Perspectivas investigativas en torno a las parejas sin hijos y su relación con el concepto de "familia": Un estado del arte / Investigative perspectives on couples without children and their relationship with the concept of "family": A state of the art

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo que se informa fue mostrar cuáles son las transformaciones que las investigaciones manifiestan sobre la familia e identificar si las parejas sin hijos son consideradas como una tipología emergente de configuración familiar. A partir de una investigación documental al modo de estado del arte, se recolectaron 35 artículos entre 1992 y 2017, que se analizaron desde una perspectiva hermenéutica a partir de los núcleos temáticos "definición y transformación del concepto de 'familia'" y "perspectivas investigativas en torno a la relación entre parejas sin hijos y familia". La mayoría concuerda con que la consanguinidad y la procreación ya no son criterios indispensables para conformar una familia, y así, las parejas sin hijos se constituyen como una nueva tipología familiar que se caracteriza por modos más equitativos, consensuales y democráticos de tomar decisiones; todo esto, bajo el contexto social de una profunda transformación de los roles de género desde el siglo XX.

Abstract The objective of the work reported was to show the transformations the research shows about the family and to identify if couples without children are considered as an emerging typology of family configuration. The importance of the relationship between the categories of family and a couple without children is that this is a time when a significant reduction in the birth rate can be seen worldwide. Furthermore, households made up of couples who state that they do not want to have children also represent a striking increase. On the other hand, this phenomenon has led to the emergence of research categories such as DINK, Childfree and NoMo families, which converge in the increase of couples without children and of women who do not wish to have children. From a documentary research under the modality of the state of the art, 35 articles were collected for this study between 1992 and 2017, which were analyzed from a hermeneutic perspective from the thematic nuclei "definition and transformation of the concept of 'family'" and "Research perspectives on the relationship between childless couples and family". The search required the following categories in Spanish and English: "significado de familia/meaning of family", "definición de familia/definition of family", "concepto de familia/family concept", "parejas sin hijos/couple without children/childfree/NoMo", "nuevas tipologías familiares/new family typologies", "familia DINK/DINK family" y "familia moderna/modern family". The databases taken into account for the study were Scopus, SciELO, Dialnet Plus, Psicodoc, EBSCO, DOAJ, Redalyc and Google Academic. Most research agrees that consanguinity and procreation are no longer essential criteria for forming a family, and thus, couples without children are constituted as a new family typology characterized by more equitable, consensual and democratic ways of making decisions. The main reason for this change is the new place that women have conquered in society after decades of struggle for their rights, favoring a questioning of the patriarchal system and the hegemonic model of the family called the nuclear family. The discussions about gender imaginaries that began with greater force in the 20th century, give a place to women in working life that, over time, has favored a questioning about the relationship between motherhood and being a woman. Research presents different criteria to define the family, which shows that this is a time when there is not one model but several family models. For its part, this diversity has been expressed not only in the dimension of social representations but also in the legal sphere; This is expressed this way, since several investigations in the field of law show transformations in Latin American constitutions by ways of understanding the family in a more plural way and based on fundamental rights. Finally, the collection of research shows that the study on the category of couples without children is incipient, that is, it corresponds to a phenomenon that, despite enjoying statistical evidence, can be considered emergent in culture insofar as its relevance corresponds to the last decades. Most studies that deal directly or indirectly with the category of childless couple, consider this form of bond as a form of family and explain how at this time this definition is mainly determined by affective criteria, values built between the members, and relational dynamics; leaving in the background the criteria of consanguinity or kinship from the nuclear model.

Percepción de familia entre mujeres embarazadas del norte de Portugal / Perception of family among pregnant women in the north of Portugal / Perceção da familia nas mulheres grávidas no norte de Portugal / Perception de famille chez les femmes enceintes dans le nord du Portugal

