Quality by Design-driven investigation of the mechanical properties of mucoadhesive films for needleless anesthetics administration

Objectives: To systematically evaluate the effects of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) type (E5LV, E15LV, and K100LV); plasticizer type (glycerol and mannitol), plasticizer loading (0.12 and 0.24% w/w); and loading of prilocaine and lidocaine hydrochlorides combined at 1:1 ratio (0 and 47 mg/cm2) in the mechanical properties of buccal films. Methods: A quality by design (QbD) approach based on a full factorial design (3 x 23) and complementarily multivariate statistical tools i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), response surface methodology (RSM), and correlation matrix were used in this pursuit. The thickness, elongation at break, tensile strength, force at break, and Young`s modulus of the anesthetic buccal films obtained by solvent casting were assessed. Results: The QbD, PCA and RSM altogether demonstrated that all studied formulation variables, mainly the drug loading, affect the mechanical properties of the films at different significance levels. The multivariate analysis yielded the modelling of elongation at break, tensile strength, and force at break, which significantly correlated with each other. The drugs exerted a synergic plasticizing effect on the films, and the use of HPMC K100 LV (with greater hydroxypropyl substitution degree and viscosity) and mannitol favored their elasticity and resistance. Furthermore, the majority of the films fulfilled the requirements for buccal administration due to their softness and mechanical resistance. Conclusion: Mannitol is suitable plasticizer for manufacturing HPMC anesthetic buccal films with improved mechanical properties. These results are a step forward in the rational development of formulations for the replacement of needles in dentistry

Methemoglobinemia due to local anesthesia: a rare cause of cyanosis and chest pain after placement of implantable cardioverter defibrillator / Journal of Rural Medicine

Although methemoglobinemia is rare in adulthood, it may have fatal consequences if unnoticed. We planned to implant an implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD in a 50-year-old male patient for primary prevention. Following sterile draping, prilocaine 5 mg/kg (400 mg) was injected subcutaneously for local anesthesia. We injected an additional dose of 200 mg due to pain during subclavian vein puncture. A DDD-R ICD was placed successfully within approximately 40 minutes. The patient complained of sudden chest pain and dyspnea 15 minutes after bed rest and was transferred to the coronary care unit due to cyanosis and deterioration of general status. Physical examination revealed blood pressure of 110/80 mmHg, pulse rate of 110 bpm, and otherwise unremarkable signs. Peripheral oxygen saturation was determined as 83% by pulse oximeter. Possible pneumothorax and cardiac perforation were excluded by emergency chest radiograph and echocardiography. Blood gas analyses was performed to assess for methemoglobinemia, which revealed pH 7.41, pCO2 40 mmHg, oxygen saturation 98.2%, and methemoglobin 7.9% that peaked to 12.3%. Methylene blue (1%) was slowly injected over 10 minutes at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Cyanosis waned and methemoglobin values decreased to 4.1%, 2.1%, and 1.1% at 2, 8, and 16 hours following the administration, respectively. The patient was safely discharged 2 days after implantation of pacemaker. Methemoglobinemia should be considered in cases presenting with cyanosis, non-diagnostic ECG, and a discrepancy in oxygen saturation between pulse oximetry and blood gas analyses.

Simultaneous estimation of lidocaine and prilocaine in topical cream by green gas chromatography

Lidocaine (LDC) and prilocaine (PLC) are estimated in a topical local anesthetic cream using a direct, eco-friendly,stability-indicating gas chromatographic technique with flame ionization detector. The mixture of LDC and PLCwas separated using Zebron DB drug column. The column temperature and flow rate were 230°C and 14 ml/minute,respectively. The retention time was found to be 5.1 minutes for PLC and 5.4 minutes for LDC. Linearity was observedin the concentration range of 20–100 μg/ml and 10–50 μg/ml for LDC and PLC, respectively. The method was validatedand values of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy were found to be in goodaccordance with the International Conference on Harmonization guideline. A direct, stability-indicating method wasdeveloped for the determination of LDC and PLC in topical dosage forms in the presence of its degradation products.The proposed method can be useful in the quality control of LDC and PLC in their topical formulation.

