la incidencia anual de demencia. Al evaluarlos con MBI-C, su puntuación se correlaciona con biomarcadores como una mayor atrofia cortical, la presencia de la proteína β-amiloide, así como disminución en funciones ejecutivas como la capacidad de enfocar la atención y la memoria de trabajo. DISCUSIÓN: Los hallazgos en la literatura sugieren la utilidad de MBI-C como marcador de neurodegeneración en estadios previos a la demencia, esto mediante la evaluación de su capacidad predictiva de forma independiente y al compararla con otros biomarcadores. CONCLUSIONES: MBI-C supone ser un instrumento de fácil aplicabilidad e interpretación, sostenible e incluyente. Sin embargo, quedan vacíos sobre la pertinencia de esta escala, por lo que surge la necesidad de investigar este tema.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Early diagnosis of neurocognitive disorder is the main challenge of dementia health attention. Therefore, strategies for preclinical detection of the disease have been created, like those intended to evaluate neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), like the Mild Behavior Impairment - Checklist (MBI-C). METHODS: Research was performed in BVSalud, Medline, and Psynet. Then a snowball sampling was done. The terms included were mild behavioral impairment (included NPS in initial stages), mild cognitive impairment, and specific terms of MBI-C. RESULTS: The presence of NPS increase the incidence of dementia, with an annual conversion rate of 9%. About MBI-C, the score has been related to biomarkers like worse brain atrophy in patients with Parkinson's Disease and a positive relationship with the presence of B-amyloid protein. Also, Creese and cols. show that mild behavioral impairment (measured by MBI-C) is associated with a faster decrease in attention and working memory. DISCUSSION: MBI-C utility as a neurodegenerative marker has been demonstrated to detect cognitive, neuropsychiatry, and functional symptoms that may precede dementia by evaluating its predictive capacity alone and comparing it to other biomarkers. CONCLUSION: MBI-C is easy to apply and interpret, is sustainable and inclusive. However, there are still gaps in the relevance of the scale, so there is the need to continue investigating this topic.

Injury prevention for yoga practicing college students / Prevenção de lesões para estudantes universitários praticantes de ioga / Prevención de lesiones en estudiantes universitarios practicantes de yoga

ABSTRACT Introduction: The research shows that most yoga students consider it a low-intensity and low-risk training, evidencing the lack of awareness related to prevention and safety methods, two causal factors of sports injuries. Added to this danger is the scarce literature scientifically reporting the prevention methods for college students practicing this activity. Objective: Study the prevention of injuries during yoga practice by college students, exploring the risk management of this activity. Methods: Patients admitted to a hospital, yoga practitioners, were volunteers in a questionnaire to raise the main injuries and their causes. Data such as time of practice, frequency, and recurrence of injuries were also cataloged. A preventive protocol was elaborated based on the data of the collected accidents and tested with another 50 volunteers divided equally into control and experimental groups. The control group received no interventions. The experimental group added 10 minutes of warm-up and stretching based on the elaborated protocol. Interventions were three times weekly for eight weeks. Risk mitigation data and FMS tests were collected and compared. Results: The total FMS test score in the experimental group increased from 12.5 to 16.2, with a significant impact. The total FMS test score of college students in the control group before the experiment was 12.5 to 14.3. Conclusion: Adding warm-up exercises combined with preparation activities by stretching and basic yoga movements before the start of activities can help athletes' physical condition and reduce the occurrence of sports injuries. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: As pesquisas mostram que a maioria dos estudantes praticantes de ioga a considera um treinamento de baixa intensidade e baixo risco, evidenciando a falta de consciência relacionada à prevenção e métodos de segurança, dois fatores causais de lesões esportivas. Soma-se a essa periculosidade a escassa literatura relatando cientificamente os métodos de prevenção aos estudantes universitários praticantes dessa atividade. Objetivo: Estudar a prevenção de lesões durante a prática do exercício de ioga pelos estudantes universitários, explorando a gestão de riscos dessa atividade. Métodos: Pacientes internados em um hospital, praticantes de ioga, foram voluntários em um questionário para levantar as principais lesões e suas causas. Dados como tempo de prática, frequência e reincidências de lesões também foram catalogadas. Um protocolo preventivo foi elaborado com base nos dados dos acidentes coletados e experimentado com outros 50 voluntários divididos igualmente em grupo controle e experimental. O grupo de controle não recebeu intervenções. O grupo experimental acrescentou 10 minutos de aquecimento e alongamento com base no protocolo elaborado. As intervenções foram de 3 vezes semanais, por 8 semanas. Dados de mitigação de riscos e teste FMS foram coletados e comparados. Resultados: A pontuação total do teste FMS no grupo experimental aumentou de 12,5 para 16,2, com impacto significativo. A pontuação total do teste FMS de estudantes universitários do grupo de controle antes do experimento foi de 12,5 para 14,3. Conclusão: A adição de exercícios de aquecimento combinados com atividades de preparação por alongamento e movimentos básicos de ioga antes do início das atividades pode auxiliar na condição física dos atletas e reduzir a ocorrência de lesões esportivas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

