Distribuição de óbitos devido ao câncer do colo do útero nos municípios de extrema pobreza, Brasil, 2000 a 2018 / Distribution of deaths due to cervical cancer in extreme poverty municipalities, Brazil, from 2000 to 2018

Resumo Introdução: O câncer do colo uterino (CCU) permanece uma importante causa de morte nas regiões mais pobres do mundo. Objetivo: Analisar tendências da distribuição relativa de óbitos por CCU ocorridos nos municípios de extrema pobreza (EP) do Brasil, de 2000 a 2018. Método: A distribuição relativa de óbitos por CCU nos municípios de EP foi avaliada em relação ao total de óbitos observados em cada Unidade Federativa (UF). Uma modelagem autorregressiva foi usada para avaliar as tendências temporais da distribuição relativa de óbitos de 2000 a 2018. Resultados: De 2000 a 2018, houve 94.065 óbitos por CCU no Brasil, e 10,7% deles ocorreram nos municípios de EP. Seis estados (Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, Amapá, Tocantins e Mato Grosso do Sul) tiveram 100% dos seus municípios de EP reportando a ocorrência desses óbitos. As tendências na distribuição de óbitos nos municípios de EP em relação ao total de óbitos de cada UF seguiram em elevação em onze estados brasileiros. Conclusões: O CCU é doença prioritária das políticas públicas do Brasil, e as tendências desses óbitos observadas nos municípios mais pobres apontam que mais atenção deve ser dada a estas unidades de análise, a fim de melhorar a saúde das pessoas mais pobres.

Abstract Background: Cervical cancer (CC) remains a major cause of death in the poorest regions of the world. Objective: To analyze trends in relative distribution of CC deaths occurred in extreme poverty municipalities, Brazil, from 2000 to 2018. Method: The relative distribution of CC deaths occurred in extreme poverty municipalities was evaluated in relation to total number of CC deaths observed in each Federative Unit (FU). An autoregressive modeling was used to assess the temporal trends in the death distribution, 2000-2018. Results: From 2000 to 2018, there were 94,065 CC deaths, and 10.7% of them were recorded in extreme poverty municipalities. There were six states (Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, Amapá, Tocantins, and Mato Grosso do Sul) with 100.0% of extreme poverty municipalities reporting the occurrence of these deaths. The trends of death distribution in extreme poverty municipalities in relation to the total of deaths in each FU followed in increasing trends in eleven Brazilian FU. Conclusions: CC is a disease prioritized by public policies in Brazil, and the trends of these deaths observed in the poorest municipalities point out that more attention should be given to these units of analysis, in order to improve the health of the poorest people.

Formulation and evaluation of Buccal mucoadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium using 23 factorial designs

Buccal tablets

Diclofenac sodium

Drug release

Mucoadhesion

Mucoadhesive tablets

Release kinetics

Inter-incisive index in Bulgarians and its application in dentistry / Indice interincisivo en búlgaros y su aplicación en odontología

SUMMARY: In recent years, aesthetic dentistry has become a major focus for the public. Facial attractiveness plays a key role on modern society and the creation of harmonious smile is an aim for every dentist. The objective of this study was to define certain values of the inter-incisive index in Bulgarians, the sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry and to verify differences of this index between Bulgarians and other Balkan populations. The present study included 121 males and 111 females of Bulgarian origin aged 20- 40 years. Mesiodistal dimensions of maxillary central and lateral incisors were measured by Dentistry Sliding Vernier Caliper. We used the technique of direct anthropometry, modified by Prof. Y. Yordanov. We calculated the inter-incisive index as ratio of the mesiodistal dimension of maxillary lateral incisor to the mesiodistal dimension of the maxillary central incisor. The measurements were analyzed with SPSS 23. The level of statistical significance was set at P< 0.05. The inter-incisive index showed no statistically significant differences between left and right side of the dental arch in both sexes. We did not find statistically significant differences between males and females as well. On the other hand, we found statistically significant differences in MD values of incisors between Bulgarians and other Balkan nations. Inter-incisive index shows no sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry in Bulgarians. This can be helpful in aesthetic dentistry, in prosthodontics and in orthodontic treatment planning.

RESUMEN: En los últimos años, la odontología estética se ha convertido en un foco importante para el público. El atractivo facial juega un papel clave en la sociedad moderna y la creación de una sonrisa armoniosa es importante para todos los dentistas. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir ciertos valores del índice interincisivo en búlgaros, el dimorfismo sexual y la asimetría bilateral y verificar diferencias de este índice entre búlgaros y otras poblaciones balcánicas. El presente estudio incluyó a 121 hombres y 111 mujeres de origen búlgaro entre 20 y 40 años de edad. Las dimensiones mesiodistales de los incisivos superiores centrales y laterales se midieron con un calibrador Vernier deslizante de odontología. Utilizamos la técnica de antropometría directa, modificada por el Prof. Y. Yordanov y se calculó el índice interincisivo como la relación entre la dimensión mesiodistal del incisivo lateral superior y la dimensión mesiodistal del incisivo central superior. Las medidas se analizaron con SPSS 23. El nivel de significancia estadística se fijó en P<0,05. El índice interincisivo no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los lados izquierdo y derecho de la arcada dentaria en ambos sexos. Tampoco encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres. Por otro lado, encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los valores de DM de los incisivos entre búlgaros y otras naciones balcánicas. El índice interincisivo no muestra dimorfismo sexual ni asimetría bilateral en los búlgaros. Esto puede ser útil en odontología estética, en prostodoncia y en la planificación de tratamientos de ortodoncia.

Tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por desnutrición en Colombia, 2005-2019 / Time trend of undernutrition mortality in Colombia, 2005-2019 / Tendência temporal da mortalidade por desnutrição na Colômbia, 2005-2019

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la tendencia temporal general y desagregada por edad y sexo de la mortalidad por desnutrición en Colombia en el período 2005-2019. Método. Estudio ecológico a partir de datos secundarios de mortalidad por desnutrición como causa básica de defunción según estadísticas vitales. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad anuales por 100 000 habitantes, crudas, específicas por edad y sexo y estandarizadas por edad. Se utilizó el método directo y se tomó como población de referencia la propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2000-2025. Se efectuó una regresión lineal segmentada o de puntos de cambio. Resultados. Se analizó un total de 26 200 registros de muerte por desnutrición para el período de estudio, que corresponde a 0,84% del total de defunciones en Colombia. La tasa de mortalidad en el grupo de 0 a 4 años fue de 9,9 por 100 000 habitantes; en los de 85 y más años, fue de 137 muertes por 100 000 habitantes. Todos los ajustes significativos en la tendencia del modelo fueron negativos, lo que indica una reducción en las tasas de mortalidad. El porcentaje de cambio anual fue significativo para el período 2007-2017, cuando la tasa de mortalidad disminuyó 2,8% en los hombres (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: −4,3-−1,3) y 3,2% en las mujeres (IC95%: −5,0-−1,4). Conclusiones. La mortalidad por desnutrición en Colombia es un evento de baja prevalencia en general, más elevada en los extremos del curso de vida, con una tendencia al descenso, principalmente en los grupos de edad más jóvenes y en las mujeres.

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the time trends of mortality attributable to malnutrition in Colombia in the period 2005-2019, overall and disaggregated by age and sex. Methods. Ecological study based on secondary data on mortality due to undernutrition as the underlying cause of death according to vital statistics. Crude, age- and sex-specific, and age-standardized annual mortality rates per 100 000 population were calculated. The direct method was used, and the reference population was that proposed by the World Health Organization for 2000-2025. A segmented linear regression or change-point analysis was performed. Results. A total of 26 200 records of deaths due to undernutrition were analyzed for the study period, which corresponds to 0.84% of the total number of deaths in Colombia. The mortality rate in the 0-to-4-year age group was 9.9 per 100 000 population; in the 85-and-older age group, it reached 137 deaths per 100 000 population. All significant adjustments had a negative impact on the model trend, indicating a reduction in mortality rates. The annual percent change was significant for the period 2007-2017, when the mortality rate decreased 2.8% in men (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -4.3, -1.3) and 3.2% in women (95%CI: -5.0, -1.4). Conclusions. The overall prevalence of mortality attributable to undernutrition in Colombia is low, increasing at the extremes of age, and has been following a downward trend, especially among younger age groups and women.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever a tendência temporal geral e desagregada por idade e sexo da mortalidade por desnutrição na Colômbia no período entre 2005 e 2019. Método. Estudo ecológico baseado em dados secundários de mortalidade por desnutrição como causa básica de morte, de acordo com estatísticas vitais. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade anuais por 100 mil habitantes brutas, específicas por idade e sexo, e padronizadas por idade. Foi utilizado o método direto e a população de referência considerada foi a proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde 2000-2025. Foi realizada regressão linear segmentada ou por pontos de mudança. Resultados. Foi analisado um total de 26 200 registros de morte por desnutrição no período do estudo, que corresponde a 0,84% do total de mortes na Colômbia. A taxa de mortalidade no grupo de 0 a 4 anos foi de 9,9 por 100 mil habitantes, e nos de 85 anos ou mais, foi de 137 mortes por 100 mil habitantes. Todos os ajustes significativos na tendência do modelo foram negativos, o que indica uma redução nas taxas de mortalidade. A porcentagem de mudança anual foi significativa para o período 2007-2017, quando a taxa de mortalidade caiu 2,8% nos homens (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: -4,3--1,3) e 3,2% nas mulheres (IC95%: -5,0--1,4). Conclusões. A mortalidade por desnutrição na Colômbia é um evento de baixa prevalência em geral, mais elevada nos extremos do curso de vida e com tendência de queda, principalmente nas faixas etárias mais jovens e nas mulheres.