Simultaneous estimation of lidocaine and prilocaine in topical cream by green gas chromatography

Lidocaine (LDC) and prilocaine (PLC) are estimated in a topical local anesthetic cream using a direct, eco-friendly,stability-indicating gas chromatographic technique with flame ionization detector. The mixture of LDC and PLCwas separated using Zebron DB drug column. The column temperature and flow rate were 230°C and 14 ml/minute,respectively. The retention time was found to be 5.1 minutes for PLC and 5.4 minutes for LDC. Linearity was observedin the concentration range of 20–100 μg/ml and 10–50 μg/ml for LDC and PLC, respectively. The method was validatedand values of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy were found to be in goodaccordance with the International Conference on Harmonization guideline. A direct, stability-indicating method wasdeveloped for the determination of LDC and PLC in topical dosage forms in the presence of its degradation products.The proposed method can be useful in the quality control of LDC and PLC in their topical formulation.

Anesthetic potential of lidocaine/prilocaine cream versus placebo before venepuncture

Background: Pain associated with venepuncture has long been accepted as an unavoidable consequence. Many studies show reducing pain during venepuncture after application of prilocaine/lignocaine, but there are few studies that has depicted, the depth of anesthesia produced by prilocaine/lignocaine tends to be too superficial for the reducing the pain during venepuncture. These two scenarios were debatable. Therefore, authors planned a study to assess anesthetic potential of lidocaine /prilocaine cream versus placebo before venepuncture with help of VAS in an adult patient who were drawn blood sample for investigation purposes.Methods: Prospective interventional study. All adult patient for blood sampling from surgery OPD to central laboratory were included in study. Site of venepuncture selected in both control and study group was left cubital fossa. 30 patients selected in study group received lignocaine/prilocaine locally, 30min prior to venepuncture which was later covered with occlusive tape, whereas 30 control group patient received normal saline locally as placebo. The extent of pain was assessed by patient on 10cm visual analogue scale (VAS) with end points of 0 cm rated as no pain and the points of 10cm as intolerable pain.Results: A total of 60 patient were randomly selected who were referred from surgery OPD for blood sampling. Other 30 patient were applied normal saline as placebo and 30 patient with lignocaine and prilocaine cream. In the control group there were 30 patients (5 female and 25 male). In the study group there were 30 patients (8 females and 22 males). The level of pain among study group is as follows: mild 22, moderate 7, worst 1 and in control group: no pain 0, mild 5, moderate 14 and worst pain 1. Statistical analysis between outcome of two groups done by calculating chi-square test. Chi- square test was 20.0263. P value is 0.000168. Hence the result is significant at p <0.05.Conclusions: The present study shows that prilocaine-lidocaine cream reduces the pain of needle puncture in adults and facilitates the procedure of venous blood sampling.

Effects of local anesthetics on wound healing / Efeitos dos anestésicos locais na cicatrização de feridas

Abstract Introduction Local anesthetic infiltration is used widely for post-operative analgesia in many situations. However the effects of local anesthetics on wound healing are not demonstrated clearly. This study planned to evaluate the effects of lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and levobupivacaine on wound healing, primarily on wound tensile strength and on collagen ultrastructure. Methods This study was conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats. On days 0, 8th, 15th, and 21st, all animals were weighed and received a preincisional subcutaneous infiltration of 3 mL of a solution according the group. Control saline (C), lidocaine (L) 7 mg.kg-1, prilocaine (P) 2 mg.kg-1, bupivacaine (B) 2 mg.kg-1 and levobupivacaine (LVB) 2.5 mg.kg-1. The infiltrations were done at the back region 1.5 cm where incision would be performed at the upper, middle and lower part along the midline, under general anesthesia. Wound tensile strengths were measured after 0.7 cm × 2 cm of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue samples were obtained vertical to incision from infiltrated regions. Tissue samples were also obtained for electron microscopic examination. Evaluations were on the 8th, 15th and 21st days after infiltration. Results There was no difference between groups in the weights of the rats at the 0th, 8th, 15th and 21st days. The collagen maturation was no statistically different between groups at the 8th and 15th days. The maturation scores of the B and L groups at the 21st day was significantly lower than the Group C (1.40, 1.64 and 3.56; respectively). The wound tensile strength was no statistically different between groups at the 8th and 15th days but at the 21st day the Groups B and LVB had significantly lower value than Group C (5.42, 5.54 and 6.75; respectively). Conclusion Lidocaine and prilocaine do not affect wound healing and, bupivacaine and levobupivacaine affect negatively especially at the late period.

