AN INFLATION CONCERNS IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY

In?ation is a burning problem that is hampering the country's economic growth. Economists, Politicians, and even people are getting busy. It is very dangerous because it directly affects people's living standards. The responsibility of governments, politicians, and economists is to protect the common man from in?ation. Statistical data show that India's in?ation rate is high, especially for food. The cause could be the supply/demand side that reduces people's purchasing power and also affects people's savings. This paper uses the statistics given to describe agricultural productivity and sophisticated retail techniques and reforms that help protect people from in?ation. Government policies such as monetary and industrial policies should prepare India for lower in?ation

An Empirical Study on the Change of Medicine Price Level in China / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To reflect the changes of medicine price level in China after canceling the maximum retail price limit, and to provide reference for the improvement of medicine price policy. METHODS: This research utilizes data of Chinese medicine economic information database of Chinese Pharmaceutical Association from January 2015 to March 2019 and compiles comprehensive and classified chained fisher price indexes among diverse policy control levels and different treatment categories. RESULTS: Over the past four years, the sale of west medicine(WM) by Chinese medical institutions showed a trend of decreasing price, with a decline of 13.99%. And the price of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) showed a trend of first rising and then falling, with a decline of 3.54%. From the analysis on different policy control levels, the price of medical insurance WM, non-medical insurance WM, medical insurance TCM and non-medical insurance TCM decreased by 13.32%, 14.27%, 1.36% and 14.29%, respectively. The price of medical insurance TCM fell less. And the price of non-medical insurance TCM rose and fell too quickly in a short period of time, and its fluctuation was obvious. Among medical insurance medicines, the price of category A WM raised by 4.5%, while the prices of category B WM, category A TCM and category B TCM dropped by 15.90%, 0.66% and 1.47%, respectively. The price of essential WM, non-essential WM, essential TCM and non-essential TCM reduced by 13.72%, 13.90%, 3.70% and 3.60%, respectively. From the analysis on different treatment categories, the prices of diabetes medicines, hypertension medicines and systemic anti-infection medicines decreased by 6.78%, 10.42% and 12.72%, respectively. Anticancer medicines had largest price decline with 26.69%. CONCLUSION: After canceling the maximum retail price limit, the price of WM declines steadily, while the price of TCM first rises and then falls. The changes of medicine prices vary greatly at different policy control levels. The trends of medicine price reduction among different treatment categories are the same, but the differences are large.

Modified BG Prasad Socio-economic Classification, Update - 2019

Modified BG Prasad socioeconomic scale has been in use for determining the socio-economic status of study subjects in community-based health studies in India since 1961.It is an income-based scale and, therefore, constant update is required to take inflation and depreciation of rupee into account. For industrial workers (IW), the consumer price index (CPI) is used to calculate updated income categories at any given point of time, viz Jan 2019.

ARCH model-based empirical analysis of drug price fluctuation in our country / 中华医学图书情报杂志

Objective To study the characteristics and trends of drug price fluctuation in our country in order to provide reference for the governments in evaluating their policy for the macro-control and management of drug price. Methods The drug price fluctuation was empirically analyzed using the ARCH model according to the monthly drug price data from 2011 to 2017. Results The drug price presented a fluctuant increasing trend with an even fluctuation amplitude and frequency, especially after its reform in 2015. The fluctuation of drug price did not show any clustered feature and significant impact on information but a rather strong memory. Conclusion The fluctuation of drug price is relatively stable in our country. The drug price control policy plays a rather effectively role in stabilizing thefluctuation of drug price. It is thus suggested that the governments should bring their role into full play in controlling drug price, regulating drug marketing, and supervising drug price.

Updated BG Prasad Socioeconomic Classification, 2014: A Commentary.

Modified BG Prasad socioeconomic scale is widely used to determine the socioeconomic status of study subjects in health studies in India. It is an income-based scale and, therefore, has to be constantly updated to take inflation and depreciation of rupee into account. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) for industrial workers (IW) is used to calculate updated income categories for January 2014. Details of the calculations involved will enable young researchers to calculate specific income categories for their research work. State-specific CPI values are also available on the Department of Labour website and should be used to determine more accurate income categories for the study area.

