Effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on chronic ankle instability / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on chronic ankle instability (CAI). MethodsFrom April, 2016 to December, 2021, 48 patients with CAI were randomly divided into control group (n = 24) and observation group (n = 24). Both groups accepted routine rehabilitation, and the observation group accepted proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation additionally, for eight weeks. They were assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), peak torque to body weight of ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors (AD/W, AP/W), Y Balance Test (YBT) and Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) before and after treatment. ResultsAfter treatment, VAS score, AD/W, AP/W, YBT and FADI improved in the observation group (|t| > 2.208, P < 0.05), while VAS score and AP/W improved in the control group (|t| > 2.156, P < 0.05); and all the VAS score, AD/W, AP/W, YBT and FADI were better in the observation group than in the control group (|t| > 2.067, P < 0.05). ConclusionProprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation can effectively relieve the pain of patients with CAI, and increase the muscle strength around the ankle, to improve the stability and balance.

Comparative effect of different neuromuscular exercises on pain and motor function of knee in patients with early knee osteoarthritis / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular training methods on pain and motor ability of knee in patients with early knee osteoarthritis (KOA) . MethodsFrom November, 2022 to May, 2023, 60 early KOA patients from Beijing Bo'ai Hospital and community were randomly divided into groups A, B and C, with 20 patients in each group. Group A received proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), group B received neuromuscular exercise (NEMEX), and group C received PNF and NEMEX, for six weeks. They were assessed with Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VAS), angle reappearance test, difference of pre-motor reaction time (VM-VL), active range of motion (AROM) of knee flexion, 10-meter walk test (10MWT), and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) before and after treatment. ResultsAll the indexes improved in all the groups after treatment (|t| > 2.532, P < 0.05). Among the groups, the VAS score was the least in group A, and then groups C and B; the angle reappearance error was the least in group C, and similar in groups A and B; the VM-VL was the least in groups A and C, followed by group B. ConclusionPNF, NEMEX and PNF+NEMEX can relieve the pain and improve the motor function of knee in patients with early KOA, however, PNF is the most effective on relieving pain, and PNF+NEMEX is the most effective on improving knee function.

Combining extracorporeal shock wave treatment with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation can improve the lower limb motor function of stroke survivors with foot drop / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To observe any effect of combining extracorporeal shock wave stimulation with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the lower limb motor function of stroke survivors with foot drop.Methods:Thirty-six stroke survivors with foot drop were randomly divided into an extracorporeal shock wave group, a PNF group and a combination group, each of 12. The extracorporeal shock wave group and PNF group were given those therapies alone, while the combination group was provided with both. The extracorporeal shock wave therapy protocol was 2000 times on each muscle at an intensity of 2.5 bar and a frequency of 10Hz, twice a week for 4 weeks, while the PNF was provided at least 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Before and after the intervention, all of the participants were evaluated using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), the 10-metre walk test (10 MWT) and the Fugl-Meyer lower limb motor function scale (FMA). Active range of the ankle joint and toe out angle were also observed.Results:After the intervention the lower limb muscle tone had decreased significantly in 8 of the PNF group members and in 9 of those in the extracorporeal shock wave group, but it has decreased significantly in all 12 members of the combination group. And the average magnitude of the improvement was also significantly greater in the combination group than in the other two groups. Moreover, significant differences were observed in the active range of the ankle joint after the treatment in the combination group, but not in the other two groups. After the intervention the average 10 MWT times and FMA scores of the PNF and combination groups had improved significantly, but not those of the extracorporeal shock wave group, but significant improvement in toe out angles was observed in all three groups, though the average improvement in the combination group was significantly greater than in the other 2 groups.Conclusion:Combining extracorporeal shock waves with PNF can effectively improve the lower limb motor function of stroke survivors with foot drop.

Effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation rope training and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper limb motor function of stroke patients with hemiplegia / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of combination of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) rope training and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on upper limb motor function of stroke patients with hemiplegia. MethodsFrom March, 2021 to February, 2022, 90 stroke inpatients with hemiplegia in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were divided into control group (n = 30), rope group (n = 30) and combination group (n = 30) randomly. All the groups received routine rehabilitation, while the control group received routine PNF training, the rope group received PNF rope training, and the combination group received PNF rope training and rTMS, for four weeks. They were assessed with Functional Test for the Hemiplegic Upper Extremity-Hong Kong version (FTHUE-HK), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment. ResultsThe scores of FTHUE-HK, FMA-UE and MBI increased in all the three groups after treatment (t > 2.167, P < 0.05), and they were more in the combination group than in the rope group (P < 0.05), and in the rope group than in the control group (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe combination of PNF rope training and rTMS is more effective on motor function of upper limbs of stroke patients with hemiplegia than PNF training alone.