Resumen Introducción: Las investigaciones muestran que la mayoría de los estudiantes que practican yoga lo consideran un entrenamiento de baja intensidad y bajo riesgo, lo que evidencia la falta de concienciación relacionada con los métodos de prevención y seguridad, dos factores causales de las lesiones deportivas. A este peligro se suma la escasa literatura que informe científicamente sobre los métodos de prevención para los universitarios que practican esta actividad. Objetivo: Estudiar la prevención de lesiones durante la práctica del ejercicio de yoga por los estudiantes universitarios, explorando la gestión de riesgos de esta actividad. Métodos: Los pacientes ingresados en un hospital, practicantes de yoga, fueron voluntarios en un cuestionario para plantear las principales lesiones y sus causas. También se catalogaron datos como el tiempo de práctica, la frecuencia y la recurrencia de las lesiones. Se elaboró un protocolo preventivo basado en los datos de los accidentes recogidos y se experimentó con otros 50 voluntarios divididos a partes iguales en grupo de control y grupo experimental. El grupo de control no recibió ninguna intervención. El grupo experimental añadió 10 minutos de calentamiento y estiramientos basados en el protocolo elaborado. Las intervenciones se realizaron 3 veces por semana durante 8 semanas. Se recopilaron y compararon los datos de mitigación de riesgos y la prueba FMS. Resultados: La puntuación total de la prueba FMS en el grupo experimental aumentó de 12,5 a 16,2, con un impacto significativo. La puntuación total en la prueba FMS de los estudiantes universitarios del grupo de control antes del experimento era de 12,5 a 14,3. Conclusión: La adición de ejercicios de calentamiento combinados con actividades de preparación mediante estiramientos y movimientos básicos de yoga antes del inicio de las actividades puede ayudar a la condición física de los deportistas y reducir la aparición de lesiones deportivas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Programa de atención psicosocial y salud integral a víctimas del conflicto armado, Algeciras (Huila), Colombia, 2018 / Program of psychosocial care and integral health to victims of the armed conflict, Algeciras (Huila), Colombia, 2018

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia se estima que existen 7 675 032 víctimas del conflicto armado. Uno de los departamentos del país con mayor afectación de personas es Huila. Debido al impacto del conflicto sobre la salud, es necesario realizar la caracterización de la población para identificar las necesidades derivadas de este y orientar las intervenciones. Objetivo: Elaborar un programa de atención psicosocial y salud integral a víctimas del conflicto armado residentes en la cabecera municipal de Algeciras (Huila), Colombia. Métodos: Diseño cuantitativo cross-sectional con fase descriptiva retrospectiva. Se realizó búsqueda activa en el municipio para el reconocimiento de la población víctima del conflicto. Para el análisis se utilizó Excel 2016 y SPSS versión 24. Resultados: La prevalencia para la población víctima del conflicto armado fue del 80,0 %. El tipo de violencia al que estuvieron expuestos fue desplazamiento (51,0 %) con un periodo de afectación entre diez a veinte años (35,8 %). Según grupos de edad predominaron las edades entre los 30 a 34 años con un 11,7 %. Conclusiones: 1) La prevalencia estimada para la población víctima del conflicto armado puso de manifiesto el reto psicosocial para dar respuesta desde una pespectiva individual, familiar y comunitaria. 2) Las intervenciones planteadas estuvieron orientadas hacia la atención psicosocial y desarrollo de habilidades individuales y sociales, las cuales deben complementarse con acciones interinstitucionales e intersectoriales para el mejoramiento de los determinantes sociales de la salud.

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia it is estimated that a total of 7,675,032 victims exist due to the armed conflict. Huila is one of the departments in the country with the greatest impact on people. Due to the impact of the conflict on health, it is necessary to characterize the population in order to identify the needs derived from the conflict and to orient the interventions. Objective: To design a program of psychosocial attention and integral health to victims of the armed conflict whom are residents of Algeciras (Huila), Colombia. Methods: Quantitative-based cross-sectional with a retrospective descriptive phase. An active search was performed in the municipality to identify victims of the conflict amongst the population. Excel 2016 and SPSS version 24 were used for the analysis. Results: The prevalence of victims was 80.0 %. The type of violence experienced by victims was displacement (51.0%) with an affected period between ten to twenty years (35.8%). Regarding age groups, those aged between 30 to 34 years were predominately affected (11.7%). Conclusions: 1) The estimated prevalence of the victim population highlights the psychosocial challenge to provide an individual, family and community response. 2) The proposed practices are oriented towards psychosocial care and the development of individual and social skills, which must be complementary with inter-institutional and intersectoral actions for the improvement of social determinants of health.

Gestión e impacto de las medidas de intervención para la reducción de casos por COVID-19 en Costa Rica / Management and impact of interventions to reduce COVID-19 cases in Costa Rica / Gestão e impacto das medidas de intervenção para reduzir os casos de COVID-19 na Costa Rica