Price comparisons of the essential and non-essential antimicrobial drugs among national reimbursement drug list in Tianjin, China / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the price trends of the essential and the non-essential antimicrobial drugs by using index method in Tianjin, China. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance Database of Tianjin, China, from 2008Q1 to 2010Q4. Price indices were calculated both at product level(defined by molecule, strength, preparation, and manufacturer) and molecule level(defined by active ingredient). Price indices were measured by Fisher and chained Fisher index formulas by quarter. RESULTS: From 2008Q1 to 2010Q4, at product level, the chained Fisher index for the essential anti-infective medicines decreased by 15%, and for the non-essential anti-infective medicines decreased by 6%. At molecule level, the chained Fisher index for the essential anti-infective medicines decreased by 44%, while for the non-essential anti-infective medicines decreased by 18%. For the essential and non-essential anti-infective, the results of chained Fisher and unchained counterparts were similar. The price indices at molecule level decreased faster than the counterparts at product level. CONCLUSION: From 2008Q1 to 2010Q4, the price of the essential and non-essential anti-infective medicines among national reimbursement drug list had decreased in Tianjin, China, and the price of the essential anti-infective decreased faster than the non-essential anti-infective medicines. The price indices at molecule level decreased faster than the counterparts at product level, suggesting that there was a substitution effect that the consumers use relatively more of the cheap medicines.

Methodological selection strategy analysis on medicine price index / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To review methodology of medicine price index methodology and provide methodological implications for empirical researches. Methods:Based on the recent original home and abroad researches, the price index formulas, the medicine product definition, price and quantity units were introduced in this paper together with their merit/demerit and different selections’ measurement bias. Results: The measurement results were significantly different along with selections of the different weighted price index formulas. The medicine product definition and the price/quantity units in the formulas were different as well. By taking into account the new products entry and the ol-der ones exit updating issue, and by considering the products quality changes issue can also have an important empir-ical implication for the price measurement. Conclusions:The medicine price index methods need to be deeply devel-oped and the researchers should devote to further research and perform accurate measurement. In the empirical analy-sis, researchers can use different methods to measure the medicine price index in order to more accurately reflect the medicine price level change.

Drug price index of Beijing and the statistical analysis / 中华医院管理杂志

Leveraging the centralized drug purchase platform of medical institutions in Beijing, the study measured the drug price index (DPI) and the DDD price index from 2005 to 2013, and the outcomes indicate a drop of both the drug price index and the drug price index calculated by DDD.Despite such drops however, drug price drop by itself could not curb the constant rise of drug expenses and medical costs due to changes in the structure and interval of drug administration.

Análisis bibliométrico de los artículos originales publicados en la revista Universitas Scientiarum (1987-2007) / Bibliometric analysis of original papers published in the journal Universitas Scientiarum (1987-2007)

Se evaluó el comportamiento bibliométrico de la revista y se definieron acciones para mejorar la calidad a través del aumento de los índices Price, Burton-Kebler, así como del índice de productividad. Se emplearon los volúmenes del 1 al 12 compuestos por 31,37 por ciento de artículos originales, 46,88 por ciento de resúmenes de trabajos de grado, 14,50 por ciento de otros documentos, 1,85 por ciento de artículos de revisión, 2,36 por ciento de artículos de opinión, 1,18 por ciento de comunicaciones breves, 0,51por ciento de cartas al editor, para un total de 593 manuscritos, 1099 autores y 5202 referencias. Se calcularon los índices de colaboración (IC), productividad (IP), Price (IO), obsolescencia, aislamiento (IA) y autocitación (SCR); se evaluó también la distribución porcentual y tipo de artículos, el número de autores, el promedio de citas y las irregularidades en las referencias bibliográficas. Los índices IC, IP, IO, IA y SCR fueron 2,95, 2.27, 13.88, 26,6 y 8,15 por ciento respectivamente; el análisis de Burton-Kebler reportó un envejecimiento anual que osciló entre 91,47 y 95,26por ciento, lo que significa una pérdida de actualidad entre 4,73 y 8,58 por ciento. La mayoría de las referencias citadas oscilan entre los 4 y 5 años, aunque la amplitud total es superior a 50. El IC y el IP no reflejan la realidad de las áreas temáticas, la relación de los resúmenes de trabajos de grado y tesis con relación a los artículos originales y las revisiones fue de 1,49 y 25,27 veces respectivamente. Se concluye la necesidad de aumentar el IO, el h y controlar del IA entre otros, para lo cual se propone controlar la actualidad de las referencias y la autocitación así como la clasificación permanente de los documentos por áreas temáticas y la eliminación de los resúmenes de trabajos y tesis de grado o en su defecto mantener una cuota constante de artículos originales y de revisión por número publicado.

