Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in the City of Mosul: A Cross-sectional Study

@#Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the distribution of demographic characteristics and the prevalence of hearing loss among workers. Methods: The study sample consisted of 160 participants, and various demographic variables were examined. Data regarding age, gender, work experience, work hours, work nature, and work type were collected and analyzed. The degrees of hearing loss in the bilateral, left, and right ears were assessed, and the prevalence of hearing loss among different work types was examined. Audiograms were utilized to assess the degrees of hearing loss. The limitations of this study include a small sample size, and the cross-sectional design preventing causal relationships. Results: The majority of participants were male, and the age distribution showed a higher representation in the 30-49 years age range. The degrees of hearing loss were predominantly intermediate in the bilateral, left, and right ears. Military personnel had the highest prevalence of hearing loss, followed by builders, drivers, carpenters, and bakers. The logistic regression analysis indicated limited predictive power for age, diabetes mellitus (DM), years in the job, and years in the current job. However, the absence of formal training emerged as a significant factor associated with an increased likelihood of potential hearing loss. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of considering demographic characteristics and occupational factors in assessing the prevalence of hearing loss among workers. The results emphasize the need for occupational training programs and increased awareness of hearing protection measures in the workplace to mitigate the risk of hearing loss.

Covid-19: Percepción de riesgo poblacional y cumplimiento de medidas de protección en La Habana / Covid-19: perception of population risk and compliance with protection measures in Havana

Introducción: En Cuba antes de registrarse casos de la Covid-19 se elaboró un Plan de Prevención y Control y se conformó un Grupo de Trabajo para asesorar al Gobierno en el enfrentamiento a la pandemia con una participación crucial y cohesionada de la comunidad, los trabajadores de la salud y la comunidad científica del país. Objetivo: Explorar la percepción de riesgo y las actitudes de personas residentes en La Habana en el cumplimiento de las medidas de protección durante la Covid-19. Material y Métodos: Entre los meses de mayo-julio de 2021 se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal para lo cual se aplicó una encuesta online en Google Forms que se mantuvo en línea durante tres meses; la misma fue respondida de forma voluntaria por 2 012 residentes en todos los municipios de La Habana, integrantes de grupos poblacionales de interés en Telegram®, WhatsApp y otras redes sociales. Resultados: Se evidenció baja percepción de riesgo e incumplimiento de las medidas de protección entre los encuestados. Conclusiones: La baja percepción de riesgo poblacional y el incumplimiento de las medidas de protección contribuyen a elevar la gravedad de la situación epidemiológica de La Habana y la expansión de la pandemia.

Introduction: Before cases of Covid-19 were registered in Cuba, a prevention and control plan was developed and a working group was formed to advise the Government on the confrontation of the pandemic with a crucial and cohesive participation of the community, the health workers, and the scientific community of the country. Objective: to explore the risk perception and attitudes of people residing in Havana in compliance with protection measures during Covid-19. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between May and July 2021 applying an online survey in Google Forms that remained online for three months and was answered voluntarily by 2 012 residents in all the municipalities of Havana that were members of population groups of interest on Telegram®, WhatsApp, and other social networks. Results: Low risk perception and non-compliance with protection measures were evidenced among the respondents. Conclusions: The low perception of population risk and non-compliance with protection measures contribute to increasing the severity of the epidemiological situation in Havana and the spread of the pandemic.

The development trend of poor vision among students aged 4-18 in Xuhui District, Shanghai from 2015 to 2019 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the prevalence of visual acuity disorder among children aged 4-18 in Xuhui District of Shanghai from 2015 to 2019, and analyze its influencing factors, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of visual acuity disorder in Xuhui District of Shanghai. Methods Using random cluster sampling, students from 10 kindergartens, 3 primary schools and 2 middle schools were randomly selected as the investigation subjects. Visual acuity examinations and demographic survey were conducted, and chi-square test was used to describe the development trend of poor visual acuity. Results A total of 29 613 people were screened in five years, and the detection rate of poor vision in Xuhui District of Shanghai from 2015 to 2019 was 41.08% in 2015 and 50.59% in 2018, showing an increasing trend year by year (χ2=127.45, P2=7237.84, P2=80.93, P2=12.91, P<0.05). Conclusion In Xuhui District, the detection rate of poor vision among children and adolescents aged 4-18 years old was relatively high, and the development trend of visual problems was severe. In order to prevent the occurrence and development of poor eyesight, education departments, health departments and parents should strengthen the cultivation of good eye use habits and awareness among students, and take reasonable measures to control the development of poor vision.