Resumo Introdução A infiltração de anestésico local é amplamente usada para analgesia pós-operatória em muitas situações. No entanto, os efeitos dos anestésicos locais na cicatrização de feridas não foram demonstrados claramente. Neste estudo planejamos avaliar os efeitos de lidocaína, prilocaína, bupivacaína e levobupivacaína sobre a cicatrização de feridas, principalmente sobre a força tênsil da ferida e a ultraestrutura do colágeno. Métodos Este estudo foi feito em ratos machos da linhagem Sprague Dawley. Nos dias 0, 8, 15 e 21, todos os animais foram pesados e receberam uma infiltração subcutânea pré-incisional de 3 mL de uma solução, de acordo com a designação dos grupos: Grupo C recebeu salina (controle); Grupo L recebeu lidocaína (7 mg.kg-1); Grupo P recebeu prilocaína (2 mg.kg-1); Grupo B recebeu bupivacaína (2 mg.kg-1); Grupo LVB recebeu levobupivacaína (2,5 mg.kg-1). As infiltrações foram feitas na região posterior a 1,5 cm de onde a incisão seria feita na parte superior, média e inferior ao longo da linha média, sob anestesia geral. A força tênsil da ferida foi medida após amostras de 0,7 × 2 cm de tecido cutâneo e subcutâneo serem obtidas das regiões infiltradas, verticalmente à incisão. Amostras de tecido também foram obtidas para exame microscópico eletrônico. As avaliações foram feitas nos dias 8, 15 e 21 após a infiltração. Resultados Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao peso dos ratos nos dias 0, 8, 15 e 21. A maturação do colágeno não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos nos dias 8 e 15. Os escores de maturação dos grupos B e L no dia 21 foram significativamente inferiores aos do Grupo C (1,40, 1,64 e 3,56, respectivamente). A força tênsil da ferida não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos nos dias 8 e 15, mas no dia 21 os grupos B e LVB apresentaram valores significativamente menores que o Grupo C (5,42, 5,54 e 6,75, respectivamente). Conclusão Lidocaína e prilocaína não afetam a cicatrização de feridas, enquanto bupivacaína e levobupivacaína afetam negativamente, especialmente no período tardio.

Comparison of tramadol and lornoxicam in intravenous regional anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial / Comparação de tramadol e lornoxicam em anestesia regional por via intravenosa, um estudo randomizado e controlado