PSS Health: como calcular tamanho de amostra para testar relações de variáveis com um desfecho binário / PSS Health: how to calculate the sample size to test variables relationships with a binary outcome

Dando continuidade à série de artigos que pretendem orientar o usuário na utilização da ferramenta PSS Health para o planejamento de uma pesquisa, esta edição apresenta um passo a passo de como realizar o cálculo para tamanho de amostra e de quais informações são necessárias para testar relações estatísticas entre variáveis e um desfecho binário: comparação de proporções entre grupos independentes (dois ou mais), comparação de duas proporções dependentes e regressão logística. Todos os exemplos também são ilustrados e disponibilizados em vídeos no canal da Unidade de Bioestatística.

Following the series of articles that aim to guide the user in using the PSS Health tool for planning research, this issue presents a step-by-step guide on how to perform the sample size calculation and what information is needed to test statistical relationships between variables and a binary outcome: comparison of proportions between independent groups (two or more), comparison of two dependent proportions, and logistic regression. All examples are also illustrated and available in videos on the Biostatistics Unit's channel.

Fatores de risco para mortalidade em pacientes com doença falciforme: uma revisão integrativa / Factores de riesgo para la mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad falciforme: una revisión integradora / Risk factors for mortality in patients with sickle cell disease: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo Sumarizar fatores de risco e indicadores de mortalidade em pacientes com doença falciforme. Método Revisão integrativa em periódicos indexados nas bases de dados CINAHL, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct/SCOPUS, SciELO e Web of Science. A questão norteadora foi elaborada por meio da estratégia Population, variable, outcome (PVO). A busca ocorreu no portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior entre outubro e novembro de 2018. Resultados Dos 19 artigos, 18 eram coorte e um ensaio clínico randomizado. A amostra foi constituída, em sua maioria, pelo sexo feminino e genótipo HbSS. Se repetiram mais a taxa de mortalidade cumulativa e a curva de mortalidade global. Sete estudos identificaram fatores de risco com associação estatisticamente significativa para morte. Os mais frequentes foram o baixo nível de hemoglobina, variáveis hepáticas (enzimas fosfatase alcalina e transaminase glutâmico oxalacética) e cardiovasculares (velocidade de regurgitação da válvula tricúspide ≥ 2,5m/s). Conclusão e implicações para a prática Indicadores de mortalidade constituem ferramentas de manejo de pacientes com doença falciforme e prevenção de riscos e complicações. Há necessidade de estudos sobre os fatores relacionados à mortalidade desses pacientes. A prevenção do óbito, certamente, promoverá uma melhoria na qualidade de vida e na sobrevida dessa população.

RESUMEN Objetivo Resumir los factores de riesgo y los indicadores de mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad de células falciformes. Método revisión integradora de publicaciones en las bases de datos CINAHL, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct/SCOPUS, SciELO y Web of Science. La pregunta guía basada en Population, variable, outcome (PVO) conduciu la búsqueda en el Portal de revistas de la Coordinación de Mejoramiento de Personal de Nivel Superior, entre octubre-noviembre de 2018, con los descriptores anemia, sickle cell "and" mortality "and" survival y sus sinónimos. Resultados De 18/19 artículos son cohortes y un ensayo controlado aleatorio. La muestra consistió en mujeres y genotipo HbSS. La tasa de mortalidad acumulada y la curva de mortalidad general fueron más repetidas. Siete estudios identificaron factores de riesgo con asociación estadísticamente significativa con la muerte. Los más frecuentes fueron el bajo nivel de hemoglobina, variables hepáticas (fosfatasa alcalina y enzimas glutámicas transaminasas oxalacéticas) y variables cardiovasculares (velocidad de regurgitación de la válvula tricúspide ≥ 2.5m/s). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica Los indicadores de mortalidad son herramientas de manejo de los pacientes con esta enfermedad, la prevención de factores de riesgo y complicaciones. Hace necesidad de estudios sobre los factores relacionados con la mortalidad. La prevención de las muertes mejorará la calidad de vida y la supervivencia.

ABSTRACT Objective To summarize the risk factors and mortality indicators in sickle cell disease patients. Method Integrative review searched publications in journals in CINAHL, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct/SCOPUS, SciELO, and Web of Science databases. The guiding question was elaborated through the Population, Variable, Outcome (PVO) strategy and the search was from October-to-November 2018, at the Coordination of Higher Level Personnel Improvement Periodicals' Gate. The keywords anemia, sickle cell "and" mortality "and" survival and their synonyms were used. Results From 18/19 articles were cohort and one randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted mostly of females and HbSS genotype. The cumulative mortality rate and the overall mortality curve were the most repeated. Seven studies identified risk factors with a statistically significant association with death. The most frequent were low hemoglobin level, liver variables (alkaline phosphatase and oxalacetic glutamic transaminase enzymes) and cardiovascular variables (tricuspid valve regurgitation speed ≥ 2.5m/s). Conclusion and implications for practice Mortality indicators are tools for better management of sickle cell disease's patient, prevention of risks and complications. There is a need for further studies on the factors related to mortality of these patients. Preventing the causes that lead to death will certainly improve the quality of life and survival of this population.

