VARIACIÓN ESTACIONAL DEL GÉNERO Prorocentrum (DINOPHYCEAE) EN DOS GRANJAS ATUNERAS EN LA BAHÍA DE LA PAZ, MÉXICO / Seasonal Variation of the Genus Prorocentrum (DINOPHYCEAE) in Two Tuna Farms in Bahía De La Paz, Mexico

El género Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, incluye 81 especies, 21 son consideradas formadoras de florecimientos algales nocivos, de las cuales aproximadamente nueve especies producen toxinas. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo consistió en determinar la distribución y abundancia de las especies del género Prorocentrum durante un ciclo anual, en dos estaciones de muestreo ubicadas dentro del ámbito de las granjas atuneras y en una estación fuera de la influencia de las granjas en la Bahía de La Paz, Golfo de California. Las muestras de agua se recolectaron mensualmente (junio 2006-mayo 2007) con una botella van Dorn en diferentes niveles de profundidad. En San Juan de La Costa (SC) se recolectaron en superficie 25 y 50 m, en Rancheros del Mar (RM) en superficie, 15, y 30 m, y en El Mogote (M) solo en superficie. A lo largo del ciclo anual, en las granjas atuneras en la Bahía de La Paz, se registraron 12 especies: P. compressum, P. dactylus, P. emarginatum, P. gracile, P. lima, P. micans, P. minimum, P. rhathymum, P. rostratum, P. shikokuense, P. triestinum y P. vaginula, de las cuales, ocho son formadoras de florecimientos algales. El estudio de los florecimientos de Prorocentrum se ha vuelto importante ya que estos han sido relacionados por su impacto nocivo en los ecosistemas.

The genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg includes 81 marine species, of which 21 are considered causative agents of harmful algal blooms, and approximately 9 species produce toxins. The objectives of this study were to determine distribution and abundance of Prorocentrum species during an annual cycle at two sampling sites within tuna farms near San Juan de La Costa (SC), Rancheros del Mar (RM) and at a station without the influence of these farms located off El Mogote (M), in the Bahia de la Paz, Gulf of California. Samples were taken monthly (June 2006-May 2007) at different depths at SC (0.25 and 50 m), at the RM (0.15 and 30 m) and at El Mogote (0 m) with a van Dorn bottle. The results showed a total of twelve species in the annual cycle: P. compressum, P. dactylus, P. emarginatum, P. gracile, P. lima, P. micans, P. minimum, P. rhathymum, P. rostratum, P. shikokuense, P. triestinum and P. vaginula, of which the first eight form blooms. The study of Prorocentrum blooms became important because they have been linked to widespread harmful ecosystem impacts.

Dinoflagelados (Peridiniales, Prorocentrales) do microplâncton na plataforma continental e talude do extremo sul do Brasil (inverno 2005, verão 2007) / Microplankton dinoflagellates (Peridiniales, Prorocentrales) at the continental shelf and slope in Southern Brasil (winter 2005, summer 2007)

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar as morfo-espécies de dinoflagelados do microplâncton (>20 μm) das Ordens Peridiniales e Prorocentrales ao largo do Cabo de Santa Marta Grande, CSMG (SC, 28º 40' S) e Albardão-Chuí, AC (RS, 34º 40' S) durante dois cruzeiros oceanográficos: inverno de 2005 e verão de 2007. Amostras de plâncton foram coletadas através de arrastos verticais com rede de plâncton (20 μm), preservadas com formalina 4 por cento e analisadas ao microscópio invertido equipado com câmara digital. Quando necessário, a identificação de espécies de Peridiniales foi efetuada através do número e morfologia das placas da teca realçadas com Calco Flúor Branco MR2; espécies de Prorocentrales foram identificadas com base em seu tamanho, forma, presença de processos apicais, padrão dos poros e marcas na faixa intercalar. Foram identificadas 25 espécies, das quais Protoperidinium (11), Prorocentrum (6), Corythodinium (3), Podolampas (2), Oxytoxum (2) e Heterocapsa (1). Espécies de Prorocentrum apresentaram ampla distribuição na plataforma continental do extremo sul do Brasil, enquanto as espécies de Peridiniales foram observadas principalmente na região do Albardão-Chuí durante o inverno, sob a influência da Pluma do Río de la Plata. Oxytoxum milneri foi pela primeira vez registrada na região sul do País, e Protoperidinium cassum var. cassum, P. curtipes e Heterocapsa triquetra foram registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil.

