Percepción de los principios bioéticos aplicados en las prácticas hidroterapéuticas: ecos de los terapeutas

El artículo informa de una investigación acerca de la aplicación de los principios bioéticos del personalismo en la práctica hidroterapéutica a nivel internacional. Se usó una metodología cualitativa, de tipo fenomenológica, con un muestreo intencional y opinático. La muestra estuvo constituida por 12 terapeutas acuáticos seniors internacionales, quienes participaron en entrevistas semiestructuradas en modalidad online. Se realizó análisis de contenido categorial temático, con apoyo del software Atlas Ti, versión 9. Como resultado se levantaron cuatro principios del personalismo y tres categorías emergentes: valores, principio de vulnerabilidad y el principio costo-beneficio. Se concluye que la práctica hidroterapéutica es consistente con la corriente personalista. Emerge un principio del utilitarismo y de la Declaración de Barcelona, y valores tales como la honestidad, el respeto y la humildad. Se plantea la necesidad de profundizar en torno a los principios bioéticos del personalismo en la práctica acuática generalizada, como asimismo en los procesos formativos y en las competencias bioéticas adquiridas por los terapeutas.

Article reports an investigation into the application of the bioethical principles of personalism in hydrotherapeutic practice internationally. A qualitative, phenomenological, purposive and opinionated sampling methodology was used. The sample consisted of 12 international senior aquatic therapists, who participated in semi-structured online interviews. Thematic categorical content analysis was carried out with the support of Atlas Ti software, version 9. As a result, four principles of personalism and three emerging categories were identified: values, principle of vulnerability and the cost-benefit principle. It is concluded that hydrotherapeutic practice is consistent with the personalist current. A principle of utilitarianism and the Barcelona Declaration emerges, as well as values such as honesty, respect and humility. The need to deepen the bioethical principles of personalism in general aquatic practice, as well as in the training processes and bioethical competences acquired by therapists, is raised.

O artigo informa sobre uma investigação acerca da aplicação dos princípios bioéticos do personalismo na prática hidroterápica a nível internacional. Se utilizou uma metodologia qualitativa, de tipo fenomenológica, com uma amostra intencional e opinático. A amostra foi constituída por 12 terapeutas aquáticos seniors internacionais, que participaram em entrevistas semi-estruturadas na modalidade online. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo categorial temático, com apoio do software Atlas Ti, versão 9. Como resultado identificaram-se quatro princípios do personalismo e três categorias emergentes: valores, princípio de vulnerabilidade e o princípio custo-benefício. Concluiu-se que a prática hidroterápica é consistente com a corrente personalista. Emerge um princípio do utilitarismo e da Declaração de Barcelona, e valores tais como a honestidade, respeito e humildade. Se propõe a necessidade de aprofundar os princípios bioéticos do personalismo na prática aquática generalizada, bem como nos processos formativos e nas competências bioéticas adquiridas pelos terapeutas.

Validación de un instrumento para la aplicación de los principios bioéticos principialistas en los protocolos de investigación clínica

El artículo informa acerca de la validación de un instrumento sobre la aplicación de los principios bioéticos de la corriente principialista en cada uno de los elementos de los protocolos de investigación clínica. Para ello, se realizó la valoración de un instrumento de 173 ítems por medio del método Delphi, con la colaboración de 12 expertos latinoamericanos en bioética de la investigación. El instrumento tuvo dos rondas de revisión. Al final solo se tuvieron 171 ítems, en el que se aplicaron los principios bioéticos en 208 ocasiones, de los cuales 87 (41,82%) pertenecían a Beneficencia, 63 (30,29%) a No Maleficencia, 36 (17,31%) a Justicia y 22 (10,58%) a Autonomía. En cuanto a la congruencia de los principios en general respecto de las variables de los elementos del protocolo de investigación clínica, se encontró en 189 (90,87% IC 95% 86.10 a 94.41) ocasiones, K=0.98 (0.01), p=<0.0001. Se concluye que ell instrumento validado nos brinda la opción de aplicar los principios bioéticos de la corriente principialista a cada uno de los elementos de los protocolos de investigación clínica.