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tourniquet pain is one of the major obstacles for intravenous regional anesthesia. We aimed to compare tramadol and lornoxicam used in intravenous regional anesthesia as regards their effects on the quality of anesthesia, tourniquet pain and postoperative pain as well. METHODS: After the ethics committee approval 51 patients of ASA physical status I-II aged 18-65 years were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups. Group P (n = 17) received 3 mg/kg 0.5% prilocaine; group PT (n = 17) 3 mg/kg 0.5% prilocaine + 2 mL (100 mg) tramadol and group PL (n = 17) 3 mg/kg 0.5% prilocaine + 2 mL (8 mg) lornoxicam for intravenous regional anesthesia. Sensory and motor block onset and recovery times were noted, as well as tourniquet pains and postoperative analgesic consumptions. RESULTS: Sensory block onset times in the groups PT and PL were shorter, whereas the corresponding recovery times were longer than those in the group P. Motor block onset times in the groups PT and PL were shorter than that in the group P, whereas recovery time in the group PL was longer than those in the groups P and PT. Tourniquet pain onset time was shortest in the group P and longest in the group PL. There was no difference regarding tourniquet pain among the groups. Group PL displayed the lowest analgesic consumption postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Adding tramadol and lornoxicam to prilocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia produces favorable effects on sensory and motor blockade. Postoperative analgesic consumption can be decreased by adding tramadol and lornoxicam to prilocaine in intravenous regional anesthesia.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor relacionada ao torniquete é um dos maiores obstáculos para a anestesia regional intravenosa (ARIV). Nosso objetivo foi comparar tramadol e lornoxicam usados em ARIV em relação aos seus efeitos sobre a qualidade da anestesia, dor relacionada ao torniquete e dor no pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: Após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética, 51 pacientes com estado físico ASA I-II entre 18-65 anos foram inscritos. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos. Grupo P (n = 17) recebeu 3 mg/kg de prilocaína a 0,5%; Grupo PT (n = 17) 3 mg/kg de prilocaína a 0,5% + 2 mL (100 mg) de tramadol e Grupo PL (n = 17) de 3 mg/kg de prilocaína a 0,5% + 2 mL (8 mg) de lornoxicam para ARIV. O início do bloqueio sensorial e motor e os tempos de recuperação foram registrados, bem como a dor relacionada ao torniquete e o consumo de analgésico no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Os tempos de início do bloqueio sensorial foram mais curtos nos grupos PT e PL, enquanto que os tempos de recuperação correspondentes foram mais longos do que os do Grupo P. Os tempos de início do bloqueio motor nos grupos PT e PL foram menores do que no Grupo P, enquanto que o tempo de recuperação do grupo PL foi maior do que os dos grupos P e PT. O tempo para início da dor relacionada ao torniquete foi menor no Grupo P e maior no Grupo PL. Não houve diferença em relação à dor relacionada ao torniquete entre os grupos. O Grupo PL apresentou o menor consumo de analgésicos no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: A adição de tramadol e lornoxicam à prilocaína para ARIV produz efeitos favoráveis sobre o bloqueio sensorial e motor. O consumo de analgésicos no pós-operatório pode ser reduzido com a adição de tramadol e lornoxicam à prilocaína em ARIV.

Evaluation of genotoxicity induced by repetitive administration of local anaesthetics: an experimental study in rats / Avaliação da genotoxicidade induzida pela administração repetida de anestésicos locais: um estudo experimental em ratos / Evaluación de la genotoxicidad inducida por la administración repetida de anestésicos locales: un estudio experimental en ratones