Impacts of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on flexibility in chinese boxing athletes / Impactos da facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva na flexibilidade dos atletas de boxe chinês / Impactos de la facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva en la flexibilidad de los atletas de boxeo chino

ABSTRACT Introduction: Flexibility is one of the essential physical qualities of athletes and Chinese boxing. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching is an effective method to improve flexibility. This method is widely used in various sports. Objective: Analyze the practical effects of stretching by proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on Chinese boxing athletes. Methods: This work selected 12 male athletes as research subjects. The athletes were randomly divided into two groups. Flexibility in one group of athletes trained with PNF stretching. Another group of athletes underwent regular training. Mathematical statistics were used to process the flexibility data of the two groups. Results: There were significant differences in the maximum linear velocity in the ankle joint and in the maximum linear velocity in the knee joint between the athletes after training with the experimental stretching (P<0.05). Conclusion: This paper concludes that the application of stretching method with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation can improve the flexibility of athletes. The research results of this paper provide background for flexibility training in competition and teaching. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A flexibilidade é uma das qualidades físicas essenciais dos atletas e boxe chinês. O alongamento por facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva é um método eficaz para melhorar a flexibilidade. Este método é amplamente utilizado em vários esportes. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos práticos do alongamento pela facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva sobre os atletas de boxe chinês. Métodos: Este trabalho seleciona 12 atletas masculinos como objetos de pesquisa. Os atletas foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Flexibilidade em um grupo de atletas treinados com o alongamento PNF. Outro grupo de atletas foi submetido a treinamento regular. Foram utilizadas estatísticas matemáticas para processar os dados de flexibilidade dos dois grupos. Resultados: Houve diferenças significativas na velocidade linear máxima da articulação do tornozelo e na velocidade linear máxima na articulação do joelho entre os atletas após o treinamento com o alongamento experimental (P<0,05). Conclusão: Este artigo conclui que a aplicação do método de alongamento com facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva pode melhorar a flexibilidade dos atletas. Os resultados da pesquisa deste trabalho fornecem embasamento para o treinamento de flexibilidade em competições e ensino. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La flexibilidad es una de las cualidades físicas esenciales de los atletas y del boxeo chino. Los estiramientos de facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva son un método eficaz para mejorar la flexibilidad. Este método se utiliza ampliamente en varios deportes. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos prácticos de los estiramientos mediante facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva en atletas de boxeo chino. Métodos: En este trabajo se seleccionaron 12 atletas masculinos como sujetos de investigación. Los atletas fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Flexibilidad en un grupo de atletas entrenados con estiramientos PNF. Otro grupo de atletas fue sometido a un entrenamiento regular. Se utilizaron estadísticas matemáticas para procesar los datos de flexibilidad de los dos grupos. Resultados: Hubo diferencias significativas en la velocidad lineal máxima de la articulación del tobillo y en la velocidad lineal máxima en la articulación de la rodilla entre los atletas después del entrenamiento con el estiramiento experimental (P<0,05). Conclusión: Este trabajo concluye que la aplicación del método de estiramiento con facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva puede mejorar la flexibilidad de los atletas. Los resultados de la investigación de este trabajo proporcionan una base para el entrenamiento de la flexibilidad en las competiciones y la enseñanza. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of lower limb flexibility exercise on aerobic gymnastics performance / Impactos do exercício de flexibilidade para membros inferiores sobre o desempenho da ginástica aeróbica / Impactos del ejercicio de flexibilidad para los miembros inferiores en el rendimiento de la gimnasia aeróbica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aerobic gymnastics is a sport that involves a sense of beauty, rhythm and dance, with high artistic expressiveness, characteristics that have favored a strong population adherence. It is believed that the specific flexibility exercise can add a greater visual impact to their artistic movements, raising their competitive performance. Objective: Verify the impacts of lower limb flexibility exercise on the performance of aerobics athletes. Methods: Six aerobics athletes were selected to perform an 8-week experiment, adopting the PNF methodology for training. The impacts on lower limb flexibility were measured before and after the experiment, these data were analyzed and studied statistically. Results: The results of the long jump in the physical quality index of the athletes increased by 0.1209 m; the added value in the two-minute, 10-m backstroke test was 1.46. The movement performance indexes showed expressive increases: flexion increased by 2.62; right angle support increased by 0.78; split leg jump increased by 1.95; standing jump with eyes closed and the foot balance quality index was 4.63. Conclusion: Lower limb flexibility exercise can positively impact the performance of aerobic gymnastics athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A ginástica aeróbica é um esporte que envolve senso de beleza, ritmo e dança, com alta expressividade artística, características que favoreceram uma forte adesão populacional. Acredita-se que o exercício específico de flexibilidade possa adicionar um maior impacto visual aos seus movimentos artísticos, elevando o desempenho competitivo. Objetivo: Verificar os impactos do exercício de flexibilidade dos membros inferiores sobre o desempenho dos atletas de aeróbica. Métodos: Seis atletas de aeróbica foram selecionados para realizar uma experiência de 8 semanas, adotando a metodologia PNF para o treinamento. Os impactos sobre a flexibilidade dos membros inferiores foram aferidos antes e depois do experimento, esses dados foram analisados e estudados estatisticamente. Resultados: Os resultados do salto em distância no índice de qualidade física dos atletas aumentaram em 0,1209 m; o valor agregado no teste de dois minutos e 10 m de recuo foi de 1,46. Os índices de desempenho do movimento apresentaram aumentos expressivos: de flexão teve um aumento de 2,62; apoio em ângulo reto aumentou 0,78; salto de pernas divididas aumentou 1,95; salto de pé com os olhos fechados e o índice de qualidade de equilíbrio dos pés foi de 4,63. Conclusão: O exercício de flexibilidade para membros inferiores pode impactar positivamente o desempenho dos atletas de ginástica aeróbica. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La gimnasia aeróbica es un deporte que envuelve un sentido de belleza, ritmo y danza, con alta expresividad artística, características que favorecieron una fuerte adhesión de la población. Se cree que el ejercicio específico de la flexibilidad puede agregar un mayor impacto visual a sus movimientos artísticos, elevando el desempeño competitivo. Objetivo: Verificar los impactos del ejercicio de flexibilidad de los miembros inferiores en el desempeño de atletas de aeróbica. Métodos: Seis atletas de aeróbic fueron seleccionados para realizar un experimento de 8 semanas, adoptando la metodología PNF para el entrenamiento. Los impactos en la flexibilidad de los miembros inferiores fueron medidos antes y después del experimento, estos datos fueron analizados y estudiados estadísticamente. Resultados: Los resultados del salto de longitud en el índice de la calidad física de los atletas aumentaron en 0,1209 m; el valor añadido en la prueba de dos minutos y 10 m de espalda fue de 1,46. Los índices de rendimiento de movimiento mostraron aumentos expresivos: de flexión tuvo un aumento de 2,62; apoyo en ángulo recto aumentó 0,78; salto de pierna dividida aumentó 1,95; salto de pie con los ojos cerrados y el índice de calidad de equilibrio de los pies fue de 4,63. Conclusión: El ejercicio de flexibilidad de los miembros inferiores puede influir positivamente en el rendimiento de los atletas de gimnasia aeróbica. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of the pnf technique on flexibility and strength in martial arts athletes / Impactos da técnica pnf sobre flexibilidade e força em atletas de artes marciais / Impacto de la técnica pnf sobre la flexibilidad y la fuerza en atletas de artes marciales

