Performance of four ischemic stroke prognostic scores in a Brazilian population / Desempenho de quatro escalas de prognóstico de AVCI em uma população brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective Ischemic stroke (IS) prognostic scales may help clinicians in their clinical decisions. This study aimed to assess the performance of four IS prognostic scales in a Brazilian population. Method We evaluated data of IS patients admitted at Hospital Paulistano, a Joint Commission International certified primary stroke center. In-hospital mortality and modified Rankin score at discharge were defined as the outcome measures. The performance of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Stroke Prognostication Using Age and NIHSS (SPAN-100), Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL), and Totaled Health Risks in Vascular Events (THRIVE) were compared. Results Two hundred six patients with a mean ± SD age of 67.58 ± 15.5 years, being 55.3% male, were included. The four scales were significantly and independently associated functional outcome. Only THRIVE was associated with in-hospital mortality. With area under the curve THRIVE and NIHSS were the scales with better performance for functional outcome and THRIVE had the best performance for mortality. Conclusion THRIVE showed the best performance among the four scales, being the only associated with in-hospital mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo Escalas de avaliação prognóstica do acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCI) podem ajudar decisões clinicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de quatro escalas prognósticas em uma população brasileira. Método Foram avaliados os dados de pacientes admitidos com AVCI no Hospital Paulistano, um hospital acreditado pela “Joint Commission International”. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar e a escala de Rankin foram definidos como desfechos de evolução clínica. O desempenho de quatro escalas: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Stroke Prognostication Using Age and NIHSS (SPAN-100), Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL) e Totaled Health Risks in Vascular Events (THRIVE) foi comparado. Resultados Foram incluídos duzentos e seis pacientes, com uma idade média de 67,58 ± 15,5 anos, sendo 55,3% dos sexo masculino. Todas as quatro escalas associaram-se de forma independente com prognóstico funcional. Apenas o THRIVE correlacionou-se com a mortalidade hospitalar. O THRIVE e o NIHSS tiveram melhor desempenho para prognóstico funcional e o THRIVE teve o melhor desempenho para mortalidade pela área sob a curva. Conclusão O THRIVE mostrou-se a escala com melhor performance, sendo a única correlacionada com a mortalidade hospitalar.

Escalas de predicción en el pronóstico del paciente con hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa / Predicting scales for prognosis of patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

La hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa constituye una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. Para su manejo se ha impuesto la necesidad de usar escalas pronósticas para definir la conducta a seguir con un empleo óptimo de los recursos médicos, de manera tal que se garantice una asistencia de calidad al paciente. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar un resumen de los aspectos positivos y negativos de las escalas, relacionar los parámetros que contemplan y las posibilidades de su aplicación en Cuba. Se efectuó una búsqueda en los registros bibliográficos existentes de las bases de datos de PUBMED y EBSCO. Se utilizaron las palabras claves, en idiomas español e inglés: hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa y escalas pronósticas. Se realizó una revisión de los diferentes modelos; se relacionaron a los autores principales de las escalas; se dividieron en preendoscópicas y endoscópicas y se caracterizaron las más utilizadas. La información recogida permitió obtener una visión general, al mostrar las diferentes variantes existentes y clasificar al paciente según el riesgo que presenta, de acuerdo con los índices pronósticos obtenidos después de la aplicación de la escala. Se concluye que las escalas pronósticas permiten evaluar la necesidad de intervención urgente, la probabilidad de sangrado, la necesidad de cirugía o la mortalidad aguda en la toma de decisiones médicas y su uso está en correspondencia con las particularidades de cada contexto.

The non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The need for prognostic scales to define the course of action regarding the optimal use of medical resources has imposed, so that patient care quality is guaranteed. The aim of this paper is to go over the positive and negative aspects of the scales, to relate the parameters included and the possibilities of its application in Cuba. A search was conducted on existing bibliographic records in PubMed and EBSCO databases. Keywords in Spanish and English were used, such as non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and prognostic scales. A review of different models was performed; the principal authors of the scales were related; scales were divided into pre-endoscopic and endoscopic and the most used were characterized. The information collected allowed for an overview, showing the various existing variants and classify patients according to risks, according to forecasts indices obtained after the scale application. It is concluded that the prognostic scales to assess the need for urgent intervention, the bleeding likelihood, surgery or acute mortality in medical decision making and their use is in line with each context particularities.

Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad: caracterización clínico-epidemiológica / Community-acquired pneumonia: clinic-epidemiological characterization

Introducción: la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye en el siglo XXI la causa más frecuente de muerte de etiología infecciosa en los países desarrollados, aportando elevada incidencia y morbimortalidad, situación empeorada por la emergencia de gérmenes multirresistentes desde la comunidad. Las escalas pronóstico de severidad son herramientas útiles en el enfrentamiento diagnóstico terapéutico de esta enfermedad. Basado en ello, los autores se propusieron como objetivo caracterizar el comportamiento clínico-epidemiológico de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad vinculándolo con la aplicación de escala CRB-65.Métodos: estudio descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo sobre universo de pacientes admitidos para ingreso por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez, de Matanzas, en el 2007, empleando métodos filosóficos dialéctico-materialista, empíricos, teóricos y estadísticos con selección y operacionalización de variables aplicando medidas de resumen.Resultados: aproximadamente el 50 por ciento de los pacientes que acudieron con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad fueron admitidos para ingreso, un 74,7 por ciento mayores de 65 años, la terapia antimicrobiana combinada fue de 44 por ciento, al aplicar escala CRB-65 más de un 60 por ciento resultaron de escasa severidad pronosticada; entre los que tuvieron puntuaciones predictoras de gravedad un 60 % fueron transferidos tardíamente a unidades de atención a graves. La mortalidad total fue de 4,2 por ciento, y en las unidades de atención a graves, de 40 por ciento.Conclusiones: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad aportó elevada incidencia y motivó hospitalización frecuente, fundamentalmente en población geriátrica, con comorbilidades asociadas. En una elevada proporción fue decidida la hospitalización en grupos de escasa severidad, tributarios de tratamiento ambulatorio según escala pronósticos CRB-65...

Introduction: the community-acquired pneumonia is the most frequent cause of death of infectious etiology in the developed countries in the XXI century. It has a high incidence and morbimortality, situation that is worsened by the emergency of communitarian multi resistant germs. The severity prognostic scales are useful tools in the therapeutic- diagnostic confrontation of this disease. Based on that, the authors proposed themselves the objective of characterizing the clinic-epidemiologic behavior of the community-acquired pneumonia, linking it with the CRB-65 scale application.Methods: descriptive, observational and prospective research on the universe of patients who entered the Teaching Surgical Clinical Hospital Comandante Faustino Perez, of Matanzas, in 2007, for community-acquired pneumonia. We used dialectic-materialist philosophic, empiric, theoretic and statistic methods with variables selection and operationalization, applying summarizing measures.Results: near 50 per cent of the patient who assisted the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia were admitted as in-patients, 74,7 per cent of them were elder than 65 years old; the combined antimicrobial therapy reached 44 per cent. When the CRB-5 scale was applied more than 60 per cent had scarce predicted severity; among those who had values predicting severity, 60 % were transferred late to health care units for seriously ill persons. The total mortality was 4,2 per cent, and 40 per cent in the health care units for seriously ill persons.Conclusions: community-acquired pneumonia had a high incidence and was the cause of a frequent hospitalization, mainly in the geriatric population, with associated co-morbidities. In a high proportion the hospitalization was decided in groups of scarce severity, needed of an ambulatory treatment according to the prognostic scale CRB-65...