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous studies regarding the effects of some local anaesthetics have suggested that these agents can cause genetic damage. However, they have not been tested for genotoxicity related to repetitive administration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of local anaesthetics upon repetitive administration. METHODS: 80 male Wistar rats were divided into: group A - 16 rats intraperitoneally injected with lidocaine hydrochloride 2%; group B - 16 rats IP injected with mepivacaine 2%; group C - 16 rats intraperitoneally injected with articaine 4%; group D - 16 rats IP injected with prilocaine 3% (6.0 mg/kg); group E - 8 rats subcutaneously injected with a single dose of cyclophosphamide; and group F - 8 rats intraperitoneally injected with saline. Eight rats from groups A to D received a single dose of anaesthetic on Day 1 of the experiment; the remaining rats were dosed once a day for 5 days. RESULTS: The median number of micronuclei in the local anaesthetics groups exposed for 1 or 5 days ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, in the cyclophosphamide-exposed group was 10.00, and the negative control group for 1 and 5 days was 1.00 and 0.00, respectively (p < 0.0001). A significant difference in the number of micronuclei was observed between the cyclophosphamide group and all local anaesthetic groups (p = 0.0001), but not between the negative control group and the local anaesthetic groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: No genotoxicity effect was observed upon repetitive exposure to any of the local anaesthetics evaluated. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Estudos anteriores sobre os efeitos de alguns anestésicos locais sugeriram que esses agentes podem causar alterações genéticas. No entanto, esses agentes não são testados para genotoxicidade relacionada à administração repetida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial genotóxico de anestésicos locais após repetidas administrações. MÉTODOS: 80 ratos Wistar machos foram alocados em: grupo A - 16 ratos receberam injeção por via intraperitoneal (IP) de cloridrato de lidocaína a 2%; grupo B - 16 ratos receberam injeção IP com mepivacaína a 2%; grupo C - 16 ratos receberam injeção IP de articaína a 4%; grupo D - 16 ratos receberam injeção IP de prilocaína a 3% (6 mg kg-1); grupo E - oito ratos receberam injeção subcutânea em dose única de ciclofosfamida; grupo F - oito ratos receberam injeção IP com solução salina. Oito ratos dos grupos de A a D receberam uma dose única de anestésico no Dia 1 da experiência; os ratos restantes foram dosados uma vez por dia durante cinco dias. RESULTADOS: A mediana do número de micronúcleos nos grupos com anestésicos locais expostos por um ou cinco dias variou de 0 a 1; no grupo exposto à ciclofosfamida foi de 10 e no grupo controle negativo no primeiro e quinto dias foi de 1 e 0, respectivamente (p < 0,0001). Uma diferença significativa foi observada no número de micronúcleos entre o grupo ciclofosfamida e todos os grupos com anestésicos locais (p = 0,0001), mas não entre o grupo controle negativo e os grupos com anestésicos locais (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Nenhum efeito de genotoxicidade foi observado após a exposição repetida a qualquer um dos anestésicos locais avaliados. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Estudios previos sobre los efectos de algunos anestésicos locales han mostrado que esos agentes pueden causar alteraciones genéticas. Sin embargo, esos agentes no son testados para la genotoxicidad relacionada con la administración repetida. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial genotóxico de anestésicos locales después de repetidas administraciones. MÉTODOS: 80 ratones Wistar machos se dividieron en: grupo A: 16 ratones que recibieron inyección por vía intraperitoneal (IP) de clorhidrato de lidocaína al 2%; grupo B: 16 ratones a los que se les administró inyección IP con mepivacaína al 2%; grupo C: 16 ratones que recibieron inyección IP de articaína al 4%; grupo D: 16 ratones a los que se les administró inyección IP de prilocaína al 3% (6 mg/kg); grupo E: 8 ratones que recibieron inyección subcutánea en dosis única de ciclofosfamida; grupo F: 8 ratones que recibieron inyección IP con solución salina. Ocho ratones de los grupos A a D recibieron una dosis única de anestésico el primer día de la experiencia; los ratones restantes se dosificaron una vez por día durante 5 días. RESULTADOS: La mediana del número de micronúcleos en los grupos con anestésicos locales expuestos durante uno o 5 días varió de 0 a 1; en el grupo expuesto a la ciclofosfamida fue de 10 y en el grupo control negativo en el primero y quinto día fue de 1 y 0 respectivamente (p < 0,0001). Se observó una diferencia significativa en el número de micronúcleos entre el grupo ciclofosfamida y todos los grupos con anestésicos locales (p = 0,0001), pero no entre el grupo control negativo y los grupos con anestésicos locales (p > 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Ningún efecto de genotoxicidad fue observado después de la exposición repetida a cualquiera de los anestésicos locales evaluados. .

Raquianestesia com dose baixa da combinação de bupivacaína e fentanil: uma boa alternativa para a cirurgia de ressecção transuretral de próstata em pacientes idosos em regime ambulatorial / Spinal anesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine-fentanyl combination: a good alternative for day case transurethral resection of prostrate surgery in geriatric patients / Raquianestesia con baja dosis de la combinación de bupivacaina y fentanilo: una buena alternativa para la cirugía de resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes ancianos en régimen ambulatorial