ABSTRACT Introduction: Joint flexibility and muscle strength play a vital role in the training process of martial arts athletes. The proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) technique encourages the neural receptors, through the application of manual resistances, in the gain of functional range of motion and stability to its patients. It is believed that this technique can be adapted to the sports environment. Objective: Evaluate the impact of stretching using the PNF technique on martial arts athletes' flexibility and muscle strength. Methods: Through a controlled experiment, 100 martial arts athletes, without significant differences, were selected as experimental subjects, and randomly divided into two groups for a 4-week experiment. The experimental group added a protocol with PNF stretching exercises in the training, while the control group performed the usual training without interventions. Indicators of flexibility, functional activities, and strength were measured before and after the intervention, compared, and statistically analyzed. Results: Joint flexibility with the shoulder rotation test evolved from 21.88±5.71 to 19.22±5.94, and the left and right division was from 16.90±5.36 to 10.57±3.75; as for muscle strength, the flexor peak moment elevated from 210.36±51.18 to 251.37± 45.72, and flexor power had a gain from 111.76±30.63 to 135.20±2,.42. The extensor peak moment also showed expressive evolutions from 179.47±43.96 to 221.52±33.60. Conclusion: The PNF stretching exercise technique effectively optimizes martial arts athletes' joint flexibility and muscle strength. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A flexibilidade articular e a força muscular desempenham um papel vital no processo de treinamento dos atletas de artes marciais. A técnica de facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva (PNF) incentiva os receptores neurais, através da aplicação de resistências manuais, no ganho da amplitude de movimento funcional e da estabilidade aos seus pacientes. Acredita-se que essa técnica possa ser adaptada ao meio esportivo. Objetivo: Avaliar os impactos do alongamento utilizando a técnica de PNF sobre a flexibilidade e a força muscular dos atletas de artes marciais. Métodos: Através de um experimento controlado, 100 atletas de artes marciais, sem diferenças significativas, foram selecionados como objetos experimentais, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos para um experimento de 4 semanas. Ao grupo experimental foi adicionado um protocolo com exercícios de alongamento PNF no treinamento, enquanto o grupo de controle efetuou o treinamento habitual sem intervenções. Indicadores de flexibilidade, atividades funcionais e força foram aferidos antes e depois da intervenção, comparados e analisados estatisticamente. Resultados: A flexibilidade articular com o teste de giro do ombro evoluiu de 21,88±5,71 para 19,22±5,94, sendo a divisão esquerda e direita de 16,90±5,36 para 10,57±3,75; quanto a força muscular, o momento de pico do flexor elevou-se de 210,36±51,18 para 251,37± 45,72, e a potência do flexor teve um ganho de 111,76±30.63 para 135,20±2,.42. O momento de pico do extensor também demonstrou evoluções expressivas de 179,47±43,96 para 221,52±33,60. Conclusão: O exercício de alongamento com a técnica PNF demonstrou ser efetivo em otimizar a flexibilidade articular e a força muscular dos atletas de artes marciais. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La flexibilidad articular y la fuerza muscular desempeñan un papel vital en el proceso de entrenamiento de los atletas de artes marciales. La técnica de facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva (FNP) estimula los receptores neurales, a través de la aplicación de resistencias manuales, en la ganancia de rango funcional de movimiento y estabilidad a sus pacientes. Se cree que esta técnica puede adaptarse al ámbito deportivo. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los estiramientos con la técnica PNF en la flexibilidad y fuerza muscular de atletas de artes marciales. Métodos: A través de un experimento controlado, 100 atletas de artes marciales, sin diferencias significativas, fueron seleccionados como sujetos experimentales, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos para un experimento de 4 semanas. Al grupo experimental se le añadió un protocolo con ejercicios de estiramiento PNF en el entrenamiento, mientras que el grupo de control realizó el entrenamiento habitual sin intervenciones. Se midieron indicadores de flexibilidad, actividades funcionales y fuerza antes y después de la intervención, se compararon y se analizaron estadísticamente. Resultados: La flexibilidad articular con la prueba de rotación del hombro evolucionó de 21,88±5,71 a 19,22±5,94, siendo la división izquierda y derecha de 16,90±5,36 a 10,57±3,75; en cuanto a la fuerza muscular, el momento pico flexor se elevó de 210,36±51,18 a 251,37± 45,72, y la potencia flexora tuvo una ganancia de 111,76±30,63 a 135,20±2,, 42. El momento máximo del extensor también mostró evoluciones expresivas de 179,47±43,96 a 221,52±33,60. Conclusión: El ejercicio de estiramiento con técnica PNF demostró ser eficaz para optimizar la flexibilidad articular y la fuerza muscular de los atletas de artes marciales. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Relief of sports fatigue after marathon races by pnf stretching / Alívio da fadiga esportiva após corridas de maratona por alongamento pnf / Alivio de la fatiga deportiva tras carreras de maratón mediante estiramientos pnf