Resumen Objetivo: Analizarlas diferentes formas de construir la referencia de "ser una familia" en distintos ámbitos rurales y urbanos, a partir de las razones que hay detrás de la decisión de tener hijos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo diseñado y analizado a partir del estudio de casos de diferentes áreas de salud del norte de Portugal. La metodología implicó la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 50 mujeres embarazadas en busca de sus significados recurriendo para ello al análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se identificó la categoría que denominamos "Modelo de referencia familiar", en la cual se señalan dos subcategorías: el sueño sobre la construcción de una nueva familia y el sueño hecho realidad. Estos resultados hacen coincidir la idea de las aspiraciones (ideal inicial, antes de quedar embarazada) y la de las representaciones (ideal abstracto). Los resultados apuntan a unos ideales orientados a la familia y pero muestran una disminución en el número de hijos por mujer consecuencia también de un cálculo en el cual son ponderados los costos asociados con esta decisión. Conclusiónes: Del universo de las aspiraciones, se impone la evocación del deseo de tener hijos, pues fueron realmente pocas las encuestadas que diseñaron un proyecto de vida sin hijos. Sin embargo, vemos una disonancia entre las aspiraciones iniciales y la nueva realidad. Se concluye que existe un proceso de elección entre tener o no hijos, así como la transición a la parentalidad como proyecto conyugal.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the different ways of 'being a family' and that predomínate in different social contexts ranging from rural to urban spaces based on the reasons that support the decision to have children. Materials and methods: A qualitative study was designed and analyzed using case studies of different health areas of northern Portugal. The methodology used was based on semi-structured interviews with 50 pregnant women. It was done a content analysis of interviews. Results: Based on the stories obtained through interviews, we identified the category "reference model of family ", in which two subcategories listed was identified: "the dream of building a new family" and "the dream come true". These results match the idea of aspirations (initial ideal) and representations (abstract ideal). The results suggest a family oriented by ideals and show a decrease in the number of children per woman. This is the result of a perception of the associated costs of this decision. Conclusions: From the universe of aspirations centered in the desire for children, only a few women prefer a life without children. However, we identified a dissonance between the initial aspirations and the practices. It is concluded that there is a process of choice between having children, as well as the transition to parenthood as a conjugal project.

Resumo Objectivo: Analisar os diferentes modos de «ser familia¼ e que predominam em contextos sociais que vão desde a ruralidade até a urbanidade tendo por base as razões que sustentam a decisão de ter descendência. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo com base em estudo de casos em diferentes centros de saúde no norte de Portugal. A metodologia envolveu a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas a 50 mulheres grávidas. Para analisar os dados recorreu-se a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Com base nos relatos obtidos identificou-se a categoria "Modelo de referencia familiar", que identifica duas subcategorias: A construção da nova familia: o sonho e o sonho tornado realidade. Estes resultados correspondem as aspirações de ideia (ideal inicial, antes de engravidar) e as representações (ideal abstracto). Conclusões: Os resultados apontam para um ideal de familia orientado para os dois filhos e demonstram uma diminução do número de filhos por mulher. A diminução do número de filhos é também o resultado de um cálculo onde são ponderados os custos associados a esta decisão. Do universo das aspirações impõe-se a evocação da vontade de ter filhos. Foram realmente poucas as inquiridas que traçaram um projeto de vida sem filhos. Todavia verificamos uma dissonancia entre as aspirações iniciais e por conseguinte com as práticas.

Résumé Objectif: Analyser les différentes formes de «etre famille¼ qui prédominent dans des contextes sociaux allant du rural a la vie urbaine ayant pour motifs la décision d'avoir des enfants. Matériaux et méthodes: Étude qualitative basée sur des études de cas dans des centres de santé primaires dans le nord du Portugal. La méthodologie se base sur des entrevues semi-structurées a 50 femmes enceintes. Pour analyser les données, on a utilisé l'analyse des contenus.. Résultats: Basé sur les données, on a identifié la catégorie «Modele de famille¼, qui identifie deux sous-catégories: la construction de la nouvelle famille : le reve et le reve devenu réalité. Ces résultats correspondent aux aspirations de l'idée (idéal, avant la grossesse) et représentations (idéal abstrait). Les résultats pointent vers un idéal de famille orienté vers les enfants et montrent une diminution du nombre d'enfants par femme qui est également la conséquence de facteurs socioéconomiques qui influencent cette décision. L'univers des aspirations permet l'évocation du désir d'avoir des enfants. Conclusions: On a eu tres peu de femmes qui désirent une vie sans enfant. Cependant, nous voyons une dissonance entre les aspirations initiales (idéal) et les représentations (idéal abstrait). On conclut qu'il existe un choix entre avoir enfants, bien comme la transition vers la parentalité en tant que projet conjugal.