The aim of this article is to report on the validation of an instrument on the application of principialist bioethical principles in each of the elements of clinical research protocols. To this end, a 173-item instrument was evaluated using the Delphi method, with the collaboration of 12 Latin American experts in research bioethics. The instrument underwent two rounds of revision. In the end there were only 171 items, in which the bioethical principles were applied 208 times, of which 87 (41.82%) belonged to Beneficence, 63 (30.29%) to Non-Maleficence, 36 (17.31%) to Justice and 22 (10.58%) to Autonomy. Regarding the congruence of the principles in general with respect to the variables of the elements of the clinical research protocol, it was found on 189 (90.87% CI 95% 86.10 to 94.41) occasions, K=0.98 (0.01), p=<0.0001. It is concluded that the validated instrument gives us the option of applying the bioethical principles of the principialist current to each of the elements of the clinical research protocols.

O objetivo deste artigo é informar acerca da validação de um instrumento sobre a aplicação dos princípios bioéticos da corrente principialista em cada um dos elementos dos protocolos de investigação clínica. Para isso, realizou-se a valoração de um instrumento de 173 itens por meio do método Delphi, com a colaboração de 12 especialistas latino-americanos em bioética da investigação. O instrumento teve duas rodadas de revisão. Ao final, analisou-se 171 itens, aos quais se aplicaram os princípios bioéticos em 208 ocasiões, dos quais 87 (41,82%) pertenciam a Beneficência, 63 (30,29%) a Não Maleficência, 36 (17,31%) a Justiça e 22 (10,58%) a Autonomia. Quanto à congruência dos princípios em geral, a respeito das variáveis dos elementos do protocolo de investigação clínica, encontrou-se em 189 (90,87% IC 95% 86.10 a 94.41) ocasiões, K=0.98 (0.01), p=<0.0001. Concluiu-se que o instrumento validado nos dá a opção de aplicar os princípios bioéticos da corrente principialista a cada um dos elementos dos protocolos de investigação clínica.

Los principios bioéticos de los médicos generales integrales en la prescripción de medicamentos

Introducción: Durante el acto de la prescripción se deben relacionar los conocimientos de la terapéutica con los principios de la bioética para contribuir al uso racional de medicamentos. En el artículo se analiza el cumplimiento de los principios bioéticos relacionados con las prescripciones de medicamentos por los médicos generales integrales del municipio Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con una muestra de médicos generales integrales en el que se emplearon métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemáticos estadísticos, así como la triangulación metodológica. Se consideró como variable el cumplimiento de los principios bioéticos relacionados con las prescripciones de medicamentos y cinco indicadores que fueron valorados mediante encuesta, entrevista y observación del desempeño. Resultados: Se encontró que los médicos generales integrales alcanzaron un nivel alto de cumplimiento de los principios bioéticos relacionados con las prescripciones de medicamentos con un valor de media ponderada de 2,94. La valoración de la frecuencia de realización de los indicadores evidenció que tres de ellos fueron considerados del nivel alto, dos de nivel medio y ninguno de nivel bajo. Discusión: los resultados fueron confrontados con otros estudios y se confirma que los médicos generales integrales en Cuba por su formación humanista cumplen con la mayoría de los principios bioéticos en su desempeño profesional.

Introduction: During the act of prescription, therapeutic knowledge must be related to the principles of bioethics to contribute to the rational use of medications. The article analyzes compliance with bioethical principles related to medication prescriptions by comprehensive general practitioners of the Santiago de Cuba municipality. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with a sample of comprehensive general practitioners in which theoretical, empirical and mathematical statistical methods were used, as well as methodological triangulation. Compliance with bioethical principles related to medication prescriptions and five indicators that were assessed through a survey, interview and performance observation were considered as variables. Results: It was found that comprehensive general practitioners reached a high level of compliance with bioethical principles related to medication prescriptions with a weighted mean value of 2.94. The assessment of the frequency of carrying out the indicators showed that three of them were considered high level, two medium level and none low level. Discussion: the results were compared with con studies and it is confirmed that comprehensive general practitioners in Cuba, due to their humanistic training, comply with most of the bioethical principles in their professional performance.