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones introducidas en Costa Rica durante 2020 y 2021 para el control de la pandemia por COVID-19. Método. Se empleó un modelo bayesiano de regresión de Poisson que incorporó las medidas de control o intervención como variables independientes sobre la modificación de la cantidad de casos por semana epidemiológica. Resultados. Los resultados evidenciaron el efecto relativo y conjunto que han tenido las políticas o medidas de contención en la reducción de casos, principalmente la restricción vehicular, el uso de mascarillas y la puesta en práctica de los lineamientos y protocolos sanitarios. Las evidencias de los efectos se optimizaron y se pusieron a disposición para la toma de decisiones de las autoridades sanitarias y de emergencia del país. Se generaron varias iteraciones para el monitoreo constante de la variación en los efectos en cuatro momentos distintos del avance de la pandemia. Conclusión. La aplicación simultánea de distintas medidas de mitigación en Costa Rica ha sido un agente promotor de la disminución de casos de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objective. Assess the impact of interventions introduced in Costa Rica during 2020 and 2021 to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. A Bayesian Poisson regression model was used, incorporating control or intervention measures as independent variables in the changes in reported case numbers per epidemiological week. Results. The results showed the relative and combined impact of containment policies and measures on the reduction of cases: mainly vehicular traffic restrictions, use of masks, and implementation of health guidelines and protocols. Evidence of impact was optimized and made available for decision-making by the country's health and emergency authorities. Several iterations were generated for constant monitoring of variations in impact at four different moments in the pandemic's spread. Conclusion. The simultaneous implementation of different mitigation measures in Costa Rica has been a driving force in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar o impacto das intervenções realizadas na Costa Rica durante 2020 e 2021 para o controle da pandemia de COVID-19. Método. Foi utilizado um modelo Bayesiano de regressão de Poisson que incorporou as medidas de controle ou intervenção como variáveis independentes sobre a variação do número de casos por semana epidemiológica. Resultados. Os resultados evidenciaram o efeito relativo e conjunto que as políticas ou medidas de contenção tiveram na redução de casos, principalmente as restrições a veículos, o uso de máscaras e a implementação de diretrizes e protocolos de saúde. As evidências dos efeitos foram otimizadas e disponibilizadas às autoridades sanitárias e de emergência do país para auxiliar na tomada de decisão. Diversas iterações foram geradas para o monitoramento constante da variação nos efeitos em quatro momentos distintos do avanço da pandemia. Conclusão. A aplicação simultânea de diferentes medidas de mitigação na Costa Rica tem sido um agente promotor da diminuição de casos de COVID-19.

Adherencia a las conductas preventivas de la COVID-19 en mujeres trans colombianas

Introducción/Objetivo: Establecer el nivel de adherencia de un grupo de mujeres trans colombianas a las medidas de prevención ante el SARS-CoV-2. Método: Diseño transversal correlacional descriptivo de una sola etapa. Se administró un cuestionario en línea anónimo a 100 mujeres trans de Colombia. Los resultados fueron obtenidos utilizando métodos estadísticos tanto frecuentistas como bayesianos (a priori- a posteriori). Resultados: Cerca de las tres cuartas partes de las mujeres participantes reportaron un alto nivel de adherencia a las conductas preventivas. Los factores asociados fueron sentirse capaz de implementar las acciones de prevención y creer en la eficacia de ellas, para evitar contagiar a otros, los conflictos con otras personas y problemas legales. Conclusiones: La autoeficacia y los comportamientos gobernados por reglas están relacionados con la adherencia a las medidas de prevención. Abordar la adherencia en tiempos de COVID-19 implica incorporar de manera integral la magnitud de las inequidades e injusticias sociales y las respuestas en salud ante una situación que afecta a la humanidad de manera diversa y diferenciada.

Introduction/Objective: To establish the level of adherence of a group of Colombian trans women to SARS-CoV-2 prevention measures. Method: Single-stage descriptive correlational cross-sectional design. An anonymous online questionnaire was administered to 100 Colombian trans women. The results were obtained using both frequentist and bayesian (a priori-a posteriori) statistical methods. Results: About three-quarters of the participating women reported a high level of adherence to preventive behaviors. Associated factors were feeling able to implement the preventive actions and believing in their effectiveness, to avoid infecting others, conflicts with others, and avoiding legal problems. Conclusions: Self-efficacy and rule-governed behaviors are related to adherence to prevention measures. Addressing adherence in times of COVID-19 implies comprehensively incorporating the magnitude of social inequities and injustices and the health responses to a situation that affects humanity in a diverse and differentiated manner.

Ciclos de trabajo-confinamiento para reducir la transmisión de Covid-19: evidencia y recomendaciones en el contexto de México / Cyclic schedules for working population to reduce Covid-19 transmission: evidence and recommendations for Mexico

Resumen: Este artículo propone intervenciones estructurales dirigidas a la reorganización del trabajo para evitar un repunte de casos de Covid-19, permitiendo la continuidad de la actividad económica. Se resume la evidencia disponible acerca de los ciclos de trabajo-confinamiento y la posible aplicación de ciclos de cuatro días de trabajo por tres de confinamiento (4x3) en el contexto mexicano. También se discuten otras intervenciones como la continuación del teletrabajo en algunos sectores y el escalonamiento de las jornadas de trabajo como medidas complementarias a los ciclos de trabajo-confinamiento. Esta discusión se da en el contexto de alta informalidad y escasos recursos para absorber una pérdida importante de la productividad por las empresas medianas y pequeñas en México. Se considera la necesidad de implementar apoyos para que personas y empresas puedan mitigar pérdidas en salarios y ganancias tanto del sector formal como informal.