Comportamiento de la mortalidad en la provincia Cienfuegos. 2013-2015 / Behavior of Mortality at the Cienfuegos Province. 2013-2015

RESUMEN Fundamento: Los datos sobre mortalidad son herramientas para evaluar el riesgo de muerte en una población y la repercusión de las enfermedades en la salud, por lo que constituyen información esencial para el análisis de la situación de salud y la vigilancia en salud pública. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de la mortalidad en la provincia Cienfuegos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, que analizó la totalidad de fallecidos (N=10 558) en el período 2013-2015, según variables clínico epidemiológicas seleccionadas. Los datos fueron obtenidos del sistema automatizado MortaPro y Mortagen, del departamento provincial de registros médicos y estadísticas de la Dirección Provincial de Salud. Se calcularon tasas trienales y la razón de masculinidad. Resultados: hubo un incremento de la mortalidad general en un 3,4 % en el período estudiado y una sobremortalidad masculina. El municipio con mayor tasa de mortalidad fue Cienfuegos, seguido por Cumanayagua y Cruces. Las muertes ocurrieron fundamentalmente en el domicilio. Las enfermedades del corazón, los tumores malignos y las enfermedades cerebrovasculares ocuparon las primeras causas de muerte, respectivamente. La mortalidad en el menor de un año estuvo relacionada con las afecciones originadas en el período perinatal y dentro de ellas las hemorragias intraventriculares. Las muertes maternas fueron por causas directas. Conclusión: en la provincia de Cienfuegos hubo un incremento de la mortalidad en el período estudiado. Las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles fueron las que mayor número de muertes aportaron, hecho que llama la atención sobre la necesidad de mantener la vigilancia sobre estas.

ABSTRACT Foundation: Data about mortality are tools to assess the risk of death in a population and the disease repercussion on health, therefore they constitute essential information for the analysis of the situation of health and surveillance in public health. Objective: to describe the behavior of mortality at the Cienfuegos province. Methods: cross-descriptive study which analyzed the total of deceased (N=10 558) in the period from 2013 to 2015, according the selected clinical- epidemiological variables. Data was obtained through the Automatic System MortaPro y Mortagen, at the Department of Medical Registration and Statistics of the Provincial Health Office. Triennial rates were calculated and the reason for masculinity. Results: there was an increase in general mortality by 3.4% in the period studied and a male over-mortality. The municipality with the highest mortality rate was Cienfuegos, followed by Cumanayagua and Cruces. The deaths occurred mainly at home. Heart diseases, malignant tumors and cerebrovascular diseases occupied the first causes of death, respectively. The mortality of children younger than a year was related to the conditions originated in the perinatal period and among them intra- ventricular hemorrhages. Maternal deaths were due to direct causes. Conclusion: in the province of Cienfuegos there was an increase in mortality in the period studied. Chronic, non-communicable diseases were those that contributed the greatest number of deaths, which draws attention to the need of maintaining vigilance over these

Normative anthropometry and proportions of the Kenyan-African face and comparative anthropometry in relation to African Americans and North American Whites / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: There is no normative craniofacial anthropometric data for the Kenyan-African population. The purpose of this investigation was to determine normative anthropometric craniofacial measurements and proportional relationships for Kenyans of African descent and to compare the data with African Americans (AA), North American Whites (NAW), and neoclassical canons. METHODS: Twenty-five direct facial anthropometric measurements, and 4 angular measurements, were taken on 72 Kenyan-African participants (age range 18–30 years) recruited at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The data were compared with AA and NAW populations, and neoclassical canons. Descriptive statistics of the variables were computed for the study population. RESULTS: Significant differences between both Kenyan males and females were detected in forehead height (~ 5 mm greater for males, ~ 4.5 mm for females), nasal height (reduced by ~ 4 mm in males, ~ 3 mm in females), nasal width (8–9 mm greater), upper lip height (> 3 mm), and eye width (greater by ~ 3 mm) compared to NAW subjects. All vertical measurements obtained were significantly different compared with NAW. Differences were observed in comparison with AA subjects, but less marked. Mouth width was similar in all groups. Angular measurements were variable. Neoclassical canons did not apply to the Kenyan population. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric measurements of NAW showed clear differences when compared with the Kenyan population, and variations exist with comparative AA data. The anthropometric data in terms of linear measurements, angular measurements, and proportional values described may serve as a database for facial analysis in the Kenyan-African population.

Ventajas del uso de estimaciones por intervalos para proporciones poblacionales / Advantages of the use of interval estimations for population proportions

En este trabajo los autores argumentan la necesidad de incluir el cálculo de estimaciones por intervalos para proporciones poblacionales. Se discute un ejemplo real donde se pone de manifiesto la insuficiencia del intervalo estándar para las proporciones, a pesar de su uso generalizado en las investigaciones. Se propone el uso del intervalo de Wilson (AU).