The Occupational and Procreation Health of Road Sweeping Female Sanitation Workers in a District of a City / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate occupational and procreation health of roadsweeping female sanitation workers in a city district.@*Methods@#Using cross-sectional survey methods, all 303 the road sweeping female sanitation workers of one company were selected and interviewed face to face with questionnaires in june 2017. Data were analysed by SPSS22.0 statistical software.@*Results@#The total prevalence of reproduction tract infection was 21.47%. The prevalence of uterine fibroids was 6.38%, and menstruation abnormal rate was 25.17%. The sanitation worker of menstruation abnormal rate was 31.03%, which were exposed low temperature, automobile exhaust and air contaminant at the same time, or else was 19.61%. There were statistical significance between them. (χ2=5.161, P<0.05) The sanitation worker of menstruation abnormal rate was 28.81%, which were not satisfied with women/s rights protection, or else was 11.67%. There were statistical significance between them. (χ2=7.435, P<0.01) .@*Conclusion@#Female sanitation workers in the city district were exposed to many occupational hazards. The status of procreation health among road sweeping female sanitation workers in the city district is not optimistic. Occupational health protection and laborers's rights protection should be emphasized to improve health status of female sanitation workers.

Sobre o feminino e os transtornos da procriação, ou a disjunção mulher-mãe / About the feminine and procreation disorders, or the woman-mother disconnection / A propos du féminin et des troubles de la procréation, ou la disjonction femme-mère / Sobre lo femenino y los trastornos de la procreación, o la disyunción mujer-madre

O artigo analisa o recurso, no discurso psicopatológico, a categorias diagnósticas para delimitar o que diverge da norma relativa ao que se espera da mulher no lugar de mãe. Discute-se, a partir da perspectiva em que a psicanálise aborda o tema do feminino, que a abordagem patologizante desconsidera justamente tal dimensão, na qual o feminino inclui, não como exceções à norma, o impasse frente à maternidade. Neste sentido, tal patologização denunciaria o horror por ele suscitado.

The article analyses the use of diagnostic categories in the psychopathological discourse to outline the boundaries between what is expected from a woman as a mother and what diverges from such expectation. Based on the perspective that the psychoanalysis addresses the topic of feminine, we discuss that the pathologizing approach disregards such dimension, in which the feminine includes, not as exceptions to the rule, the deadlock posed by maternity. In this regard, such pathologization would uncover the horror it arouses.

Cet article analyse l'utilisation, dans le discours psychopathologique, des catégories de diagnostic pour définir ce qui s'écarte de la norme par rapport à ce que l'on attend des femmes dans leur rôle de mère. Basé sur la perspective de la psychanalyse par rapport à la question du féminin, on affirme que l'approche de la pathologisation ne tient pas compte précisément de cette dimension dans laquelle le féminin comprend — non comme exception à la règle — la maladresse en ce qui concerne la maternité. En ce sens, cette pathologisation dénonce l'horreur qu'elle suscite.

El artículo analiza el recurso, en el discurso psicopatológico, y las categorías diagnósticas para delimitar lo que diverge de la norma relativa a lo que se espera de la mujer en el papel de madre. Se discute, desde la perspectiva en la que el psicoanálisis aborda el tema de lo femenino, que el abordaje patologizante desconsidera, justamente, tal dimensión, en la cual lo femenino incluye, no como excepciones a la norma, el impasse frente a la maternidad. En este sentido, tal patologización denunciaría el horror por él suscitado.

Der vorliegende Artikel analysiert die Verwendung von diagnostischen Kategorien im psychopathologischen Diskurs, um das zu definieren, was sich von der Norm abhebt, welche bestimmt was von der Frau in ihrer Mutterrolle erwartet wird. Basierend auf der psychoanalytischen Sicht des Weiblichen wird die Auffassung vertreten, dass der pathologisierende Ansatz gerade diese Dimension ignoriert, in der das Weibliche die Zweifel an der Mutterschaft beinhaltet, und zwar nicht als Ausnahme zur Norm. In diesem Sinn verrät diese Pathologisierung den von ihnen erzeugte Abscheu.