Abstract: This paper proposes structural interventions to organize the working population which could be implemented to avoid a new wave of Covid-19 cases without halting economic activity. We summarize the evidence regarding cyclic schedules of work days followed by days in lockdown. We discuss the possible application of cycles of four days of work followed by three in lockdown for the Mexican context. We also discuss two complimentary interventions for these cycles: continuing to work from home for the sectors for which this is possible and staggered work shifts. This discussion takes into account the high informality context and the scarcity of resources to absorb productivity losses in middle and small companies. We consider the need to implement financial help for people and companies to mitigate lost earnings both in the formal and in the informal work sectors.

Considerações sobre o impacto da covid-19 na relação indivíduo-sociedade: da hesitação vacinal ao clamor por uma vacina / Considerations on COVID-19 impact on the individual-society relationship: from vaccine hesitancy to the clamor for a vaccine

Resumo Desde março de 2020, quando a Organização Mundial de Saúde declarou que o mundo vivia uma pandemia de covid-19, acompanhamos um quadro sanitário sem precedentes nos últimos 100 anos. As medidas atuais contra a doença têm como objetivo o controle da transmissão e envolvem ações individuais e coletivas de higiene e distanciamento físico, enquanto a busca por uma vacina se apresenta como a esperança para vencer a pandemia. Considerando o contexto social de clamor por uma nova vacina, este ensaio crítico discute o paradoxo e as contradições da relação indivíduo-sociedade no contexto da covid-19 à luz da hesitação vacinal como fenômeno histórico e socialmente situado. Este ensaio aponta que as tomadas de decisão sobre (não) vacinar ou sobre (não) seguir as medidas preventivas e de controle da propagação da covid-19 são conformadas por pertencimentos sociais e atravessadas por desigualdades que tendem a se exacerbar. A infodemia que cerca a covid-19 e a hesitação vacinal refletem a tensão entre o risco cientificamente validado e o risco percebido subjetivamente, também influenciada pela crise de confiança na ciência. Percepções de risco e adesão a medidas de saúde extrapolam aspectos subjetivos e racionais e espelham valores e crenças conformados pelas dimensões política, econômica e sociocultural.

Abstract Since March 2020, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that COVID-19 was a pandemic at global level, we are facing an unprecedented health crisis over the past 100 years. While the search for a vaccine represents the hope to overcome the pandemic, measures were established to control the disease transmission through individual and collective actions of hygiene and physical distancing. Based on the popular clamor for new vaccines, this critical essay discusses the paradox and contradictions of the individual-society relationship in the context of COVID-19 considering vaccine hesitancy as a historical and social phenomenon. We also argue that decisions on (not) vaccinating or (not) following COVID-19 control and preventive measures are influenced by social belonging and traversed by inequalities that tend to exacerbate. COVID-19 surrounding infodemic and vaccine hesitancy reflect the tension between scientifically-validated and self-perceived risk, besides being impacted by the crisis of confidence in science. Perceiving risk and adhering to precautionary measures extrapolate subjectivity and rationality, and mirror values and creed shaped by the political, economic, and sociocultural dimensions.

Research on the awareness of disaster prevention and the ability of self-rescue and mutual aid among children in Mianyang Area / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To investigate the current situation of children′s awareness of disaster prevention and self-rescue ability in Mianyang area, provide reference for the development of scientific training programs on children′s disaster knowledge, and improve children′s survival ability during the disaster occurence.Methods:Through literature review and expert consultation, the questionnaire was designed by ourselves.Multi-stage sampling method was used to investigate 2 162 cases from county (city) high school, junior high school and primary school in Mianyang area.Results:8.3% of children had weak disaster awareness.Children had a good understanding of disaster related knowledge, with the highest alarm call awareness rate of 91.8%, fire, flood, earthquake escape and earthquake warning score of 86.5%, 84.2%, 84.2%, 83.0%.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and fire hydrant operation awareness rate was very low (58.8%, 57.4%). Even some children still chose improper escape behavior.The scores of early warning knowledge and first aid skill were correlated with gender and age.In knowledge of disaster precursors, using of fire extinguishers and hydrants, and first aid skills, the scores of boys were significantly higher than those of girls ( P<0.001). Except for fire-related knowledge, gas leakage escape and shelter awareness rate, the older the children were, the higher the scores were ( P<0.05). The scores of early warning, escape knowledge and first aid skills were correlated with the location of home, and the differences were significant ( P>0.001). More than 80.0% of children chose flashlights, food and water, and emergency kits, while 65.0% to 75.0% children thought it was not necessary to prepare a radio, telephone directory, and cash. Conclusion:Children′s awareness of disaster reduction and self-rescue ability are generally good, but there are still insufficient first-aid skills and improper choice of escape behavior.The education of disaster awareness and self-rescue ability should be strengthened in children′s basic education so as to reduce the casualties of children caused by disasters.

La salud pública en la primera ola: una agenda para la cooperación ante Covid-19 / Public health in the first wave: a research agenda for cooperation under Covid-19

Resumen El Covid-19 representa uno de los retos más grandes en la historia reciente de la salud pública. Es fundamental que se fortalezcan los lazos de cooperación científica bajo un objetivo común: proteger la salud de la población. En este artículo se presentan ideas que necesitan un desarrollo urgente y colaborativo. Se discute la estimación de la magnitud de la epidemia mediante un panel nacional de seroprevalencia y nuevas estrategias para mejorar el monitoreo en tiempo real de la epidemia. También se analizan las externalidades negativas asociadas con la respuesta a la pandemia. Finalmente, se presenta un marco general para el desarrollo de ideas para salir del confinamiento, resaltando la importancia de implementar acciones estructurales, sostenibles y equitativas. Se hace un llamado a la solidaridad y la cooperación, donde nuestros esfuerzos y creatividad se dediquen a la resolución de los problemas que enfrentan México y el mundo.