In this article, the authors argue the necessity of including the calculation of interval estimations for population proportions. A real example is discussed the insufficiency of the standard interval for proportions is stat, in spite of its generalized use in researches. The Wilson´s interval is proposed (AU).

AncestryPainter: A Graphic Program for Displaying Ancestry Composition of Populations and Individuals / 基因组蛋白质组与生物信息学报·英文版

Ancestry composition of populations and individuals has been extensively investigated in recent years due to advances in the genotyping and sequencing technologies. As the number of populations and individuals used for ancestry inference increases remarkably, say more than 100 populations or 1000 individuals, it is usually challenging to present the ancestry composition in a traditional way using a rectangular graph. To address this issue, we developed a program, AncestryPainter, which can illustrate the ancestry composition of populations and individuals with a rounded and nice-looking graph to save space. Individuals are depicted as length-fixed bars partitioned into colored segments representing different ancestries, and the population of interest can be highlighted as a pie chart in the center of the circle plot. In addition, AncestryPainter can also be applied to display personal ancestry in a way similar to that for displaying population ancestry. AncestryPainter is publicly available at http://www.picb.ac.cn/PGG/resource.php.

Crescents proportion no lower than 14％ were significantly associated with renal function and outcomes of IgA nephropathy patients / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To explore the clinicopathological features and outcomes of IgA nephropathy patients with different proportions of crescents.Methods A total of 270 patients who were diagnosed as IgA nephropathy by renal biopsies from January 2010 to December 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University were enrolled.All patients were divided into 3 groups according to the optimal cutoff level of crescents proportion in the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) as follows:0％,＜ 14％;≥ 14％.The endpoint was defined as the doubling of baseline serum creatinine (Scr) and/or end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression model were used to analyze the renal survival among three groups.Results One hundred and four patients (38.5％) without any crescents;84 patients (31.1％) with crescents proportion ＜ 14％ and 82 patients (31.4％) with crescents proportion ≥14％.Patients with crescents proportion ≥14％ group were older and had higher level of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure,24-hour urine protein and serum uric acid level;more patients treated with RAS blocker,glucocorticoid and immunotherapy,but lower eGFR,hemoglobin and serum albumin level than those with crescents proportion ＜ 14％.Compared with those without crescents and crescent proportion ＜ 14％,patients with crescent proportion ≥ 14％ also had higher proportion of global glomerulosclerosis,more endocapillary hypercellularity and severe tubulointerstitial lesions,higher degree of IgA and C3 depositions in renal.24-hour proteinuria,serum uric acid level,low hemoglobin level,endocapillary hypercellularity and renal C3 depositions were risk factors for crescents formation.Patients were followed-up for a median of (31.7±21.0) months,and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that renal survival rate was significantly lower in patients with crescents proportion ≥ 14％ compared with other groups (P=0.001).But there was no significant difference between no crescent group and crescents proportion ＜ 14％ group.However,multivariate Cox analysis showed no significant difference between crescents proportion and renal survival.Conclusion Crescents proportion is associated with higher risk of renal function and renal progression.

Proportions of the aesthetic African-Caribbean face: idealized ratios, comparison with the golden proportion and perceptions of attractiveness / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: In the absence of clear guidelines for facial aesthetic surgery, most surgeons rely on expert intuitive judgement when planning aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. One of the most famous theories regarding “ideal” facial proportions is that of the golden proportion. However, there are conflicting opinions as to whether it can be used to assess facial attractiveness. The aim of this investigation was to assess facial ratios of professional black models and to compare the ratios with the golden proportion. METHODS: Forty photographs of male and female professional black models were collected. Observers were asked to assign a score from 1 to 10 (1 = not very attractive, 10 = very attractive). A total of 287 responses were analysed for grading behaviour according to various demographic factors by two groups of observers. The best graded photographs were compared with the least well-graded photographs to identify any differences in their facial ratios. The models’ facial ratios were calculated and compared with the golden proportion. RESULTS: Differences in grading behaviour were observed amongst the two assessment groups. Only one out of the 12 facial ratios was not significantly different from the golden proportion. CONCLUSIONS: Only one facial ratio was observed to be similar to the golden proportion in professional model facial photographs. No correlation was found between facial ratios in professional black models with the golden proportion. It is proposed that an individualistic treatment for each ratio is a rather better method to guide future practice.

Biometría de dientes anteriores en mestizos: proporción largo/ancho intradental / Biometry of anterior teeth in mestizos: intradental long / wide ratio