ABSTRACT Introduction: Marathon running requires stretching practices to relieve fatigue after exercise. The Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) technique is an advanced stretching technique that allows segmenting of a specific muscle group for simultaneous stretching and strengthening. Objective: This paper explores the effect of PNF stretching exercise on relieving sports fatigue after marathon races. Methods: In this paper, 160 marathon runners were selected for the experiment, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed the PNF stretching exercise, while the control group remained with traditional stretching without any new intervention. Fatigue was assessed according to the heart rate, collected before, during, and after the experiment. Results: After nine weeks of PNF stretching training, the heart rate in the experimental group changed from 65.35 to 62.46 in the morning; during training, the group's heart rate changed from 180.79 to 173.04; after recovery, the first group's heart rate changed from 82.88 to 81.88. In the control group, the heart rate of the group also showed changes from 65.29 to 68.86 in the morning; during training, it changed from 180.7 to 175.49; and after recovery, from 86.23 to 88.4. Conclusion: PNF stretching exercise has a positive effect on relieving sports fatigue after marathon races. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A corrida de maratona requer práticas de alongamento para aliviar a fadiga após o exercício. A técnica de Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (PNF) é uma técnica avançada de alongamento que permite segmentar um grupo muscular específico, para alongamento e fortalecimento simultâneos. Objetivo: Este artigo tenta explorar o efeito do exercício de alongamento PNF no alívio da fadiga esportiva após corridas de maratona. Métodos: Neste artigo, 160 corredores de maratona foram selecionados para o experimento, divididos aleatoriamente em grupos experimental e controle. O grupo experimental fez o exercício de alongamento PNF, enquanto o grupo de controle permaneceu com o alongamento tradicional, sem qualquer nova intervenção. A fadiga foi avaliada segundo a frequência cardíaca, coletada antes, durante e após o experimento. Resultados: Após nove semanas de treinamento de alongamento PNF, a frequência cardíaca no grupo experimental alterou-se de 65,35 para 62,46 pela manhã; durante o treinamento, a frequência cardíaca do grupo alterou-se de 180,79 para 173,04; após a recuperação, a frequência cardíaca do primeiro grupo alterou-se de 82,88 para 81,88. No grupo de controle, a frequência cardíaca do grupo também exibiu alterações de 65,29 para 68,86 pela manhã; Durante o treinamento, mudou de 180,7 para 175,49; e após a recuperação, de 86,23 para 88,4. Conclusão: O exercício de alongamento PNF tem um efeito positivo no alívio da fadiga esportiva após corridas de maratona. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las carreras de maratón requieren prácticas de estiramiento para aliviar la fatiga tras el ejercicio. La técnica de Facilitación Neuromuscular Propioceptiva (PNF) es una técnica avanzada de estiramiento que permite segmentar un grupo muscular específico, para estirar y fortalecer simultáneamente. Objetivo: Este trabajo pretende explorar el efecto del ejercicio de estiramiento PNF en el alivio de la fatiga deportiva tras carreras de maratón. Métodos: En este trabajo, se seleccionaron 160 corredores de maratón para el experimento, divididos aleatoriamente en grupos experimental y de control. El grupo experimental realizó el ejercicio de estiramiento PNF, mientras que el grupo de control permaneció con el estiramiento tradicional, sin ninguna nueva intervención. La fatiga se evaluó en función de la frecuencia cardiaca, recogida antes, durante y después del experimento. Resultados: Tras nueve semanas de entrenamiento de estiramientos PNF, la frecuencia cardiaca del grupo experimental pasó de 65,35 a 62,46 por la mañana; durante el entrenamiento, la frecuencia cardiaca del grupo pasó de 180,79 a 173,04; tras la recuperación, la frecuencia cardiaca del primer grupo pasó de 82,88 a 81,88. En el grupo de control, la frecuencia cardiaca del grupo también mostró cambios de 65,29 a 68,86 por la mañana; durante el entrenamiento, cambió de 180,7 a 175,49; y tras la recuperación, de 86,23 a 88,4. Conclusión: El ejercicio de estiramiento PNF tiene un efecto positivo en el alivio de la fatiga deportiva después de correr un maratón. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of PNF Training on Functional Recovery of Sports Rotator Cuff Injury / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) rehabilitation training on functional recovery of athletic rotator cuff injury. Methods Twenty-two college students with athletic rotator cuff injuries were stratified according to their gender and randomly divided into resistance band + passive joint range of motion (ROM) training group (control group) and PNF training group (experimental group). The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate subjective pain intensity of the shoulder joint. Pain positive rate for each manipulation test of rotator cuff injury was observed, and active ROM and muscle strength of the shoulder joint were measured. Improved UCLA shoulder joint score was used to evaluate comprehensive function of the shoulder joint. Results After training, VAS scores and pain positive rate in two groups were lower than those before training, and VAS scores and pain positive rate in experimental group were lower than those in control group. Muscle strength, active ROM in all directions and improved UCLA score of the shoulder joint in two groups were also higher than those before training, and the internal rotation muscle strength, the internal rotation and external rotation active ROM, improved UCLA score of the shoulder joint in experimental group were higher than those in control group. Conclusions PNF rehabilitation training can reduce the pain of athletic rotator cuff injury, improve the active ROM, muscle strength and UCLA shoulder joint score. The function recovery effect of PNF training is better than that of resistance band + passive ROM training.