Practices and experiences of maternity insurance management / 中华医院管理杂志

Maternity insurance is a policy support of China for women of child-bearing age.Given its good outcomes since it is enforced clinically,such insurance has been confronted with challenges as well.Doctors and nurses of Ob/Gyn departments serve as both protectors of parturient women's interests and practioners of the economic and social interests of the hospital.This paper summarized the experiences of maternity insurance of the Ob/Gyn department of the hiospital in rencent 6 years.The hospital has had 2026 inpationts covered by maternity insurance,without any medical disputes and harvesting a cash surplus of 657145 yuan.Such doctors and nurses are found to play a key role in ensuring a good doctor-patient relationship,and serve as clinival references for the single-disease management and teaching of the hospital.

Distintas postuaas sobre la valoración ética de la inseminación / Different views on the ethical evaluation of iseminatoon / Diferents posiçõões sobre a avaliaçao etica da inseminação

En el presente trabajo se presentan diferentes posturas éticas sobre la inseminación homóloga. Los distintos juicios de los diversos autores varían de acuerdo con sus presupuestos antropológicos. Por este motivo, la exposición se organizó partiendo de uno o más representantes de las corrientes filosóficas personalistas y no personalistas. Dentro de los autores personalistas hay quienes están a favor y quienes están en contra, según consideren que este método resulta una cooperación o una sustitución del acto conyugal. Finalmente, expresamos nuestra opinión al respecto.

The purpose of this paper is to present different ethical views on homologous insemination. The judgements of the different authors vary according to their pre-existing anthropological assumptions. Due to this, the exposition is organized from one or more representatives of the personalist and non- personalist philosophical trends. Among personalist authors, some of them are pro and others against homologous insemination, as they consider the method a cooperation or a substitution of the conjugal act. In the end we state our opinion on the subject.

No presente artigo, apresentam-se diferentes posturas éticas sobre a inseminação homóloga. Os diferentes juízos dos diversos autores variam de acordo com seus pressupostos antropológicos. Por esse motivo, a exposição se organizou a partir de um ou mais representantes das correntes filosóficas personalista e não personalista. Dentro dos autores personalistas, há os que estão a favor e os que estão contra, segundo considerem que esse método acaba sendo uma cooperação ou uma substituição do ato conjugal. Finalmente, expressamos nossa opinião a respeito do tema.

Nota sobre Eros em O banquete de Platão / Note on Eros in Plato’s Symposium

Este texto tenta resumir o modo pelo qual Platão abre o horizonte do fenômeno erótico, enquadrando-o entre a poesia e a filosofia, inscrevendo- -o no plano político e mostrando que não se trata apenas de amor no sentido comum do termo, mas de uma ânsia por superação de nossa mortalidade e procura pelo belo e pelo saber, que não exclui aspectos tragicômicos como a rebeldia e uma desastrada aquisição de onipotência.

This paper attempts to summarize Plato’s approach to eroticism. It seeks to show that Plato’s starting point lies between poetry and philosophy, but reaches out to the political level, thus expanding the concept. Plato thus shows that eroticism is not reducible to love in the day-to-day meaning of the word, but rather a striving to overcome our mortal condition. Thus understood, erotic love is associated with our search for beauty and knowledge; oftentimes it comprises tragicomic aspects such as a sense of rebellion and a belief in one’s omnipotence which can end in disaster.

Elementos para valorar los métodos de fertilización asistida / Elementos para avaliar os métodos de fertilização assistida / Elements to evaluate assisted fertilization methods

Las técnicas de fecundación artificial siguen desarrollándose día a día. Las dificultades para engendrar —que afectan a un número considerable de parejas— presionan para que profesionales y pacientes recurran a aquellas alternativas que se muestran más eficaces a la hora de solucionar esta situación. Sin embargo, la eficacia en los resultados no siempre va de la mano con el respeto hacia la dignidad de las personas involucradas. En el presente artículo se plantean los criterios bioéticos que se deben tener en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar un método de fertilización asistida. Para ello se recurre a un análisis antropológico del amor humano, la vida sexual y la procreación. Si la técnica sirve a la persona, se podrá curar la infecundidad sin dañar la dignidad humana.

Artificial reproductive technology (ART) is improving constantly. Many couples have difficulty conceiving. This, in turn, has prompted medical professionals and patients to resort to alternative that have proven to be the most effective in solving the problem. However, effectiveness in terms of results is not always accompanied by respect for the dignity of the persons involved. In this article, the authors propose bioethical criteria to be considered when selecting an ART method, based on an anthropological analysis of human love, sexuality and procreation. If technology is truly at the service of human beings, person, it should be able to cure infertility without jeopardizing human dignity.