Ethical Considerations and Countermeasure Analysis of Public Mental Disorders Stigma in China / 中国医学伦理学

Discrimination against patients with mental disorders and the resulting stigma will not only affect patients’ medical treatment, but also bring about community isolation and lack of resources. Mental health problems have become a major public health problem and a prominent social problem. From the perspective of bioethics, the existence of public mental disorders stigma violates the principles of justice and respect. This paper quantitatively described the status quo of public mental disorders stigma in China, and explored its influencing factors through factor analysis and binary logistic regression analysis. The public stigma of mental disorders score was (54.64±11.048). Factor analysis extracted 4 common factors, namely isolation, pain, contact, and empathy, with a cumulative explained variance of 68.948%. The results showed that age and contact history were the main factors affecting the public stigma of mental disorders. It is recommended to reduce discrimination by enhancing understanding and improving empathy. Specifically, it is to implement the personal liability for discrimination through ethical regulation and legal construction, and strengthen the concept of a community of shared future for mankind by creating a tolerant social atmosphere, so as to achieve an appropriate balance between public safety and individual rights and interests.

Discrimination of the Governance Principles of Science and Technology Ethics and Dissemination of Ideas / 中国医学伦理学

Ethical governance is inherent in responsible research and innovation. The Opinions on Strengthening Ethical Governance of Science and Technology puts forward five ethical principles: promoting human well-being, respecting the right to life, adhering to fairness and justice, reasonably controlling risks and maintaining openness and transparency. This paper interpreted the ideas, key points and difficulties of these five ethical principles. Three suggestions were put forward to strengthen the ethics education of science and technology: first, optimize the curriculum of science and technology ethics for related majors in colleges and universities, and help young students understand ethical principles and establish the correct ethics view of science and technology; second, colleges and universities should carry out education and training for teachers, researchers, managers and members of ethics committees, and actively explore scientific research ethics training and effect evaluation; third, the professional courses offered by college teachers should be organically integrated with the ideological and political content of the courses to play a warning role.

The Ethical Principles of Science and Technology Need Concrete Research to Guide / 中国医学伦理学

On March 20, 2022, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued The Opinions on Strengthening Ethical Governance of Science and Technology, which put forward five ethical principles of science and technology: promoting human well-being, respecting the right to life, adhering to fairness and justice, reasonably controlling risks and maintaining openness and transparency. Ethical principles require to be studied and interpreted concretely by ethical scholars, that is, first, they need to be refined in order to be truly guided; second, the principle of balance is needed to truly guide; third, it is necessary to study ethical theory in order to truly guide; fourth, it is significant to explore Chinese civilization in order to truly guide. In this way, the ethical principles of science and technology can be practically applied and guide the concrete practice of science and technology.

Ethical Thoughts on the Quality Evaluation of the Kidneys from Expanded Criteria Donors / 中国医学伦理学

In the case of extremely shortage of donor kidney sources, the number of Expanded Criteria Donors (ECD) with relatively poor kidney quality and transplantation effect is increasing. In order to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand by using transplantable kidneys as much as possible and avoid the failure or poor effect of transplantation caused by poor quality kidneys, the quality assessment and evaluation criteria of ECD kidney have become a research hotspot in the field of kidney transplantation. This paper analyzed the possible ethical defects in the research process, and put forward some suggestions for the transplantation team to strictly follow the ethical principles of "no harm", "beneficial" and "informed consent", and the organ transplantation ethics committee to pay attention to the ethical review of the quality evaluation process of ECD donor kidney.

Ethical Issues in the Development of Smart Healthcare / 中国医学伦理学

Smart healthcare is the outcome of integration and application of the internet, Internet of things (IOT), big data analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field. Smart healthcare has been developed rapidly in China. However, smart healthcare has both advantages and risks, thus, it faces challenges and ethical issues in practice. Technological restrictions of smart healthcare increase the risk of privacy disclosure and delayed treatment. Besides, it also induce some ethical issues.Smart healthcare turns the "justice" issue of regional equity into the population equity of medical benefits. In addition, balancing between humanities and science technology should be considered. Smart healthcare should follow the basic ethical principles and the experience of clinical medical ethics. To give full play to the advantages of smart healthcare, the ethical challenges during its development must be regulated at the legal level, and simultaneously governed through ethical norms and guidance.