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a eficácia, a duração do bloqueio, a permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestesia e os efeitos adversos do uso por via intratecal de doses baixas de bupivacaína em combinação com fentanil e compará-los com a dose convencional de prilocaína e fentanil em cirurgia de ressecção transuretral de próstata em pacientes idosos em regime ambulatorial. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram randomicamente designados 60 pacientes para dois grupos: o Grupo B recebeu 4 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5% + 25 µg de fentanil e o Grupo P recebeu 50 mg de prilocaína a 2% + 25 µg de fentanil intratecal. Qualidade e duração dos bloqueios, tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e efeitos adversos foram comparados. RESULTADOS: A duração do bloqueio e o tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica foram menores no Grupo B do que no Grupo P (p < 0,001 para ambos). Hipotensão e bradicardia não foram observadas no Grupo B, que foi significativamente diferente do Grupo P (p = 0,024, p = 0,011, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A administração intratecal de 4 mg de bupivacaína + 25 µg de fentanil forneceu raquianestesia adequada com menos tempo de duração do bloqueio e de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica com perfil hemodinâmico estável comparado à administração intratecal de 50 mg de prilocaína + 25 µg de fentanil para cirurgia de ressecção transuretral de próstata em pacientes idosos em regime ambulatorial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effectiveness, block duration, postanesthesia care unit stay and adverse effects of using intrathecal low dose bupivacaine and fentanyl combination and compared with conventional dose prilocaine and fentanyl combination for day case transurethral resection of prostate surgery in geriatric patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were randomized into two groups with Group B receiving 4 mg bupivacine 0.5% + 25 µg fentanyl and Group P receiving 50 mg prilocaine 2% + 25 µg fentanyl intrathecal. Block quality and duration, postanesthesia care unit stay and adverse effects were compared. RESULTS: Block durations and postanesthesia care unit stay were shorter in Group B than in Group P (p < 0.001 in both). Hypotension and bradycardia were not seen in Group B which was significantly different than in Group P (p = 0.024 and p = 0.011 respectively). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal 4 mg bupivacaine + 25 µg fentanyl provided adequate spinal anesthesia with shorter block duration and postanesthesia care unit stay with stable hemodynamic profile than intrathecal 50 mg prilocaine + 25 µg fentanyl for day case transurethral resection of prostate surgery in geriatric patients.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la eficacia, la duración del bloqueo, la permanencia en la sala de recuperación postanestésica y los efectos adversos del uso por vía intratecal de dosis bajas de bupivacaina en combinación con el Fentanilo, y compararlos con la dosis convencional de prilocaína y Fentanilo en cirugía de resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes ancianos en régimen ambulatorial. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Fueron designados aleatoriamente 60 pacientes para dos grupos: el Grupo B que recibió 4 mg de bupivacaina al 0,5% + 25 µg de Fentanilo y el Grupo P que recibió 50 mg de prilocaína al 2% + 25 µg de Fentanilo intratecal. Se compararon la calidad y la duración de los bloqueos, el tiempo de permanencia en la sala de recuperación postanestésica y los efectos adversos. RESULTADOS: La duración del bloqueo y el tiempo de permanencia en la sala de recuperación postanestesia fueron menores en el Grupo B que en el Grupo P (p < 0,001 para ambos). La hipotensión y la bradicardia no se observaron en el Grupo B, que fue significativamente diferente del Grupo P (p = 0,024, p = 0,011, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: La administración intratecal de 4 mg de bupivacaina + 25 µg de Fentanilo produjo una raquianestesia adecuada con menos tiempo de duración del bloqueo y permanencia en la sala de recuperación postanestésica, con el perfil hemodinámico estable que la administración intratecal de 50 mg de prilocaína + 25 µg de Fentanilo para la cirugía de resección transuretral de próstata en pacientes ancianos en régimen ambulatorial.

Prilocaína a 3% associada à felipressina na anestesia peribulbar de gatos / Prilocaine 3% associated with felipressin peribulbar anesthesia in cats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da prilocaina associada à felipressina na anestesia peribulbar em gatos. Foram utilizados oito gatos adultos, machos e fêmeas, com peso entre 2 e 3 kg. Cada animal recebeu clorpromazina (1,0 mg.kg-1 por via intramuscular) como medicação pré anestésica e propofol (3,0 mg.kg-1 por via intravenoso) para indução anestésica. Foi introduzida uma agulha hipodérmica de 0,38 x 13 mm moldada manualmente até atingir a forma de "L" na porção superior da cavidade orbitária em direção ao fórnice e administrada prilocaína a 3% com vasoconstritor na dose de 5 mg.kg-1. Foi observada proptose após uma média de 2,28 ± 1,52 minutos, e este efeito durou em média 75,22 ± 26,99 minutos. Também ocorreu perda do reflexo corneano após 3,00 ± 1,69 minutos e sua duração foi de 73,75 ± 17,98 minutos em média. A prilocaína 3% com vasoconstritor manteve o globo ocular concêntrico, sem nistagmo e aboliu os reflexos corneanos sem causar efeitos colaterais.