Abstract Covid-19 represents one of the largest challenges in the recent history of public health. It is fundamental that we strengthen scientific cooperation under a common goal: to protect the health of the population. In this article, we present ideas that need urgent and collaborative efforts. We discuss the estimation of the magnitude of the epidemic through a nationwide seroprevalence panel, as well as new strategies to monitor the epidemic in real time. We also analyze the negative externalities associated to the pandemic. Finally, we present a general framework to develop ideas to come out of the lockdown, highlighting the importance of implementing sustainable and equitable structural interventions. We call for solidarity and cooperation, focusing our efforts and creativity in the resolution of the problems that currently affect Mexico and the world.

Glosario para una pandemia: el ABC de los conceptos sobre el coronavirus / Pandemic's glossary: The ABC of coronavirus concepts

Actualmente, el mundo se enfrenta a la pandemia generada por el SARS-CoV-2, infección para la cual no hay medidas farmacológicas de prevención ni tratamiento. Hasta el momento, ha dejado más de 4'880.000 casos confirmados y 322.000 muertes. Se han propuesto diferentes estrategias para el control de la enfermedad que implican la participación de diferentes sectores de la sociedad con acciones guiadas por lineamientos jurídicos y basados en medidas de salud pública, entre ellas, la contención, la mitigación, el aislamiento físico y la cuarentena. Dado que se trata de una situación de dimensión poblacional, la información tiene un papel fundamental; sin embargo, la proliferación de términos nuevos, muchas veces usados erróneamente, causa confusión y desinformación y, en consecuencia, limitan la participación ciudanía. En ese contexto, en el presente documento se hizo una revisión de los términos utilizados en epidemias y pandemias de enfermedades infecciosas, con énfasis en la COVID-19, para facilitar al público general la comprensión de los términos relevantes sobre el comportamiento de los agentes patógenos y de su ciclo epidémico y pandémico, así como los criterios para la adopción de las decisiones pertinentes en salud pública. Se aspira a que el glosario resultante ayude al uso correcto de los términos y a homogenizar la información.

Currently, the world is facing the pandemic generated by SARS-CoV-2. There are no no pharmacological measures for the prevention or treatment of this infection and, so far, it has caused more than 4'880.000 confirmed cases and 322.000 deaths. The different strategies for the control of the disease that have been proposed involve the participation of different actors. Such participation, guided by legal guidelines based on public health measures, include containment, mitigation, physical isolation, and quarantine. As this is a population-based problem, information plays a primary role; however, the many new terms hat have arisen and their misuse confuse and, therefore, misinform thus limiting citizen participation. For this reason, we conducted a review of the terms used in epidemics and pandemics of infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19. We considered and differentiated the relevant terms to facilitate the understanding of pathogen's behavior and epidemic and pandemic cycles, as well as the criteria for public health decision-making for the general public. This glossary should facilitate the use of the terms and standardize the information.

Scalp cooling to prevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia

Abstract Chemotherapy-induced alopecia causes an important impact on cancer patients and its risk of persistence is currently a considerable issue in cancer survivors. Of the various interventions proposed for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia, scalp cooling has emerged as an effective and safe strategy. This paper aims to provide an overview on scalp cooling and chemotherapy-induced alopecia prevention.

Enfermería ante el COVID-19, un punto clave para la prevención, control y mitigación de la pandemia / Nursing before COVID-19, a key point for the prevention, control and mitigation of the pandemic

Resumen El brote de SARS-CoV-2 o COVID-19 originado en China ha alcanzado a México; no obstante, la comunidad científica, entre ellas enfermería ha generado de forma vertiginosa evidencia que puede ayudar a tomar decisiones en la atención de la población afectada. El presente documento tiene la finalidad de describir la experiencia de enfermería ante el COVID-19 como un punto clave para la prevención, control y mitigación de la pandemia. Con base en las recomendaciones emitidas por la Secretaría de Salud, la evidencia clínica y los recursos disponibles en las instituciones de salud se ha iniciado y mantenido las medidas de prevención de la enfermedad tanto en la comunidad como en las instituciones de salud. La reconversión de los hospitales y los protocolos de atención adaptados a nuestro contexto están tratando de fortalecer el control y mitigación de la enfermedad.

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 outbreak originated in China has reached Mexico. However, the scientific community, including nursing, has generated vertiginous evidence that can help make decisions in the care of the affected population. The purpose of this study is to describe the nursing experience before COVID-19 as a key point for the prevention, control and mitigation of the pandemic. Based on the recommendations issued by the Ministry of Health, the clinical evidence and the resources available in the health institutions, the disease prevention measures have been initiated and maintained both in the community and in the health institutions. The reconversion of hospitals and care protocols adapted to our context are trying to strengthen the control and mitigation of the disease.