Ethical Thinking on Fertility Preservation of Female Patients with Cancer / 中国医学伦理学

Fertility preservation technology provides an effective method of protecting fertility resources for young patients with malignant tumors, allowing them to offspring after their fertility is impaired. However, the development of this technology has caused many social and ethical controversies. From the perspective of ethics, this paper discussed the ethical issues faced by young female patients in the implementation of fertility preservation, including whether it is necessary to preserve fertility, the ownership of the preserved fertility resources and the fair and equitable distribution of health resources involved in its implementation process, and identifies these issues and controversies from ethical view. In order to eliminate public doubts and misunderstandings about the technology of fertility preservation, ethical principles of benefit and non-harm, informed consent, prudent application, and ethical supervision have to be followed in the process of providing fertility preservation services, so as to promote the further development and application of fertility preservation technology.

Analysis on Current Situation and Ethical Problems of Stem Cell Clinical Research in China / 中国医学伦理学

It is worth pondering how to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in stem cell clinical research and give full play to the advantages of technology for the benefit of mankind. Through the analysis of the status of stem cell clinical research, including technology and related management methods, proposed the main problems existing in stem cell research, such as the risks of technological uncertainty, ambiguity between research and treatment, over-treatment and technological innovation. Then this paper discussed the ethical and legal risks of stem cell clinical research in China, mainly related to the problems that the construction of laws and regulations is lagging behind, the regulatory challenges of administrative departments are large, the ethical awareness of researchers needs to be further improved, the principle of fairness and justice is not taken into account, the research platform construction of medical institutions is not in place and the protection system of subjects is imperfect, and the organization construction and review capacity of the ethics committee is still lacking.

Ethics in infectious diseases: latent challenges. Part I / Ética en enfermedades infecciosas: retos latentes. Parte I

Abstract Infectious diseases socially imply individual and community medical problems. Therefore, they require actions aimed at social processes that affect the well-being of the individuals without losing sight of social groups. Faced with this panorama, we ask ourselves: is there a direct relationship between ethics and infectious diseases? To elucidate an answer, let us remember the peak period of the COVID-19 pandemic when guidelines based on ethical principles were issued to facilitate medical decisions on allocating scarce resources in periods of maximum demand. In those moments, since there was no inclusive component of society, the decisions made produced massive criticism. The reactions demonstrated the need to analyze in detail the criteria that had been considered correct. Consequently, we affirm that bioethical principles are transcendental in medical decisions and must be examined, not only for the individual but also with a view to public health. Moreover, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has lived with us for decades, and it continues to show its tragic face in the form of new cases, chronic illnesses, and deaths. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS brings us closer to a complex reality where the fight against disease and global health are interrelated with other problems, such as the need to reduce inequality, for which human rights, gender equality, social protection, and the development of research projects, where the ethics committees in research in community processes are constituents.

Resumen Las enfermedades infecciosas implican problemas médicos individuales y comunitarios, por lo que requieren acciones dirigidas a procesos sociales que incidan en el bienestar de los individuos, sin perder de vista a los grupos sociales. Nos preguntamos: ¿existe relación directa entre la ética y las enfermedades infecciosas? Para dilucidar una respuesta, recordemos el periodo más álgido de la pandemia por COVID-19, cuando se emitieron guías fundamentadas en principios éticos para facilitar las decisiones médicas en la asignación de recursos escasos en periodos de máxima demanda. Al no haber un componente inclusivo con la sociedad, las decisiones que se tomaron produjeron críticas masivas, que demostraron la necesidad de analizar a detalle los criterios que se habían considerado correctos. En consecuencia, afirmamos que los principios bioéticos son trascendentales en las decisiones médicas y deben ser examinados, no solo frente al individuo, sino de cara a la salud pública (bien común e individualidad). Por otra parte, la epidemia del SIDA (síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida) convive con nosotros desde hace décadas. ONUSIDA (Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA) nos acerca una realidad compleja, como es que la lucha contra la enfermedad y por la salud global se interrelaciona con otros problemas como la necesidad de reducer la desigualdad, por los derechos humanos, la igualdad de género, la protección social y el desarrollo de proyectos de investigación, donde los comités de Ética en investigación en procesos comunitarios son constituyentes.