Las proporciones largo/ancho intradental han sido propuestas en más de once diferentes modelos a la fecha pero no se han estudiando en población mestiza Colombiana. Se utilizaron modelos de agrupamiento jerárquico (K-Means) para entender cual explica mejor la distribución de los datos. También se analizaron co-variables de sexo, edad y atrición leve para evaluar su influencia sobre la distribución general. Fueron utilizadas fotografías estandarizadas de dientes anteriores de 274 individuos de ambos sexos con dientes completamente erupcionados y sanos. Las mediciones fueron realizadas con programas informáticos calibrados (error de 0,05 mm). Se utilizó la prueba Chi Cuadrado para demostrar que las co-variables el sexo (valor de p= 0,09), edad (valor de p= 0,54) y atrición leve (valor de p= 0,32) no tuvieron impacto en la distribución de las proporciones dentales. Con respecto al análisis de conglomerados a través de las K-Means, se identificaron dos grupos diferenciados en toda la muestra: proporciones verticales (dientes mas largos) y proporciones horizontales (dientes mas anchos). Un tercer grupo solapado entre las dos tendencias lo denominamos de proporciones balanceadas. No hay un modelo de proporción intradental universal que pueda describir toda la población, pero fue posible encontrar un conjunto de modelos para los diferentes subgrupos de población. Los ideales estéticos se encuentran en abierta interpretación. Los patrones absolutos son imprácticos en biología ya que no predicen la complejidad de esta.

The intradental length / width ratios have been proposed in more than eleven different models to date. However they have not been studied in the Colombian Mestizo population. Hierarchical clustering models (K-Means) were used to understand which best explains the distribution of the data. Co-variables of sex, age, and mild attrition were also analyzed to assess their influence on overall distribution. Standardized photographs of anterior teeth of 274 individuals of both sexes with fully erupted and healthy teeth were used. Measurements were taken with calibrated software (error of 0.05 mm). Chi square test was used to show that the co-variables sex (p value = 0.09), age (p value = 0.54) and mild attrition (p value = 0.32) had no impact In the distribution of dental proportions. With respect to the analysis of conglomerates through the K-Means, two distinct groups were identified throughout the sample: Vertical proportions (longer teeth) and horizontal proportions (wider teeth). A third group overlapping the two trends we called balanced proportions. There is no universal intraday proportion model that can describe the entire population, but it was possible to find a set of models for different population subgroups. Aesthetic ideals are in open interpretation. Absolute patterns are impractical in biology because they do not predict the complexity of biology.

Referencias argentinas para la evaluación de proporciones corporales desde el nacimiento hasta los 17 años / Argentine references for the assessment of body proportions from birth to 17 years of age

Introducción. La alteración de las proporciones corporales puede ser indicativa de enfermedad esquelética, por lo cual su detección resulta de gran utilidad clínica. Objetivos. Estimar los centilos de los índices perímetro cefálico/estatura (PC/E) y estatura sentada/estatura (ES/E), y evaluar su utilidad diagnóstica en un grupo de niños con displasia esquelética. Métodos. Los centilos 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 y 97 de ES/E y PC/E fueron estimados por el método LMS, que utiliza la transformación Box-Cox para normalizar la distribución de los datos a cada edad. Se aplicaron los tests Q-Q plot para evaluar la normalidad de los residuos y el Q test para evaluar la bondad de ajuste. Resultados. La muestra incluyó 4818 niñas y 4803 niños sanos de 0 a 17 años de edad. La mediana del índice ES/E para la edad cayó desde valores de 0,67 al nacer hasta 0,57 a los 4 años. A los 12 años, alcanzó valores de 0,52 y 0,53 para varones y mujeres, respectivamente, y se mantuvo así hasta los 17 años de edad. La mediana del índice PC/E cayó desde 0,45 a los 6 años hasta 0,34 a los 17 años de edad en ambos sexos. Los puntajes Z del ES/E en 20 niños con diagnóstico de hipocondroplasia mostraronmejor la desproporción corporal que la utilización del índice ES/E no ajustado por edad. Conclusiones. Los centilos estimados de PC/E y ES/E muestran que, en el período prepuberal, ocurren los mayores cambios en las proporciones corporales. Estas referencias facilitan una detección más temprana de desproporción corporal en niños con displasia esquelética.

Introduction. Abnormal body proportions may indicate skeletal disorders; therefore, their detection has great clinical significance. Objectives.To estimate centiles for head circumference/height (HC/H) and sitting height/height (SH/H) ratios, and assess their diagnostic usefulness among a group of children with skeletal dysplasia. Methods. Centiles 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 97 for HC/H and SH/H ratios were estimated with the LMS method using Box-Cox transformation to normalize data distribution for each age. Q-Q plot tests were applied to evaluate normality of residuals and the Q test to calculate goodness-of-fit. Results. The sample included 4818 girls and 4803 boys, all healthy, between 0-17 years old. The median of the SH/H ratio for each age decreased from 0.67 at birth to 0.57 at age 4. At 12 years of age, values reached 0.52 and 0.53 for males and females, respectively, remaining unchanged until age 17. The median of the HC/H ratio decreased from 0.45 at 6 years old to 0.34 at 17 years old for both sexes. Z-scores for SH/H among 20 children diagnosed with hypochondroplasia were better at showing abnormal proportions than the SH/H ratio not adjusted by age. Conclusions.Estimated centiles for HC/H and SH/H ratios show that the most dramatic changes in body proportions occur in the prepubertal period. These references allow an earlier detection of abnormal body proportions in children with skeletal dysplasia.