This study aimed at identifying morpho-species of microplankton dinoflagellates (> 20 μm) of the order Peridiniales and Prorocentrales off Santa Marta Grande Cape, CSMG (SC, 28º 40' S) and Albardão-Chui, AC (RS, 34º 40' S) during oceanographic cruises conducted in winter 2005 and summer 2007. Plankton samples were obtained by vertical net (mesh size 20 μm) hauls preserved with formaldehyde 4 percent and analyzed using the inverted microscope equipped with a digital camera. The identification of Peridiniales species was based on the number and morphology of thecal plates enhanced with Calco Fluor White MR2 whenever necessary and the identification of Prorocentrales was based on cell size, shape, presence of apical processes, pore pattern and marks at the intercalary band. We identified 25 species, including Protoperidinium (11), Prorocentrum (6), Corythodinium (3), Podolampas (2), Oxytoxum (2) and Heterocapsa (1). Prorocentrum species were widely distributed on the continental shelf of southern Brazil, while Peridiniales species were mainly found off Albardão-Chui during winter, especially under the influence of the plume of La Plata River. Oxytoxum milneri was the first time recorded in southern Brazil, while Protoperidinium cassum var. cassum, P. curtipes and Heterocapsa triquetra, were first registered in Brazil.

SURVEY OF BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATESASSOCIATED TO BEDS OF Thalassia testudinumIN SAN ANDRÉS ISLAND, SEAFLOWER BIOSPHERE RESERVE,CARIBBEAN COLOMBIA. / Evaluación de dinoflagelados bénticos asociados a praderasde Thalassia testudinum en San Andrés Isla,Reserva Internacional Seaflower, Caribe colombiano

In order to determine the occurrence of epiphytic toxic dinoflagellates in the coastal waters of San Andrés Island, Caribbean Colombia, we analyzed the seagrass beds on the northern and eastern sides of the island. We found seven species of toxicogenic dinoflagellates, belonging to the genera Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis. The cell densities were generally low if compared with previous studies in other Caribbean sites, ranging from 0 to 836 cells/dry weight. The species encountered are known to produce toxins causing the Diarrehic Shellfish Poisoning and Ciguatera, poisonings which have been documented in the island.

Con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de dinoflagelados tóxicos epifitos en aguas costeras de la isla de San Andrés, Caribe colombiano, se analizaron las praderas de pastos marinos de los sectores norte y oriente de la isla. Se encontraron siete especies toxinogénicas de dinoflagelados pertenecientes a los géneros Prorocentrum y Ostreopsis. Las densidades celulares fueron bajas comparadas con estudios en otros sitios del Caribe, con rangos entre 0 y 836 cel./peso seco. Las especies encontradas son conocidas por producir toxinas que causan diarrea (PSP) y Ciguatera, intoxicaciones que ya han sido documentadas en la isla.

Growth, delayed fluorescence and pigment composition of four Prorocentrum minimum strains growing at two salinities

Prorocentrum minimum is a potentially harmful and widely distributed marine dinoflagellate. Several P. minimum strains have already been studied, showing phylogenetical relations of strains isolated from the same geographical regions. Similarity among the strains was further examined on the basis of their physiology. Pigment composition and concentration, as well as delayed fluorescence (DF) decay kinetics and intensity, were measured in four P. minimum strains isolated from the Baltic and Adriatic Seas. The strains were grown at two salinities characteristic of the Baltic (8 PSU) and North Adriatic Seas (32 PSU). Strain differences in DF decay kinetics and growth did not always follow their genetic relations. While two strains showed similarities to the previously described strains from the Baltic and Adriatic Seas in DF parameters, the other two strains seemed to be specific. The differences among strains isolated from the same sea could stem from adaptations to conditions in the specific habitats. Cluster analysis based on the ratio of individual carotenoid pigments concentrations to the chlorophyll a concentration or to total carotenoids were not conclusive in showing relations among the strains. Among the measured pigments, only peridinin concentration depended on salinity in all st.