Percepciones sobre la aplicación de principios bioéticos en mujeres puérperas en un Hospital público del Ecuador

Fundamento: El puerperio es el periodo de tiempo que comienza en la finalización del parto hasta las seis semanas posparto; durante el cual, es necesario brindar atención conforme a los principios bioéticos inscritos en la normativa de salud vigente en el Ecuador. Objetivo: Analizar las percepciones que tienen las mujeres puérperas sobre la aplicación de los 4 principios bioéticos durante la atención en salud. Metodología: El estudio es de tipo descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo. Los datos corresponden a 10 mujeres puérperas mayores de edad, atendidas en el Hospital Gineco Obstétrico Pediátrico de Nueva Aurora "Luz Elena Arizmendi" de la ciudad de Quito, que respondieron a una entrevista sobre los principios bioéticos aplicados en la atención recibida. Se realizaron análisis de contenido a través del software ATLAS TI versión 23. Resultados: Se obtuvo una percepción positiva de las mujeres puérperas acerca de la aplicación del principio de justicia. Por otra parte, se evidencian dificultades en el de autonomía, sobre todo en la comprensión de la información brindada a la paciente acerca de los procedimientos durante el parto y puerperio, además de coacciones por parte del personal sanitario. Se percibe el consentimiento informado como un mero trámite administrativo. El principio de beneficencia se lo asume como parte de la vocación del personal y la no maleficencia genera malestar si no va acompañado de información clara y oportuna. Conclusiones: Los principios bioéticos son transversales en la normativa de salud vigente, pero sobresale el de justicia en la atención a mujeres puérperas.

Background: The puerperium is the period of time beginning at the end of labor until six postpartum weeks; during which it is necessary to provide attention in accordance with the bioethical principles included in the current health guidelines in Ecuador. Objective: To analyze the perceptions that postpartum women have about the 4 bioethical principles application during health care. Methodology: The study type is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data correspond to 10 adult postpartum women assisted at the Nueva Aurora "Luz Elena Arizmendi" Pediatric Obstetric and Gynecological Pediatric Hospital in the Quito city, who responded to an interview about the bioethical principles applied in the received care. Content analysis was conducted through ATLAS TI version 23 software. Results: A positive perception was obtained from postpartum women concerning the application of the Justice principle. Furthermore, difficulties are evident in the Autonomy section, mainly in the comprehension of the information provided to the patient about the procedures during the labor and puerperium, as well as coercion by health personnel. Informed consent is perceived as a mere administrative formality. The Beneficence principle is assumed as part of the vocation of the personnel and Non-maleficence generates discomfort if it is not accompanied by clear and opportune information. Conclusions: Bioethical principles are transversal in current health guidelines, but that of Justice stands out in the care of postpartum women.

Challenges and principled responses to privacy protection from biometric technology in China

Biometric technology has transformed human biological characteristics into a new form of privacy, and the misuse of this technology poses challenges to protecting this new privacy. This article initially defines biometric technology and biometric characteristics, further demonstrating why biometric characteristics belong to personal privacy and how biometric technology poses challenges to its protection. Through analysis, this article argues that the essence of these challenges is the conflicts between the ethical principle of privacy protection and the ethical principle of maximizing social benefits. In order to address these challenges, it is necessary first to weigh the fundamental ethical principles. The two basic principles of privacy protection and maximizing social benefits are not mutual antagonism but hierarchy, and this hierarchy should be based on the principle of practical feasibility. That is, applying biometric technology should first meet the principle of practical feasibility and, on this premise, realize the principle of maximizing social benefits based on not infringing on the principle of privacy protection.

La tecnología biométrica ha transformado las características biológicas humanas en una nueva forma de privacidad, y el uso indebido de esta tecnología plantea desafíos a su protección. En este artículo se define inicialmente la tecnología biométrica y las características biométricas; se demuestra además por qué las características biométricas pertenecen a la privacidad personal y cómo la tecnología biométrica plantea retos para su protección. Este artículo argumenta que la esencia de estos retos es el conflicto entre el principio ético de protección de la privacidad y el de maximización de los beneficios sociales. Para abordar estos retos es necesario sopesar primero los principios éticos fundamentales. Los dos principios básicos de protección de la privacidad y maximización de los beneficios sociales no son antagónicos, sino jerárquicos, y esta jerarquía debe basarse en el principio de viabilidad práctica. Es decir, la aplicación de la tecnología biométrica debe cumplir primero el principio de viabilidad práctica y, a partir de esta premisa, realizar el principio de maximización de los beneficios sociales sobre la base de no infringir el principio de protección de la intimidad.