Anthropometric Evaluation of Facial Dimensions in Population of Western Maharashtra

Objective The present study was carried out to evaluate an average ratio between specific soft tissue parameters of the face among the young adult population of Karad, Maharashtra. The soft tissue parameters gauged in the present study are inner canthal distance, outer canthal distance, alar base width and distance between the corners of the mouth. Rationale The average ratio of soft tissue parameters of the face can act as a guideline for effective treatment of teeth and dento facial structures as well as soft tissue outlines. Materials and Methods 1,786 young adults aged between 18 and 20 years from Karad city were initially screened, out of which 1,000 were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria. The fronto-facial photographs of the selected subjects were captured using a digital camera. The selected facial soft tissue parameters were digitally measured, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Result The values of the parameters measured were marginally more in males; however, the ratio among the parameters was similar in both the sexes. The average ratio between the inner canthal distance, alar base width and distance between corners of the mouth was found to be 1:1.3:1.7, and the average ratio between the outer canthal distance, alar base width and distance between the corners of the mouth was found to be 2.3:1:1.3. Conclusion The different parts of the human face exist in certain proportions. Establishing the ratio between these parameters is important to facilitate proper diagnosis and treatment planning for the specific population.

Mestizo anterior teeth's proportions / Proporciones de los dientes anteriores en una población mestiza

Teeth proportions relate to beauty and harmony but aesthetic dental ideal proportion models show inconsistent results. Golden Proportion´s, Preston's, Fayyad's, Snow's, and Ward's models where characterized for best fit in a Colombian mestizo population anterior teeth. Models of teeth´s beauty proportions (Golden Proportion´s, Preston's, Fayyad's, Snow's, and Ward') are analyzed for best fit in a mestizo (mixed race) Colombian population and variables as sex, aesthetic balance or history of previous orthodontic treatments were also analyzed for their probable impact on the distribution of the dental proportions. It was used standardized photographs of anterior teeth on 351 individuals of both sexes with complete erupted and healthy teeth. The measurements were done by calibrated computer software (error of 0.05 mm). A Chi squared test was used to check whether sex, aesthetic balance and previous orthodontic treatment had an impact on the distribution of the dental proportions. Also a nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used to analysis the null hypothesis. A cluster analysis using k means was carried out to search for subgroups, which better explain the distribution of anterior dental proportions in the sample. For the considered results the null hypothesis of the mean equaling to the Golden Proportion was rejected (Wilcoxon test p value <0.001). For the whole population, the Chi squared test did not reject the null hypothesis of equal proportions among the groups with respect to the sex (p value= 0.56), aesthetic balance (p value= 0.98) and history of previous orthodontic treatments (p value= 0.67) variables. For the aesthetically balanced individuals, the Chi squared test also failed to reject the null hypothesis of equal proportions among the groups with respect to the sex (p value= 0.63) and history of previous orthodontic treatments (p value= 0.93) variables. Two Gaussian distributions were found for RED models fitting well in 58 % for RED 70 % (0.7 SD 0.03) and 42 % for RED 75 (0.75 SD 0.025). From the cluster analysis using k means, two groups were identified in the whole sample. No universal model can describe the whole population but is possible to find a set of models for the different population subgroups. Aesthetically ideals are open to interpretation. Clinical aesthetically standards for ideal teeth proportions are open to interpretation in a mestizo (mixed raced) population.

Las proporciones de los dientes se refieren a su belleza y armonía, pero los modelos de proporciones dentales estéticas ideales muestran resultados inconsistentes. La proporción Aurea y los modelos de Preston, Fayyad, Snow, y Ward fueron ajustados para caracterizar los dientes de una población colombiana mestiza. Modelos de proporciones de belleza de dientes (Proporción Aurea, Modelos de Preston, Fayyad, Snow y Ward) se analizaron para lograr alcanzar el mejor ajuste en una población colombiana mestiza (mezcla de razas), y también se analizaron las variables de sexo, equilibrio estético e historia de tratamientos de ortodoncia previos para evaluar su probable impacto sobre la distribución de las proporciones dentales consideradas. Fueron utilizadas fotografías estandarizadas de dientes anteriores de 351 individuos de ambos sexos con dientes completamente erupcionados y sanos. Las mediciones fueron realizadas con programas informáticos calibrados (error de 0,05 mm). Se utilizó la prueba Chi Cuadrado para comprobar si el sexo, el equilibrio estético y el tratamiento ortodóncico previo tuvieron un impacto en la distribución de las proporciones dentales. También se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para el análisis de la hipótesis nula. Un análisis de conglomerados, utilizando la media k, se llevó a cabo para buscar subgrupos, que explicaron mejor la distribución de proporciones dentales anteriores en la muestra. Para que los resultados fueran considerados, la hipótesis nula de la media que equivale a la proporción áurea fue rechazada (Prueba de Wilcoxon, valor p <0,001). Para toda la población, la prueba de Chi Cuadrado no rechazó la hipótesis nula de proporciones iguales entre los grupos con respecto al sexo (valor de p= 0,56), equilibrio estético (valor de p= 0,98) y la historia de tratamientos de ortodoncia previos ( valor de p= 0,67). Para los individuos estéticamente balanceados, la prueba de Chi Cuadrado tampocó rechazó la hipótesis nula de proporciones iguales entre los grupos con respecto a las variables de sexo (valor p= 0,63) y la historia de los tratamientos de ortodoncia anteriores (valor p= 0,93). Se encontraron dos distribuciones gaussianas para los modelos RED que encajaron bien en el 58% para RED 70 % (0,7 DE 0,03) y el 42 % para RED 75 (0,75 DE 0,025). Con respecto al análisis de los conglomerados a través de las medias k, se identificaron dos grupos en toda la muestra. No hay un modelo universal que pueda describir toda la población, pero es posible encontrar un conjunto de modelos para los diferentes subgrupos de población. Los ideales estéticamente están abiertos a interpretación. Las normas clínicas de estética para dientes con proporciones ideales están abiertos a interpretación en una población mestiza.