Comparison of effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and whole body vibration training on functional ankle instability / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and whole body vibration training (WBVT) on functional ankle instability (FAI). MethodsFrom May to July, 2021, 17 male FAI undergraduates from Beijing Sport University received PNF (n = 8) and WBVT (n = 9), for six weeks. They were assessed with Y-balance test, Pro-Kin, Kistler and Motion Analysis Raptor before and after invention, to observe Y-balance score, average trajectory error, kinematics and dynamics after jump-landing of affected limb. ResultsThe main effect of training was not significant for all the Y-balance score, average trajectory error, kinematics and dynamics (F < 4.090, P > 0.05). However, the interactive effect of training and time was significant for the range of motion of ankle flexion (F = 6.232, P = 0.030), and the effect size was more for PNF; it was also significant for the time arriving peak ground reaction force (left-right) after landing (F = 10.674, P = 0.008), and the time was latter for WBVT (P < 0.05). ConclusionPNF and WBVT are similarly effective on FAI.

Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation On Selective Motor Control Of Lower Extremity In Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy: An Experimental Pilot Study

Background:Cerebral palsy children have limitations in motor function resulting in diminished selective motor control. Selective motor control (SMC) is essential for independent control of joint motion. Impaired SMC is interrelated to neuromuscular deficits in CP. In this study PNFapproach was used with different patterns and techniques which help to evoke motor responses and improve neuromuscular control and function.Objectives: To assess the effect of PNF along with conventional treatment ,To assess the effect of Conventional treatment and To compare the effect of PNF along with conventional treatment and conventional treatment on selective motor control of lower extremity in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Material and Method:Study included 22 hemiplegic cerebral palsychildren which were divided into two groups. Experimental group received PNF and conventional treatment and control group received conventional treatment. SMC of lower extremity was assessed using SCALE. Pre and post treatment scores were measured.Results: There was statistically significant difference noted within group and between groups on Total SCALE score. Differencewas seen greater in experimental group than control group.Conclusion:This study suggests that PNF have an effect on selective motor control of lower extremity in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Balance, Motor and Activities of Daily Living for Stroke Patients: A Meta-analysis / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To analyze the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on balance, motor and activities of daily living (ADL) for stroke patients. Methods:The randomized controlled trials about the effects of PNF on motor, balance and ADL in stroke patients were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang data, and VIP, since establishment to December, 2019. The primary outcome measures were Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and modified Bathel Index (MBI). The secondary outcome measures were Functional Reach Test (FRT), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), and Timed 'Up and Go' Test (TUGT). The literatures were independently screened by two investigators, and the quality of the articles was evaluated using the Cochrane Library systematic review criteria, and meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3. Results:A total of 13 articles were included with 786 stroke patients. PNF increased the score of BBS for sequelae patients (MD = 3.31, 95%CI 2.58 to 4.04, P < 0.001), FMA for recovery patients (MD = 8.31, 95%CI 5.68 to 10.97, P < 0.001); as well as MBI score (MD = 6.84, 95%CI 5.20 to 8.48, P < 0.001), FRT distance (MD = 1.11, 95%CI 0.39 to 1.84, P = 0.003) and TIS score (MD = 1.75, 95%CI 1.19 to 2.31, P < 0.001) for all the patients, and decreased TUGT time for sequelae patients (MD = -1.86, 95%CI -2.62 to -1.10, P < 0.001). Conclusion:PNF can significantly improve balance, motor and ADL for stroke patients. The effectiveness is various with the course of disease. More high-quality researches are needed.