A tecnologia biométrica transformou as características biológicas humanas em uma nova forma de privacidade, e o mal uso dessa tecnologia apresenta desafios para proteger essa nova privacidade. Esse artigo inicialmente define tecnologia biométrica e características biométricas, demonstrando posteriormente por que características biométricas pertencem à privacidade pessoal e como tecnologia biométrica coloca desafios à sua proteção. Através de análise, esse artigo discute que a essência desses desafios é o conflito entre o princípio ético da proteção da privacidade e o princípio ético de maximizar benefícios sociais. De forma a visar esses desafios é necessário primeiro ponderar os princípios éticos fundamentais. Os dois princípios básicos de proteção da privacidade e de maximizar benefícios sociais não são mutuamente antagônicos mas hierárquicos, e essa hierarquia deve ser baseada no princípio da viabilidade prática. Isso é, aplicar tecnologia biométrica deve primeiro atender ao princípio da viabilidade prática e, nessa premissa, compreender o princípio de maximizar benefícios sociais com base em não infringir o princípio de proteção da privacidade.

Principles and Practices of Effective Food Safety Risk Communication – Introducing the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Food Safety Risk Communication Framework

This paper describes the principles and practices of effective food safety risk communication developed under the “Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Food Safety Risk Communication Framework and Associated Guidelines”. The framework recommends that effective food safety risk communication needs to be centered on the clear goal of protecting consumer health by ensuring transparency and timeliness, and communication on food safety matters should be conducted in a two-way process. It emphasizes the need to provide the public with credible information based on science and evidence and highlights that food safety is a shared responsibility among all stakeholders, including industry, government agencies, media organizations and consumers. It further highlights that food safety risk communication needs to be conducted in a consistent, systematic, inclusive, consultative, and preventative manner. The framework also indicates that effective food safety risk communication needs to pay attention to the backgrounds, experiences, and needs of concerned audiences. It stresses the importance of continuous improvement of the communication system to ensure food safety risk communication to be effective. Focusing on effective communications in response to food safety incidents, emergency or crisis situations, as well as everyday food safety communications, these principles and practical guidelines will help food safety regulators, food industry, food safety educators and other stakeholders improve their communications with target audiences.

Argumentación ética en la donación de riñón de donante vivo y sano La autodeterminación, voluntad y generosidad superan los riesgos

el gesto altruista del donante vivo y sano de riñón, relacionado genética o sentimentalmente, se basa en autodeterminación, voluntad y generosidad. La argumentación ética alrededor de la donación de riñón de donante vivo y sano se orienta con las éticas principialista y personalista, la dignidad humana, la corporalidad, la divisibilidad del cuerpo, el mal menor y el mal mayor. Hace parte del derecho a la información amplia y suficiente que recibe el donante sobre los riesgos y posibles complicaciones físicas y morales del procedimiento, por medio del comité de bioética y el grupo de trasplantes. Con base en la argumentación ética planteada se procedió a contestar la pregunta de esta investigación: ¿se debe dejar que una persona viva y sana sea sometida a una cirugía que le dejará mononéfrico de por vida, solo por el deseo de ayudar a otro, a pesar de que existen programas activos con donante cadavérico? El objetivo de este artículo es plantear una argumentación ética sobre la donación de riñón de donante vivo y sano que contribuya a una adecuada orientación de su decisión.

the altruistic gesture of the healthy living kidney donor, genetically or sentimentally related, is based on self-determination, willingness, and generosity. The ethical argumentation around living and healthy kidney donation is guided by principled and personalistic ethics, human dignity, corporeality, divisibility of the body, the lesser evil, and the greater evil. It is part of the right to ample and sufficient information that the donor receives about the procedure's risks and possible physical and moral complications through the bioethics committee and the transplant group. Based on the ethical argumentation raised, we proceeded to answer the question of this research: should a living and healthy person be subjected to a surgery that will leave him/her mononephric for life, just because of the desire to help another, even though there are active programs with a cadaveric donor? This article aims to provide an ethical argumentation on living and healthy donor kidney donation that will contribute to an adequate orientation of their decision.