Muitas técnicas de fertilização artificial são desenvolvidas a cada dia. As dificuldades para engendrar, que afetam um número significativo de casais, obrigam a que profissionais e pacientes recorram às alternativas mais eficazes para superar esta situação. No entanto,a eficácia dos resultados nem sempre anda de mãos dadas com o respeito pela dignidade das pessoas envolvidas. Este artigo discute os critérios da bioética que devem ser levados em consideração quando se escolha um método de fertilização assistida e analizaantropologicamente o amor humano, a vida sexual e a procriação. Se a técnica ajuda à pessoa, pode curar-se a infertilidade sem menosprezar a dignidade humana.

O corpo como container da ciência / The body as container of science

O estatuto do corpo do homem atual mostra-o na condição de desmembrado, fragmentado como órgãos-reserva em disponibilidade para reposições, segundo os requerimentos do mundo técnico. O “humus” da humanidade não passa mais, necessariamente, pela palavra do pai, mas pela palavra do cientista. O corpo deve funcionar como deve, isto é, programar-se para a fecundação, ao mesmo tempo em que o dever ser mãe está garantido pelos direitos universais, direitos adquiridos por toda mulher desde sua condição de cidadã nos tempos modernos. Pelo pensamento de Heidegger, a questão da desumanização do mundo se coloca não exatamente sobre os dispositivos técnicos (sobre uma técnica, por exemplo, o congelamento dos óvulos) ou sobre uma “empreitada” qualquer (por exemplo, o biologismo), mas sobre uma disposição histórica de outra maneira mais profunda que modifica limites da natureza e os homens em utensílios.

The statute of the modern human body shows it as a dismembered entity, fragmented into spare organs available for replacement, according to the requirements of the technical world. Mankind’s humus does not necessarily follow the father’s word, but the scientist’s. The body must function as it must, that is, program itself for fecundation, while the duty to be a mother is guaranteed by universal rights, acquired by each woman since her condition as a citizen in modern times. According to Heidegger, the issue of de-humanization of the world does not concern exactly technical devices (a technique, for example, the freezing of ovules), or any given enterprise (for example, biologism), but ‘a deeper historical disposition that overcomes nature’s limits and changes men into utensils'.

As novas tecnologias reprodutivas: uma revolução a ser assimilada / The new reproductive technologies: a revolution to be assimilated / Les nouveaux technologies reproductrices: ine révolution a assimiler

Este estudo discute as novas tecnologias reprodutivas, também conhecidas como reprodução assistida. Elas são enfocadas como o cume do processo de medicalização da sexualidade e da reprodução, que historicamente forjou noções sobre o corpo, a sexualidade, o homem, a mulher, a gravidez, o parto, o aleitamento, a infância, assumindo um papel exemplar de normalização social. Mostra, particularmente, como os paradoxos da reprodução assistida são ofuscados pelo investimento feito pela mídia nesses novos fenômenos do campo médico, deixando na sombra seus efeitos duvidosos e a forma limitada como essas tecnologias são avaliadas no campo científico.

This study discusses the new reproductive technologies, also known as assisted reproduction. They are viewed as the last stage in a historical process of medicalization of sexuality and reproduction, responsible for the emergence of notions which took on the role of social normalization in regard to the body, sexuality, man, woman, pregnancy, delivery, lactation, childhood. It shows, moreover, how the paradoxes of assisted reproduction are obscured by the investment of the media on these new medical phenomena, with the consequence of overshadowing their dubious effects and their limited evaluation in the scientific field itself.

Cet étude discute les nouvelles technologies reproductives, connu aussi comme procréation médicalement assisté. Elles sont focalisés comme le demier stage d'un proces historique de médicalisation de la sexualité et de la reproduction, qu'a répercuté dans des notions sur le corps, l'homme, femme, grossesse, accouchement, allaitement, enfance, et qu'a eut un rôle de normalisation social. 11 montre aussi, les paradoxes d'avoir un nouveau probleme du champ médical tres médiatisée au Brésil, mais peu traitée scientifiquement.

Law problemon Procreation Right in single women / 中国医学伦理学

It is written in statue of population and birth control in Ji Lin province that women who are in legal marriageable age and decide to be terminally single can employ assistecl procreative methods to give birth to one child, which causes profound despondence nationwide. Ties essay discusses the law problems about procreation right in single women in order to improve the law and protect peoples rights.