The use of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation for increasing throwing performance / Uso da facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva para aumentar o desempenho do arremesso / Uso de facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva para mejorar el rendimiento del lanzamiento

ABSTRACT Introduction Throwing is considered the most important technical skill in Handball. However, it requires the athlete to perform this movement with maximum speed and accuracy, as it can define the final score of the game. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, known as the Kabat method, on the throwing performance of handball athletes. Methods An experimental study of 18 male handball athletes with a mean age of 14 ± 1.13 years. The athletes were divided into two groups: control group (CG) and Kabat method group (KG). The athletes performed 16 training sessions, with analyses at the beginning and end of each session. Range of motion (ROM) of internal and external shoulder rotation, strength, muscle imbalance, throwing speed and accuracy were measured. The results were compared by the Student t-test of repeated measures. Results KG significantly increased external shoulder rotation and muscle strength in all the analyzed shoulder complex muscles. CG also increased strength, but not in all muscles. KG significantly increased the speed and accuracy of the pitch. Conclusion The Kabat method, through proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, significantly increased throwing performance, speed and accuracy in handball athletes when compared to the control group. Level of evidence III; Randomized Experimental Study.

RESUMO Introdução O arremesso é considerado a habilidade técnica mais importante do handebol. Porém, exige que o atleta realize esse movimento com máxima velocidade e precisão, visto que ele pode definir a pontuação final do jogo. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva, conhecida como método Kabat, no desempenho de arremesso em atletas de handebol. Métodos Estudo experimental com 18 atletas de handebol masculino, com média de idade de 14 ± 1,13 anos. Os atletas foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC) e grupo método Kabat (GK). Os atletas realizaram 16 sessões de treinamento com análise inicial e final. A amplitude de movimento (ADM) da rotação interna e externa do ombro, a força, o desequilíbrio muscular, a velocidade e precisão do arremesso foram medidos. Os resultados foram comparados com o teste t de Student de medidas repetidas. Resultados O GK teve aumento significativo da rotação externa do ombro e da força muscular em todos os músculos do complexo do ombro analisados. O GC também teve aumento da força, mas não em todos os músculos. O GK teve elevação significativa da velocidade e da precisão do arremesso. Conclusão O método Kabat, com a técnica de facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva, aumentou significativamente o desempenho, a velocidade e a precisão do arremesso nos atletas de handebol quando comparado com o grupo controle. Nível de evidência III; Estudo Experimental Randomizado.

RESUMEN Introducción El lanzamiento se considera la habilidad técnica más importante del balonmano. Sin embargo, requiere que el atleta realice este movimiento con la máxima velocidad y precisión, ya que puede establecer el puntaje final del juego. Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva, conocida como el método Kabat, en el rendimiento del lanzamiento de atletas de balonmano. Métodos Estudio experimental de 18 atletas de balonmano masculino con edad promedio de 14 ± 1,13 años. Los atletas se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo control (CG) y grupo método Kabat (GK). Los atletas realizaron 16 sesiones de entrenamiento con análisis inicial y final. Se midió el rango de movimiento (RDM) de la rotación interna y externa del hombro, la fuerza, el desequilibrio muscular, la velocidad y la precisión de lanzamiento. Los resultados se compararon con la prueba t de Student de medidas repetidas. Resultados El GK tuvo un aumento significativo en la rotación externa del hombro y la fuerza muscular en todos los músculos del complejo del hombro analizados. El CG también tuvo aumento en la fuerza, pero no en todos los músculos. El GK tuvo un aumento significativo en la velocidad y precisión del lanzamiento. Conclusión El método Kabat, con la facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva, aumentó significativamente el rendimiento, la velocidad y la precisión del lanzamiento en los atletas de balonmano en comparación con el grupo control. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio experimental aleatorizado.