Desastres en México de 1900 a 2016: patrones de ocurrencia, población afectada y daños económicos / Disasters in Mexico, 1900-2016: Patterns of occurrence, population affected, and economic damages / Desastres no México de 1900 a 2016: padrão de ocorrência, população atingida e prejuízos econômicos

RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar los patrones de ocurrencia de desastres, defunciones, población afectada y daños económicos en México en el período 1900-2016. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las frecuencias de desastres, de defunciones y de personas afectadas y se estimaron los daños económicos para México en el período señalado. Se utilizó la base de datos EM-DAT del International Disaster Database, del Centre de Recherche sur l'Epidémiologie des Désastres de L'École de Santé Publique de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgique. Resultados Se observó un aumento de la frecuencia de desastres a partir de la década de los noventa. Los patrones de ocurrencia de desastres en México indican que el porcentaje más alto es el de los de origen meteorológico e hidrológico (tormentas, temperaturas extremas, inundaciones, aludes y acción de los oleajes), que representan la mitad de los desastres registrados. El pocentaje de los desastres de origen meteorológico, hidrológico y climatológico oscila entre 50%-60% y son los que han provocado mayores daños a México en la serie analizada. Los que más defunciones han causado son los geofísicos, seguidos de los hidrológicos y los meteorológicos. El costo de los daños asciende con el paso de las décadas. Conclusiones De los 219 desastres analizados en el período mencionado, 63,4% se ha registrado a partir de 1990. La frecuencia de los desastres y las necesidades de inversión en su prevnción y mitigación van en aumento.

ABSTRACT Objective Characterize the patterns in the occurrence of disasters, associated deaths, population affected, and economic damages in Mexico over the period 1900-2016. Methods In a descriptive study approach, information was gathered on the frequency of disasters, associated deaths, persons affected, and economic damages in Mexico over the period indicated, using the International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) of the Center for Disaster Epidemiology Research (CRED) of the School of Public Health, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. Results In Mexico, an increase was observed in the frequency of disasters starting in the 1990s. According to the pattern of occurrence, the highest percentage were of hydrometeorological origin (storms, extreme temperatures, floods, avalanches, and storm surges), which accounted for half the reported disasters. In the series analyzed, disasters of hydrologic, meteorological, or climatological origin represented between 50% and 60% of the events and were the ones that caused the greatest damage. Geophysical events caused the most deaths, followed by hydrologic and then by meteorological events. The cost of damages increased with each decade. Conclusions Of the 219 disasters analyzed over the period, 63.4% have occurred since 1990. The frequency of the disasters and the need for investment in their prevention and mitigation are increasing.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o padrão de ocorrência de desastres, mortes, população atingida e prejuízos econômicos no México no período 1900-2016. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo descritivo da frequência de desastres, mortes e população atingida no México sendo estimados os prejuízos económicos no período considerado. Foi usada a base de dados EM-DAT do International Disaster Database do Centro de Pesquisa Epidemiológica de Desastres da Escola de Saúde Pública da Université Catholique de Louvain, Bélgica. Resultados Foi observado um aumento da frequência de desastres a partir da década de 1990. Os padrões de ocorrência de desastres no México demonstram uma maior porcentagem de desastres de origem meteorológica e hidrológica (temporais, temperaturas extremas, enchentes, deslizamentos e ação das ondas), representando metade das ocorrências registradas. A porcentagem de desastres de origem meteorológica, hidrológica e climatológica variou entre 50% e 60% e foram os desastres que causaram maior prejuízo ao país na série analisada. Os desastres que causaram mais mortes foram os geofísicos, seguidos dos hidrológicos e meteorológicos. O montante do prejuízo económico aumentou ao longo dos anos. Conclusões Dos 219 desastres analisados no período considerado, 63,4% foram registrados a partir de 1990. A frequência dos desastres está aumentando assim como a necessidade de investimento em prevenção e redução dos danos.

Solar ultraviolet radiation: properties, characteristics and amounts observed in Brazil and South America

Abstract The beneficial and harmful effects of human exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) are topics that arouse great interest not only among physicians and scientists, but also the general public and the media. Currently, discussions on vitamin D synthesis (beneficial effect) are confronted with the high and growing number of new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer and other diseases of the skin and eyes (harmful effect) diagnosed each year in Brazil. However, the lack of scientific knowledge on the UV-R in Brazil and South America leads to adoption of protective measures based on studies conducted in Europe and USA, where the amounts of UV-R available at surface and the sun-exposure habits and characteristics of the population are significantly different from those observed in Brazil. In order to circumvent this problem, the Brazilian Society of Dermatology recently published the Brazilian Consensus of Photoprotection based on recent studies performed locally. The main goal of this article is to provide detailed educational information on the main properties and characteristics of UV-R and UV index in a simple language. It also provides: a) a summary of UV-R measurements recently performed in Brazil; b) a comparison with those performed in Europe; and, c) an evaluation to further clarify the assessment of potential harm and health effects owing to chronic exposures.