The bibliometric behavior of the journal was evaluated and several actions were defined to improve its quality, through the increase of the Price, theBurton-Kebler and the productivity indices. Volumes 1 to 12 comprising original articles (31.37%), thesis abstracts (46.88%), other documents (14.50%), reviews (1.85%), opinion articles (2.36%), brief communications (1.18%), and letters to the editor (0,51%) were considered, totalling 593 manuscripts, 1099 authors and 5202 references. The Collaboration (IC), Productivity (IP), Price (IO),Obsolescence, Isolation (IA) and Self-Citation (SCR) indices were calculated; the percentage, distribution and type of articles, the number of authors, the average number of references, and inconsistencies of the bibliography were also evaluated. The IC, IP, IO, IA and SCR were 2.95, 2.27, 13.88, 26.6 and 8.15% respectively; the Burton-Kebler analysis reported an annual aging between 91.47 and 95.26% which means an actualization loss between 4.73 and 8.58%. Most of the mentioned references were between 4 and 5 years old, although the total range is higher than 50. The IC and the IP do not reflect the reality of the thematic areas. The relation ofthe abstracts of degree works and thesis in relation to original articles and reviews was of 1.49 and 25.27 times respectively. We conclude that there is a necessity to increase the IO, the h and to control the IA among others, and therefore we propose to control theage of the references and the self-citation as well as the permanent classification of documents by thematic areas, and the elimination of the abstracts of degree works and thesis or otherwise to maintain a minimum constant number of original articles and reviews per published issue.

Foi avaliado o comportamentobibliométrico da revista e definidas as ações para melhorar a qualidade através do aumento dos índices Price, Burton-Kebler, assim como o índice da produtividade. Foram usados os volumes do 1 ao 12 compostos por 31,37% do artigos originais, 46,88% de resumos de tra balhos de graduação, 14,50% de outros documentos, 1,85% de artigos de revisão, 2,36% de artigos de opinião, 1,18% de comunicações curtas, 0,51% de cartas ao editor, para um total de 593 manuscritos, 1099 autores e 5202 referencias. Foram calculados os índices de colaboração(IC), produtividade (IP), Price (IO), obsolescência, isolamento (IA) e autocitação (SCR); Também foi avaliada a distribuição percentual e tipo de artigo, o número de autores, a média de citas e as irregularidades nas referencias bibliográficas. Os índices IC, IP, IO, IA, e SCR foram 2,95, 2,27, 13,88, 26,6 e 8,15%, respectivamente; a análise de Burton-Kleber reportou um envelhecimento anual que oscilou entre91,47 e 95,26%, o que significa uma perda de atualidade entre 4,73 e 8,58%. A maioria das referências citadas oscilam entre 4 e 5 anos,embora a amplitude total é superior a 50. O IC e o IP não refletem a realidade das áreas temáticas, a relação dos resumos de trabalhos de graduação e teses com relação aos artigos originais e as revisões foi de 1,49 e 25,27 vezes respectivamente. Conclui-se a necessidade de aumentar o IO, o h y controlar o IA entre outros; assim, se propõe controlar a atualidade das referencias e a autocitação, como também, a classificação permanente dos documentos por áreas temáticas e a eliminação dos resumos de trabalhos de graduação e teses ou então, manteruma cota constante de artigos originais e de revisão por número publicado.