Study On Effectiveness Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Technique And Conventional Therapy In Treating The Patients With Cervical Spondylosis

Background: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) A wide range of treatment techniques and approaches from different philosophical backgrounds are utilized in Neurological Rehabilitation The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique and conventional therapy in treating the patients with Cervical Spondylosis by improving the pain and range of motion of neck. Subjects and methods: 40 cervical Spondylosis patients of both the sexes selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study and randomly divided into two groups A and B each of 20 persons. Group A consisting of 10 males and 10 females received PNF (Hold –relax and Contract relax) exercise for 4 weeks, 5 days/ week once in a day and Group B consisting of 11males and 9 females received conventional therapy for 4 weeks, 5 days/ week once in a day. Variables are measured pre intervention and post intervention after 4 weeks. To evaluate changes in pain, a shortened version of the McGill Questionnaire was used, Range of motion is measured. Result: Group A shows more significant improvement in all variables (Pain, ROM) in cervical spondylosis subjects than Group B. Conclusion: Analysis of the results confirmed that both PNF and conventional therapy had a statistically significant impact on reducing pain and improving the range of motion of neck in subjects suffering from spondylosis, but PNF method proved to be more effective than conventional therapy and McGill score of PNF applied group were more significant.

The acute effect of stretching on eccentrically-damaged muscle: analysis of differences between Hold relax stretching and modified PNF stretching / 体力科学

It is well known that eccentric exercise induces muscle damage that is characterized by a prolonged decrease in muscle strength and range of motion, development of delayed onset muscle soreness. The previous studies showed that hold-relax stretching (HRS) was effective for improving the decreases in range of motion and muscle soreness. In addition, modified proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (mPNF) was an equally effective for HRS. However, it was unclear whether there are differences between acute effects of HRS and mPNF on muscle strength and muscle soreness in eccentrically damaged muscle. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the acute effects of HRS with those of mPNF on muscle strength and soreness in eccentrically damaged muscle. The participants comprised 40 volunteers randomly assigned to either the HRS group (N = 20) or the mPNF group (N = 20). Initially, the participants of both groups performed 60 maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. Two days after this exercise, each group performed either HRS or mPNF for 60 s at a time and repeated them six times for a total of 360 s. Muscle strength and soreness during stretching and contraction were measured before and immediately after HRS and mPNF. The results showed that the muscle soreness observed after eccentric contraction significantly decreased immediately after both HRS and mPNF. In addition, there were no significant changes in muscle strength immediately after both HRS and mPNF. These results suggest that while both HRS and mPNF can effectively decrease muscle soreness without reducing performance.

A Proposed Novel Inhibitor Stretching Procedure For Posterior Shoulder Tightness

Background: Posterior shoulder tightness has been proposed to contribute to or cause a myriad of shoulder conditions. The tightness of the posteroinferior capsule and the teres minor and infraspinatus muscles of the posterior cuff has been hypothesized to cause osteokinematic [e.g., limited glenohumeral (GH) internal rotation] and arthrokinematic dysfunctions (e.g., decentralization of the humeral head). A number of interventions have been successful in the restoration of or at least improvement in posterior shoulder flexibility including joint mobilizations (e.g., posterior glide) and posterior cuff stretches. The two most common posterior cuff stretches, the sleeper stretch and the crossbody stretch, mimic the position of two common impingement Orthopaedic provocation tests. Despite the success of stretching to help optimize tissue extensibility to help prevent injuries, these stretches have been reported to cause pain in some symptomatic subjects. For these reasons, the authors propose creating an alternate posterior shoulder self-stretching technique that facilitates the inhibition of the target region. Aim: Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a novel stretching protocol that utilizes a form of reflex inhibition to help relax the muscle during the stretching procedure to increase efficiency and reduce pain during the stretching maneuver. Underlying Principles for the Proposed Stretching Maneuver: This novel stretch is an active-assisted maneuver using a form of reciprocal inhibition. The authors propose that muscular inhibition through Ia afferents can be applied in a more global manner by muscle contraction of the anatomically remote posterolateral hip cuff musculature (gluteus maximus and medius) to inhibit the target muscles of the posterior rotator cuff of the scapulohumeral joint (infraspinatus and teres minor). This novel inhibitory stretching technique is referred to as Inhibition Stretching (IS), and the specific technique utilized in this study is the Clam Shell Bridging Maneuver. This technique is recommended for overhead athletes with and without shoulder pain and limited GH IR. Summary: The authors have proposed a novel stretching procedure, the Clam Shell Bridging Maneuver, that is hypothesized to reduce the muscles guarding, and resistance of the shoulder girdle during stretching and also position the athlete in a way that helps minimizes pain and impingement during the stretch while still providing stabilization to the scapula.

Effects of Aquatic Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Pattern Exercise on Balance, Gait ability and Depression in Patients with Chronic Stroke

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of aquatic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise on the balance, gait ability, and depression in patients with chronic stroke. METHODS: Thirty patients with chronic stroke were assigned randomly to an experimental (n=15) or control (n=15) group. The experimental group performed aquatic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise. The control group performed ground proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise. Training was conducted once a day for 30 minutes, five days per week for six weeks. The balance ability was measured using the Berg balance scale. The gait ability was measured using the 10 Meter walk test. Depression was measured using the Beck depression inventory. RESULTS: As a result of a comparison within groups, the experimental and control group showed a significant difference for balance, gait ability, and depression after the experiment (p<0.05). In a comparison between the two groups, the experimental group, in which aquatic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise was applied, showed more significant changes in balance, gait ability, and depression than the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, aquatic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise effectively improved the balance, gait ability and depression in patients with chronic stroke.