Capacidad de respuesta de los gobiernos territoriales y la sociedad frente a la temporada invernal 2010-2011 en la Región Caribe colombiana: un enfoque multimétodo / Responsiveness of the territorial governments and society face the winter season 2010-2011 in the Colombian Caribbean Region: a multi-method approach / Capacidade de resposta dos governos territoriais e sociedade à face da temporada de inverno 2010-2011 na região do Caribe colombiano: uma abordagem multi-método

El objetivo del presente estudio fue diagnosticar las capacidades de respuesta de los entes territoriales frente a las emergencias invernales de 2010 y 2011, utilizando el método cualicuantitativo de análisis. Como resultados se evidenció que en la región nunca antes hubo tanta afectación por fenómenos de inundación; que existió una red institucional desarticulada, una permisibilidad de los gobiernos con los asentamientos en zonas de alto riesgo, y que socialmente la responsabilidad de la atención a la emergencia invernal únicamente recaía sobre las instituciones de atención y prevención de desastres, cuando en realidad es una responsabilidad de todos los actores involucrados. En conclusión, la temporada invernal fue una oportunidad para llamar la atención de todos los organismos que conforman el Sistema Nacional de Prevención y Atención de Desastres -SNPAD-, para que tomen correctivas, se involucren y actúen de manera articulada en las fases asociadas a la gestión integral del riesgo.

The aim of this study was to determine the response capabilities of local authorities to the rainy season emergencies of 2010 and 2011, using the quality-quantitative method of analysis. The results showed that the region had never been so affected by flood phenomena before, that there was a frail institutional network, permissibility from the government to settlements in high risk areas, and that the responsibility for the rainy season emergency care rested solely on institutions for disaster prevention, when in fact it is a responsibility of all stakeholders. In conclusion, the rainy season was an opportunity to draw the attention of all agencies of the National System for Disaster Prevention and Response (SNPAD, for its acronym in Spanish) to take corrective measures, engage and act in a coordinated fashion in the phases associated with the integrated risk management.

O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer diagnóstico da capacidade de resposta dos entes territoriais em frente das emergências invernais de 2010 e 2011 utilizando o método quali/quantitativo de análise. Como resultados foi evidenciado que na região nunca se tinha tido tanta afetação por fenómenos de inundação; que havia uma rede institucional desmantelada e uma permissibilidade governamental sobre os assentamentos em áreas de alto risco; e socialmente a responsabilidade para atendimento da emergência descansou apenas em instituições de atendimento e prevenção de desastres, quando, na verdade, é uma responsabilidade de todos os intervenientes. Em conclusão, o inverno foi uma oportunidade para chamar a atenção de todas as agências do Sistema Nacional de Prevenção e Atendimento de Desastres -SNPAD- para eles tomar medidas corretivas, se envolver e agir de forma coordenada nas fases associadas à gestão integrada de riscos.

Violência sexual intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes: entre a prevenção do crime e do dano / Interfamilial sexual violence against children and adolescents: between the prevention of crime and harm

Compreender as representações sociais de membros do Poder Judiciário acerca da prevenção da violência sexual intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS: pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa que teve como campo de estudo as 1ª e 2ª Varas dos Crimes contra a Criança e o Adolescente, no Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco, com participação de 17 sujeitos (juiz, assessor, técnicos e analistas judiciários). Observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupo focal compreenderam as técnicas para coleta de dados, que foram analisados por meio da interpretação dos sentidos. RESULTADOS: a categoria cultura penal emergiu dos discursos, bem como suas subcategorias: prevenção do crime e prevenção do dano. CONCLUSÕES: as representações dos sujeitos revelam uma dicotomia, caracterizando o conflito entre a tradição do Poder Judiciário e o direito novo, que abrange os princípios da proteção integral e da prioridade absoluta às crianças e dos adolescentes. O conceito de prevenção da violência sexual intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes deve ser ampliado para além da mera prevenção do crime. A abordagem do problema por meio da prevenção requer que se incorpore ao Poder Judiciário uma cultura penal que abarque os princípios da proteção integral e da prioridade absoluta...

To understand the social representations of members of the judiciary regarding the prevention of interfamilial sexual violence against children and adolescents. METHODS: a qualitative approach to research that considers as its field of study the 1st and 2nd Courts on Crimes against Children and Adolescents, in the Court of Pernambuco, with the participation of 17 subjects (judge, assessor, technicians and judicial analysts). Participant Observation, semi-structured interviews and focus group were all used for data collection, from which the content was then analyzed through meaning interpretation. RESULTS: the category of penal culture emerged in the discussions, along with their subcategories crime prevention and prevention of harm. CONCLUSIONS: the accounts of the subjects revealed a dichotomy, characterizing a conflict between the tradition of the Courts and new laws, which covers the principles of full protection and absolute priority of children and adolescents. The concept of prevention of interfamilial sexual violence against children and adolescents must be expanded beyond the mere prevention of crime. Addressing this problem through prevention alone would require the Courts to adopt a penal modality which embraces the principles of full protection and absolute priority of children and adolescents...