The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of prilocaine 3% associated to felypressin for peribulbar anesthesia in cats. Eight adult cats, male and female, weighing between 2 and 3 kg, received chlorpromazine (1.0 mg.kg-1, intramuscular) and propofol (3.0 mg.kg-1, intravenously). While, prilocaine at 3% (5.0 mg.kg-1) was administered by using an L-shape hypodermic needle (0.38 x 13 mm), which was introduced in the upper portion of the orbital cavity towards the fornix. The onset of proptosis was observed in 2.28 ± 1.52 minutes and lasted 75.22 ± 26.99 minutes. The loss of the corneal reflex occurred after 3.00 ± 1.69 minutes and lasted 73.75 ± 17.98 minutes. It can be concluded that 3% prilocaine with felypressin solution induces centralization of the eyeball without nistagmus and abolition the corneal reflexes without causing any collateral effects in cats.

Estudio histológico del proceso de reparación alveolar después de la aplicación tópica de la solución anestésica prilocaína 3 por ciento con felipresina 003 UI/ML / Histological study of alveolar repair process after topical application of the anesthetic solution with 3 percent prilocaine Felypressin 0.03 IU / ML

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de una solución anestésica, compuesta por Prilocaina 3% y felipresina 0,03 UI/ml, y el efecto que tiene sobre el proceso de reparación alveolar en ratones después de una exodoncia. Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Etica en Investigación del Programa de Maestría de Cirugía y Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial de la Universidad de Marilia (UNIMAR) Marília, São Paulo, Brasil. Este estudio fue de tipo experimental, aleatorio controlado, con análisis bifactorial (grupo control en relación al grupo experimental, en función de los tiempos operatorios (2X4)). Se utilizaron 32 ratones (Rattus norvegicus, albinus, Wistar), machos, adultos, pesando entre 280 y 320 gramos. Los animales fueron distribuidos de la siguiente forma: 16 especímenes fueron seleccionados para grupo control (Grupo I), no recibieron ningún tratamiento adicional después de la extracción del incisivo superior derecho; los otros 16 especímenes restantes, después de la exodoncia, un área de la herida quirúrgica fue tamponada con gasa embebida en la solución anestésica de Citocaína 3%® (Clorhidrato de Prilocaína 3% con Felipresina 0,03 UI/ml), y conformaron el grupo experimental (Grupo II). Los animales sufrieron eutanasia transcurridos los períodos de 3, 7, 15, 24 días post operatorios. Através del análisis histológico y con base en la metodología desarrollada, nos permitió concluir que la solución anestésica de Citocaína 3%® aplicada con compresas de gasa sobre la herida quirúrgica post-extracción dentaria, produjo eventos tisulares que comprometieron los principios básicos responsables por la regeneración del epitelio de la mucosa gingival y por el proceso de reparación alveolar. Se observó que en todos los períodos post operatorios estudiados y cuando se compararon los dos Grupos, se confirmó que el Grupo I presentó mejores resultados en relación al proceso de reparación alveolar

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da solução anestésica, composta por Prilocaína 3% com felipressina 0,03 UI/ml, sobre o processo de reparación alveolar em ratos, após a extração dental. O presente estudo foi previamente aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa do Programa de Mestrado em Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buço-maxilo-faciais da Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brasil. Tratou-se de um estudo do tipo experimental, aleatório controlado, com análise bifatorial (grupo controle em relação ao grupo experimental, em função dos tempos operatórios (2x4)). Utilizou-se 32 ratos (Rattus norvegicus, albinus, Wistar), machos, adultos, pesando entre 280 e 320 gramas. Os animais foram distribuídos da seguinte forma: 16 espécimes foram selecionados para o grupo controle (Grupo I), não receberam nenhum tratamento adicional após a extração do incisivo superior direito; os outros 16 espécimes restantes, depois da exodontia, a área da ferida cirúrgica foi tamponada com gaze embebida em solução anestésica de Citocaína 3%® (Prilocaína 3% com Felipressina 0,03 UI/ml), e formaram o grupo experimental (Grupo II). Os animais sofreram eutanásia após decorrido os períodos de 3, 7, 15, 24 dias pós-operatórios. Através da análise histológica e com base na metodologia aplicada, permitiu-nos concluir que a solução de Citocaína 3%® aplicada com compressas de gaze sobre a ferida cirúrgica após extração dentária, produz eventos teciduais que comprometeram os princípios básicos responsáveis pela regeneração do epitélio da mucosa gengival e o processo de reparação alveolar em ratos. Observou-se que em todos os períodos pós-operatórios estudados e quando se compararam os dois Grupos, confirmou-se que o Grupo I apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao processo de reparo alveolar