Electroacupuncture combined with PNF on proprioception and motor function of lower limbs in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical efficacy and correlation of electroacupuncture combined with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on proprioception and motor function of lower limbs in stroke patients.@*METHODS@#A total of 96 stroke patients were randomized into an electroacupuncture (EA) group, a PNF group and a combination group, 32 cases in each one. In the EA group, acupuncture was applied at cephalic motor and sensory areas, Huantiao (GB 30), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Xuanzhong (GB 39), Zusanli (ST 36) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) on affected side, and electroacupuncture was adopted at Yanglingquan (GB 34) and Xuanzhong (GB 39), continuous wave and 2 Hz in frequency for 20 min, once every day. In the PNF group, PNF was performed for 20 min, once a day. In the combination group, electroacupuncture was given before PNF, once a day. 4 weeks as one course and totally 3 courses were required, the effect was followed up after half a year. Before treatment, after 4, 8, 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the average trace error (ATE) and Time, the scores of Fugl-Meyer scale (FMA) and modified Barthel index (MBI) were observed in the 3 groups. Correlation analysis between ATE, Time and FMA was performed.@*RESULTS@#① The total effective rate in the combination group was 90.3% (28/31), which was superior to 64.5% (20/31) in the EA group and 62.5% (20/32) in the PNF group (<0.05). ②After 4, 8, 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the ATE and Time in the 3 groups were reduced compared with before treatment (<0.05, <0.01). After 8, 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the ATE in the combination group were lower than the EA group and the PNF group (<0.05, <0.01). After 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the Time in the combination group were lower than the EA group and the PNF group (<0.05, <0.01). ③After 4, 8, 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the FMA scores in the EA group and the combination group were increased compared with before treatment (<0.01). After 8, 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the FMA scores in the PNF group were increased compared with before treatment (<0.01). After 8, 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the FMA scores in the combination group were higher than the EA group and the PNF group (<0.05, <0.01). ④After 4, 8, 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the MBI scores in the 3 groups were increased compared with before treatment (<0.01). After 8, 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the MBI scores in the combination group were higher than the EA group (<0.01). After 12 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the MBI scores in the combination group were higher than the PNF group (<0.01). ⑤ The correlation coefficients of ATE, Time and FMA were from 0.4 to 0.75 (<0.05), suggesting a moderate intensity correlation.@*CONCLUSION@#Electroacupuncture, PNF and combination therapy can improve proprioception and motor function of lower limbs and activities of daily living, and combination therapy has a better effect. Proprioception and motor function have a strong correlation in the recovery of stroke patients.

Influence of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on the muscle tonus and amplitude of movement in HTLV-1-infected patients with HAM/TSP

Abstract An HTLV-1-infected patient can develop paraparesis that limits their movements. Rehabilitation techniques could improve the motor abilities of these patients. The present study investigates five cases of physical therapy intervention in HTLV-1 patients to evaluate the influence of functional rehabilitation on the tonus and range of motion (ROM) of HTLV-1 patients with spasticity. The patients had a gain of ROM, especially in the lower limb, and reduction in hypertonia/spasticity after functional treatment. The reduction in hypertonia increased the ROM. Thus, functional methods may be valuable for the rehabilitation of HTLV-1 patients with neurological damage.

Dynamic scalp acupuncture combined with PNF therapy for upper limb motor impairment in ischemic stroke spastic hemiplegia / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>On the basic therapy, to assess the clinical effects of dynamic scalp acupuncture, scalp acupuncture combined with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) therapy and simple PNF therapy for upper limb motor impairment in ischemic post-stroke spastic hemiplegia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 90 cases were randomly assigned into a PNF group, a dynamic scalp acupuncture group and a scalp acupuncture group, 30 cases in each group. Basic therapy and PNF therapy were applied in the three groups. PNF therapy was used during scalp acupuncture in the dynamic scalp acupuncture group. PNF therapy was applied after scalp acupuncture in the scalp acupuncture group. The points were the upper 1/5 and middle 2/5 of (MS 6) and (MS 7) at the lesion side, the hemiparalysis contralateral side. The treatment was given for 6 months, once a day and 1 month as a course. The modified Ashworth scale (MAS), the Fugl-Meyer motor assessment (FMA) and Barthel index (BI) were observed before treatment and 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MAS 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment were improved compared with those before treatment in the three groups ( all <0.05), and the MAS results in the dynamic scalp acupuncture group were better than those in the PNF and scalp acupuncture group (all <0.05). The FMA and BI scores 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment were higher than those before treatment (all <0.05). The FMA Scores in the 3 time points and after treatment in the dynamic scalp acupuncture group were higher than those in the other two groups (all <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PNF therapy during scalp acupuncture can relieve the spasmodic condition of patients with upper limb motor impairment in ischemic post-stroke spasmodic hemiplegia, and improve the limb function and life activity, which is better than PNF therapy after scalp acupuncture and simple PNF therapy.</p>