Medidas Mínimas de Bioseguridad en instalaciones de salud ante Pandemia por SARS­CoV­2 / Recomendaciones mínimas de Bioseguridad para Instalaciones de salud traba ja ndo con muestras de SARS­CoV­2 Desarrollado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resumen ejecutivo: Entorno laboratoria / Minimum Biosafety Measures in healthcare facilities during SARS­CoV­2 Pandemic

El SARS­CoV­2 es un nuevo virus, causante de la actual pandemia que nos afecta. Dada su virulencia y nuestro desconocimiento de su biología, representa una real amenaza para la población. Además de las medidas epidemiológicas, el personal de salud, clínico, técnico y administrativo son el frente para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de nuestra población. Es de suma importancia que nuestro personal pueda implementar medidas básicas para minimi­ zar la exposición y contagio de este virus. Se ha revisado las recomendaciones generales de la Organización Mundial de Salud para personal de salud sobre requerimientos mínimos que debemos cumplir en tal entorno. También hemos provisto de rótulos que deben ser co­ locados en toda instalación que maneja muestras de SARS­CoV­2. Es necesario que esta información sea de fácil acceso para todo profesional de salud, y así pueda revisarla e inter­ nalizarla para su protección, la de sus pacientes, y familiares. Esperamos que sea de gran utilizad para fortalecer nuestras capacidades de bioseguridad en nuestro país, y utilizar esta información como herramienta educativa y de capacitación básica.

SARS­CoV­2 is a new virus, causing the current pandemic affecting us. Given its virulence and our lack of understanding of its biology, it represents a real threat to the population. Ad­ ditionally to the epidemiological measures, the clinical, technical and administrative person­ nel are at the front in the battle to diagnose and treat our population. It is of utmost importance that our staff can know and implement basic safety measures to minimize the exposure and spread of this virus. We have reviewed the general recommendations of the World Health Organization for healthcare personnel of the minimum requirements that we must meet in such an environment. Here, it has also been provided banners to be displayed in every facility processing SARS­CoV­2 samples. This guide must be easily accessible for all health professional to be reviewed and internalized for their safety, of their patients, and their families. We hope it will be of great use in our country to strengthen our biosafety capa­ bilities and to use this information for educational and training purposes.

Animal treatment and protection measures during experiments / 中国比较医学杂志

Experimentalanimalsareimportantbasisforlifescienceresearchanddevelopment.Alongwiththe continuous development of science and technology , new technology and new ideas emerging , treatment and protection of animals during experiments are important condition to ensure the scientific results accurate and reliable , so scientists have paid more attention to the issues of animal welfare and protection .This article summarizes the animal treatment and protection measures during experiments based on both own work and experience and knowledge of other scientists .

La acreditación de la condición de víctima de violencia de género en el ordenamiento jurídico español / Accreditation of the condition of victim of gender violence in the Spanish legal system / O acreditação da condição da vítima da violência de gênero no sistema jurídico espanhol

Tras una breve exposición de las opiniones doctrinales más autorizadas acerca de la naturaleza de la violencia por razón de sexo, este documento presenta como objetivo principal el análisis de las distintas vías legales para acreditar la condición de víctima de violencia machista, requisito indispensable para el ejercicio de los derechos que la LO 1/2004 reconoce a las víctimas de esta forma específica de criminalidad. El método utilizado se basa en una selección de la normativa específica en la materia y de la doctrina jurisprudencial más destacada, cuyo estudio comparado permite concluir la existencia de una disparidad de criterios legales y jurisprudenciales en la atribución a la mujer de dicha condición, atendiendo a los distintos ámbitos en los que ha de resultar probada. En definitiva, esta situación acarrea una clara desigualdad de oportunidades a las potenciales beneficiarias del amparo reforzado e integral que esta norma promueve.

After a brief statement of the most authorized doctrinal opinions regarding the nature of violence on the grounds of sex or gender, this document shows as a main objective the analysis of the different legal channels aimed at accrediting the condition of victims of “macho” violence, since this is an essential pre-requisite for the exercise of the rights that the LO 1/200 recognizes to the victims of this specific form of criminality. The method used is based on a selection of the specific legislation on the subject and the most outstanding case law doctrine, the compared study of which lets infer a disparity of legal and jurisprudential criteria in the attribution of such condition to women, taking into account the different environments where it could be proved. In short, this situation involves an evident inequality of opportunities to the potential beneficiaries of the reinforced and integral protection this rule promotes.

Após uma exposição breve das opiniões doutrinais mais autorizadas sobre a natureza da violência por causa do sexo, este documento apresenta como objetivo principal a análise das vias legais diferentes para acreditar a condição da vítima da violência machista, requisito indispensável para o exercício dos direitos que a LO 1/2004 reconhece as vítimas deste jeito específico da criminalidade. O método usado é baseado em uma seleção da norma específica na matéria e da doutriana jurisprudencial mais proeminente, cujo estudo comparado permite que conclua a existência de uma disparidade de critérios legais e jurisprudenciais na atribuição à mulher desta circunstância, atendendo os diferentes âmbitos em que há de ser provada. Realmente, esta situação carrega uma clara desigualdade de oportunidades às beneficiárias potenciais do amparo reforçado e integral que esta norma promove.