Vertical and horizontal facial proportions of Indian American men / 대한해부학회지

The importance of understanding all gender facial differences is critical in providing a successful cosmetic outcome. Men are a growing segment of the cosmetic industry. Understanding of the male face and its appropriate treatment with minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are essential. The aim was to investigate various facial ratios in Indian American men and to compare them with the Indian and Caucasian norms. Additionally, we wanted to evaluate whether these values satisfy golden and silver ratios. Direct facial anthropometric measurements were made using a digital caliper in 100 Indian American men students (18-30 years) at the American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua. A set of facial ratios were calculated and compared with coefficients of variation (CV). Most of the facial ratios had small CV thus making them highly reliable due to reduced intra-sample variability. The upper face to face height and mandibulo upper face height indices were close to golden ratios whereas mandibulo lower face height, upper face height biocular width, and nasal indices were close to silver ratios. There was significant difference in most of the values when compared with previous studies. The present facial ratios data can be used as a reference value for Indian American men.

Golden proportions as predictors of attractiveness and malocclusion.

Objective: In recent years, the golden proportions have been evaluated by various researchers in the general population and orthodontic patients to establish their correlation with facial attractiveness and esthetics, but with conflicting results. The present study aimed to analyze the frontal facial golden proportions for three groups of young adult females, an attractive group, and two malocclusion groups. Our null hypothesis stated that the golden proportions of attractive females were analogous with or closer to the golden number than those with an established malocclusion. Materials and Methods: Frontal facial photographs of 80 female dental students were scored for facial attractiveness by 10 dental specialists. Thirty females with scores greater than the median score of 48 formed the attractive group. Thirteen females with Class I malocclusion and 15 females with Class II division 1 malocclusion formed the two malocclusion groups. Ten landmarks and 19 golden proportions were calculated for all subjects. One‑way ANOVA and unpaired Student’s t‑test was used to analyze the differences in golden proportions between the attractive and malocclusion groups. Results: Significant differences were observed for 10 proportions (P < 0.04 to < 0.0001). Five vertical proportions showed significant differences in both subgroups; Attractive versus Class I and Attractive versus Class II division 1; while one vertical and all transverse proportions showed significant differences only in Attractive versus Class II division 1 subgroup. The average values of these proportions varied both toward and away from the golden number for both attractive and malocclusion groups. Conclusion: Facial proportions of the attractive females were significantly different from those with malocclusion, but did not show a constant trend of being closer to the golden number. Furthermore, the golden proportions were not analogous with the facial esthetics of the attractive females.

Trends in incidence of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas in Chongqing city over the past 30 years / 重庆医学

Objective To describe the time trend of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas in Chongqing of China in the past 30 years .Methods The medical records of all patients who underwent gastroscopy from Janaury 1983 to December 2012 at the Southwest hospital were reviewed .The rate of endoscopic detection and proportion of adenocarcinoma in all upper gastrointestinal tumors (esophageal adenocarcinoma ,esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ,gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and gastric non-cardiac ad-enocarcinoma) were compiled and serial comparisons were made .Results 435 829 patients who underwent gastroscopy were re-viewed .Totally ,there were 352 patients with esophageal adenocarcinomas(0 .08% ) ,10 301 with esophageal squamous cell carcino-mas(2 .40% ) ,3 058 with gastric cardia adenocarcinomas(0 .70% ) and 5 543 with gastric non-cardiac adenocarcinomas(1 .30% ) .O-ver the 30-year period ,the rate of endoscopic detection of esophageal adenocarcinomas did not show a statistically significant .How-ever ,the proportion of esophageal adenocarcinomas increased from 1 .90% to 3 .20% ,suggesting an increased proportions .The rate of endoscopic detection of gastric cardia adenocarcinomas increased from 0 .70% to 0 .81% and the proportions of gastric cardia ade-nocarcinomas increased from 25 .30% to 38 .30% .Conclusion Over the 30-year period ,it seems that the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma had increased .An increasing trend of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma is also observed in this study ,especially in male patients .