The aim of this study was to evaluate the local anesthetic solution, composed by Prilocaine 3% and felipressin 0,03 UI/ml, influence on the alveolar repair process in rats after dental extraction. This research was previously approved by the Ethic Committee in Research of the Masters Degree Program in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Marília University (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil. It was an experimental, randomly controlled study, with bifactorial analysis (group control versus experimental group, in function of the postoperative times (2 X 4)). For the accomplishment of this study 32 rats were used (Rattus norvegicus, albinus, Wistar), males, adults, weighing between 280 and 320 grams. The animals were selected and divided into Group I (control) and Group II (Citocain 3%® - Prilocaine 3% with felipressin 0,03UI/ml) with 16 rats each; being four animals of the Group I and four of the Group II, destined to the euthanasia in the postoperative periods of 3rd, 7th, 15th and 24th days. The histological analysis with base in the developed methodology, allowed us to conclude that the anesthetic solution of Citocain 3%® applied with gauze compress on the surgical dental wound, produced tissue events that committed the basic biological principles, that are responsible for the regeneration of the gingival epithelium and the alveolar process repair in rats. The Group I presented better results in the alveolar repair when compared to the Group II

Regional intravenous anesthesia in knee arthroscopy

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to investigate the regional intravenous anesthesia procedure in knee arthroscopy and to evaluate the effects of adding ketamine over the anesthesia block charactery and tourniquet pain. MATERIAL/METHOD: Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II patients who received knee arthroscopy were enrolled. After monitoring, a peripheral IV line was inserted.The venous blood in the lower extremity was evacuated with a bandage, and the proximal cuff of the double-cuff tourniquet was inflated. The patients were randomly split into two groups. While Group P received 80 ml 0.5 percent prilocaine, Group PK received 0.15 mg/kg ketamine (80 ml in total) via the dorsum of the foot. We recorded onset time of the sensory block, end time of the sensory block, presence of the motor block, the time when the patient verbally reported tourniquet pain and surgical pain, duration of tourniquet tolerance, fentanyl consumption during the operation, time to first analgesic requirement, methemoglobin values at 60 minutes, operative conditions, 24-hour analgesic consumption, discharge time, and hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) of the patients who required general anesthesia was significantly higher than the BMI of other patients. The onset time of the sensory block was shorter for those in Group PK, but the time to first analgesic requirement was longer. CONCLUSION: Regional intravenous anesthesia using the doses and volumes commonly used in knee arthroscopy may be an inadequate block among patients with high BMI values. Moreover, the addition of ketamine to the local anesthetic solution may produce a partial solution by shortening the onset of sensory block and prolonging the time until the first analgesic is required.

The Analgesic Efficacy of a 5% Eutectic Mixture of Lidocaine and Prilocaine Prior to Insertion of Spinal and Epidural Block / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of a 5% eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA(R)) topically applied before performing skin puncture for spinal or epidural anesthesia. METHODS: The patient population consisted of 75 ASA physical status 1 and 2 adults scheduled for operations of the lower abdominal region, the perineal region or the lower extremities. The patients were randomly allocated to one of five groups of equal size: group A - topical application of EMLA(R) cream 120 min before spinal block; group B - subcutaneous infiltrationof 2 ml of 2% lidocaine immediately before spinal block; group C - no pretreatment before spinal block; group D - topical application of EMLA(R) cream 120 min before epidural block; and group E - subcutaneous infiltration of 2 ml of 2% lidocaine immediatelybefore epidural block. Pain experienced during the whole procedure was rated using a 10 cm visual analogue scale. RESULTS: Patients in group A experienced less pain compared with those in groups B and C (2.0 +/- 1.9 cm vs 4.1 +/- 1.9 cm and 3.9 +/- 2.2 cm, respectively; P < 0.05). However there was no significant difference between group D and group E (3.6 +/- 2.4 cm vs 4.1 +/- 2.5 cm). The patients in group A and group D were highly satisfied with the method of analgesia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: EMLA(R) cream is an effective alternative to subcutaneous infiltration of local anesthetic for analgesia during skin puncture using a 25 G spinal needle. It provides insufficient analgesia however for epidural anesthesia.