Judiciary as the last resort to protect children and adolescents: intersectoral actions, investment in human resources, and structuring of services / O Poder Judiciário como última instância de proteção às crianças e aos adolescentes: ações intersetoriais, investimento em recursos humanos e estruturação dos serviços / El Poder Judicial como última instancia de protección a los niños y adolescentes: acciones intersectoriales, inversión en recursos humanos y estructuración de los servicios

This study aimed to identify the work developed by the Judiciary to prevent sexual violence against children and adolescents within the family. The approach to social representations in a cultural perspective was used. The field study consisted in the 1st and 2nd Court of Crimes against Children and Adolescents, at the State Supreme Court of Pernambuco, Brazil. Participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and focus group with 17 subjects were the techniques for data collection, analyzed through the interpretation of meanings, allowing the identification of the category "The Judiciary as the ultimate level" and the following subcategories: "The public policies to prevent violence" and "The structure and dynamics of Courts". This study allows the visualization of the Judiciary's limitations with regard to the full protection and absolute priority, and that the work along with the victims demands investments in structure and human resources.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o trabalho desenvolvido pelo Poder Judiciário para prevenir a violência sexual intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes. Recorreu-se à abordagem das representações sociais numa perspectiva cultural. O campo de estudo consistiu na 1ª e na 2ª Vara dos Crimes contra a Criança e o Adolescente, no Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco, Brasil. Observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupo focal com 17 sujeitos foram as técnicas para coleta de dados, analisados por meio da interpretação dos sentidos, que possibilitou a identificação da categoria O Judiciário como último patamar e as seguintes subcategorias: As políticas públicas para prevenção da violência e A estrutura e a dinâmica das Varas. Este estudo permitiu visualizar limitações do Poder Judiciário em relação à proteção integral e à prioridade absoluta, visualizando-se, também, que a atuação junto às vítimas demanda investimentos não só estruturais como, ainda, aqueles que dizem respeito aos recursos humanos.

Este estudio objetivó identificar el trabajo desarrollado por el Poder Judicial para prevenir la violencia sexual intrafamiliar contra niños y adolescentes. Se recurrió al abordaje a las representaciones sociales en perspectiva cultural. El campo de estudio fue el Primero y Segundo Tribunal de Crímenes contra Niños y Adolescentes, en el Tribunal de Justicia de Pernambuco, Brasil. Observación participante, entrevistas semi-estructuradas y grupo focal con 17 sujetos fueron las técnicas de recogida de datos, analizados por medio de la interpretación de los sentidos, que posibilitó la identificación de la categoría "El Judiciario como el último recurso" y las siguientes subcategorías: "Las políticas públicas para prevención de la violencia" y "La estructura y dinámica de los Tribunales". Este estudio permite visualizar limitaciones del Poder Judicial con relación a la protección integral y a la prioridad absoluta, y que la actuación junto a las víctimas demanda inversiones estructurales y en los recursos humanos.

Efectividad de una intervención educativa en el nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención de riesgos físicos ante sismos en escolares de 10 a 12 años / Effectiveness of an educational intervention on the level ofknowledge about prevention of physical risks to earthquakes inschoolchildren 10-12 years

Objetivo: determinar la efectividad de una intervención educativa en el nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención de riesgos físicos en sismos de los escolares de 10 a 12 años. Material y métodos: estudio de tipo preûexperimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 72 alumnos que estudian en el Colegio Alexander Von Humboldt de Pisco. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario elaborado por las mismas investigadoras; comprendió: 1) Datos sociodemográficos; 2) 15 preguntas relacionadas con prevención de riesgos físicos en sismos. Fue sometido a juicio de expertos y prueba piloto. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó el programa estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. Para determinar la efectividad de la intervención educativa se compararon los puntajes promedios antes y después de la intervención; se utilizó la prueba de rangos No Paramétrica de Wilcoxon. Para determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención de riesgos físicos antes y después de la intervención educativa, se obtuvo tablas de distribución defrecuencia según escala de clasificación del instrumento (Alto, medio, bajo). Resultados: el nivel de conocimientos que predominó antes de la intervención educativa fue el medio, con un 56,9%; seguido del bajo, 23,6% y sólo un 19,4%, alto. El nivel de conocimiento que predominó después de la intervención educativa fue también el medio con un 54,2%, seguido del alto con un 36,1% y el bajo solo representó el 9,7%. Conclusiones: el nivel de conocimientos promedio antes de la intervención educativa fue de 12,46 puntos, incrementándose luego de la intervención a 13,72 puntos, lo que permite afirmar que la intervención educativa fue efectiva.

Objetive: To determine the effectiveness of an educational intervention on the knowledge level of schoolchildren from 10 to 12 years on the prevention of physical hazards in earthquakes. Material and Methods: Pre-experimental type. The sample consisted of 72 students studying in the Alexander Von Humboldt School from Pisco. For data collection used a questionnaire developed by the same researchers, it was divided into two parts: 1) socio-demographic data, 2) 15 questions about physical risk prevention in earthquakes, it was tried by experts and pilot. For the analysis of data was used SPSS version 15.0. To determine the effectiveness of educational intervention, average scores were compared before and after the intervention, we used the nonparametric rank test of Wilcoxon. To determine the level of knowledge on prevention of physical risks before and after the educational intervention was obtained frequency distribution tables according to the instrument rating scale (High, Medium and Low). Results: The level of knowledge that prevailed before the educational intervention was the middle with a low 56,9% followed by 23,6% and only 19,4% higher. The level of knowledge that prevailed after the educational intervention was also the medium with 54,2%, followed this time from the high with 36,1%, low represented only 9,7%. Conclusions. The average knowledge level before the educational intervention was 12,46 points, to increase after intervention to 13,72 points, which can affirm, that the educational intervention was effective.