o gesto altruísta do doador de rim vivo e saudável, relacionado genética ou sentimentalmente, está baseado na autodeterminação, vontade e generosidade. A argumentação ética ao redor da doação de rim de doador vivo e saudável é orientada pelas éticas principialista e personalista, pela dignidade humana, pela corporalidade, pela divisibilidade do corpo, pelo mal menor e pelo mal maior. Faz parte do direito à informação ampla e suficiente que o doador recebe sobre os riscos e possíveis complicações físicas e morais do procedimento, por meio do comitê de bioética e do grupo de transplantes. Com base na argumentação ética proposta, procedeu-se a contestar a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: deve-se deixar que uma pessoa viva e saudável seja submetida a uma cirurgia que a deixará mononéfrico para sempre, somente pelo desejo de ajudar o outro, apesar de existirem programas ativos com doador cadavérico? Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma argumentação ética sobre a doação de rim de doador vivo e saudável que contribua para uma adequada orientação de sua decisão.

Ludicidade e idosas: uma análise de princípios na prática pedagógica com institucionalizadas / Ludic activities and the elderly: an analysis of principles in the pedagogical practice with institutionalized individuals

Este trabalho analisou contribuições teórico-metodológicas da ludicidade com idosas institucionalizadas. Para isso, contou com a Hermenêutica-Dialética como método, que busca na compreensão de falas, texto e contexto, a concepção dos fenômenos estudados, os quais foram evidenciados pela entrevista semiestruturada com 19 (dezenove)participantes envolvidos num programa de extensão com intervenção em Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI) da cidade do Recife. As falas tratadas pela análise de conteúdo categorial por temática revelaram duas categorias empíricas, das quais, optamos pela ludicidade. Como conclusão, foram evidenciados princípios lúdicos, a saber: alegria, diversão, gratuidade, imaginação, plenitude, liberdade e cultura, sendo facetas que fundamentam a prática lúdica num viés teórico-metodológico, revelando contribuições para a melhoria da interação social em ILPI.

This work analyzed the theoretical-methodological contributions of ludic activities with institutionalized elderly women. To this end, it was based on the Hermeneutics-Dialectics as a method, which pursues understanding in speeches, text and context, the conception of the phenomena studied, these were evidenced through a semi-structured interview with 19 participants who were involved in an extension program with intervention in a Long-Stay institution for the Elderly (LSIE), in the city of Recife. The speeches dealt with categorical content analysis by theme and revealed two empirical categories, from which, we opted for playfulness. In conclusion, ludic principles were evidenced, namely: joy, fun, gratuity, imagination, fullness, freedom and culture, these being facets that base the ludic practice on a theoretical-methodological bias, thus revealing contributions to the improvement of social interaction in LSIE.

Concepções e princípios de prática de liderança de treinadores de alta performance no futebol brasileiro / Conceptions and leadership principles of high-performance brazilian soccer coaches

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as concepções e princípios de prática de liderança de treinadores de alta performance do futebol brasileiro. Participaram do estudo, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, cinco treinadores de futebol masculino que já atuaram na 1ª divisão brasileira, conquistando títulos estaduais e nacionais e com experiência em equipes e seleções estrangeiras. As principais evidências apontam para competências gerais, estratégias de gestão, conhecimento profissional, princípios e valores individuais. Conclui-se que os treinadores possuem conhecimento processual tácito instintivo que resulta numa filosofia de liderança desconexa e competências interpessoais mais evidentes. Sugere-se que os treinadores utilizem o modelo trifásico de eficácia de liderança e a prática da reflexão sistematiza de forma a potenciarem a sua eficácia de liderança.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the conceptions and leadership principles of high-performance coaches in Brazilian soccer. Participants were five male soccer coaches who have worked in the Brazilian first division, winning state and national titles, and having experience in international teams. Semi-structured interviews were performed. Main evidences show several competencies, management strategies, professional knowledge, principles, and personal values. We concluded that the coaches have tacit instinctive procedural knowledge that results in a disconnected leadership philosophy and interpersonal knowledge more evident. It is suggested that coaches use the three-phase leadership model and the practice of systematic reflection in order to enhance their leadership effectiveness.

Protocol for the assessment of individual tactical behavior (padti) - validation and reproducibility: preliminary evidence / Protocolo de avaliação do desempenho tático individual (padti) - validação e reproditiblidade: evidências preliminares

ABSTRACT In order to carry out the process of validation and reproducibility of the Protocol for the Assessment of Individual Tactical Behavior of Soccer athletes (PADTI), a study was carried out divided into three stages: I) preparation of the PADTI; II) logical, content and construct validation and; III) reproducibility. The PADTI was developed based on the 8 fundamental tactical principles of soccer, which were inserted in a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, used to collect, store and process the tactical actions of soccer players during the game. The PADTI validity process was performed by 8 professionals, using a spreadsheet to account for items using a Likert scale (5 points). Reproducibility was carried out in two moments with an interval of 15 days, using as a sample the tactical behaviors of the athletes of the Brazilian team, during a soccer match of the 2018 world cup. validity (IV) of 90%. There were no significant differences between the responses of the evaluators (χ² = 12.199; p = 0.094). The intraclass correlation (ICC) values were greater than 0.814 (CI: 95%: 0.251 - 0.954; p <0.001) and Cronbach's Alpha values were greater than α = 0.814. The results indicated that the PADTI is a valid and useful methodology for assessing the tactical performance of soccer players in a game situation.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de realizar o processo de validação e reprodutibilidade do Protocolo de Avaliação do Comportamento Tático Individual de atletas de Futebol (PADTI), foi realizado um estudo dividido em três etapas: I) elaboração do PADTI; II) validação lógica, de conteúdo e constructo e; III) reprodutibilidade. O PADTI foi elaborado com base nos 8 princípios táticos fundamentais do futebol, os quais foram inseridos em uma planilha do programa Microsoft Excel®, utilizada para coletar, armazenar e processar as ações táticas dos atletas de futebol durante o jogo. O processo de validade do PADTI, foi realizado por 8 profissionais, por meio de uma planilha para contabilizar os itens utilizando-se de uma escala likert (5 pontos). A reprodutibilidade foi realizada em dois momentos com intervalo de 15 dias, utilizando como amostra os comportamentos táticos dos atletas da seleção brasileira, durante uma partida de futebol da copa do mundo de 2018. O PADTI foi aprovado pela maioria dos avaliadores especialistas, com índice de validade (IV) de 90%. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre as repostas dos avaliadores (χ²=12,199; p = 0,094). Os valores de correlação intraclasse (ICC) foram superiores a 0,814 (IC: 95%: 0,251 - 0,954; p< 0,001) e os valores de Alpha de Cronbach foram superiores a α= 0,814. Os resultados indicaram que o PADTI é uma metodologia válida e útil para avaliação do desempenho tático de atletas de futebol em situação de jogo.

Criminologia crítica e princípios éticos do Serviço Social: uma aproximação à sua interlocução / Critical criminology and Social Work ethical principles: an approach to their interlocution

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva trazer a importância da criminologia crítica como subsídio ao trabalho e à formação profissional, apresentando seus fundamentos numa análise marxista, levando em consideração a classe, a raça e o gênero, e sua possível interlocução com os princípios éticos do Serviço Social, vislumbrando uma aproximação maior com essa perspectiva na luta anticapitalista, antirracista, feminista e antipunitivista.

Abstract: This article aims to bring the importance of critical criminology as a subsidy to professional work and professional education, presenting its foundations in a Marxist analysis, taking class, race, and gender into consideration, and its possible interlocution with the ethical principles of Social Work, aiming at a greater approximation with this perspective in the anti-capitalist, anti-racist, feminist, and anti-punitivist fight.

Analysis on the Ethical Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Preservation Thought from the Perspective of Healthy China: Taking Master Lyu’s Spring and Autumn Annals as an Example / 中国医学伦理学

"Healthy China 2030" states that health is a necessary requirement for all-round human development and a basic condition for economic and social development. Achieving national health and longevity is an important symbol of national prosperity and rejuvenation, and also the common aspiration of the people of all ethnic groups in China. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) health preservation has been fully integrated into the construction of "Healthy China", and the development of TCM health preservation culture and thought has a profound historical origin. Starting from the development of TCM health preservation culture thought and ethical principles, this paper analyzed the TCM health preservation thought contained in Master Lyu’s Spring and Autumn Annals, and further discussed and summarized the ethical principles contained in them, with a view to comprehensively and systematically promoting the development of TCM health preservation culture and providing a theoretical basis for people to use health preservation ethical principles to achieve physical fitness, disease prevention and longevity.