Techno-functional properties and antioxidant capacity of the concentrate and protein fractions of Leucaena spp. seeds / Propiedades tecno-funcionales y capacidad antioxidante del concentrado y fracciones proteicas de semillas de Leucaena spp

Introduction: The use of vegetable proteins as ingredients in food systems is based on their functional properties. The water and oil holding capacity, foaming, and emulsifying capacity/stability, and antioxidant assay of the protein fractions - albumins, globulins 7S/11S, glutelins and prolamins - isolated from Leucaena seed were evaluated. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional properties and antioxidant capacity of the concentrate and protein fractions of ripe Leucaena spp. seeds. Materials and methods: Ripe Leucaena seeds were collected and evaluated in Oaxaca, Mexico (16°59'21''N 96°43'26''O) during the months of February-April 2021.The protein concentrate was isolated by isoelectric precipitation (pH=9, pH=4). The albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins were isolated based on their solubility properties in different extracting solutions. Results: Glutelins constituted the main protein fraction (75.88%). Prolamins were not found. The glutelins fractions showed the highest oil holding capacity (0.93±0.08 mL g-1). The albumins fraction had the highest water holding capacity (2.53±0.15 mL g-1), foaming capacity and foam stability (71.83±1.26 % and 70.00±0.00%, respectively) and antioxidant capacity (18.09±0.88%). The globulins exhibited the highest emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability (56.83±1.76% and 55.67±1.20%, respectively). Conclusions: The concentrate and protein fraction of Leucaena seeds showed different techno-functional and antioxidant properties of interest for the food industry, like those showed by other commercial vegetable proteins(AU)

Introducción: El uso de proteínas vegetales como ingredientes en sistemas alimentarios se basa en sus propiedades funcionales. Se evaluó la capacidad de retención de agua y aceite, la capacidad/estabilidad espumante y emulsionante y el ensayo antioxidante de las fracciones proteicas -albúminas, globulinas 7S/11S, glutelinas y prolaminas- aisladas de las semillas de Leucaena. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades funcionales y la capacidad antioxidante del concentrado y las fracciones proteicas de las semillas maduras de Leucaena spp. Materiales y métodos: Las semillas maduras de Leucaena fueron recolectadas y evaluadas en Oaxaca, México (16°59'21''N 96°43'26''O) durante los meses de febrero-abril del año 2021. Se usó harina de Leucaena desgrasada para la preparación de las fracciones proteicas. El concentrado proteico se aisló por precipitación isoeléctrica (pH=9, pH=4). Las albúminas, globulinas, glutelinas y prolaminas se aislaron en función de sus propiedades de solubilidad en diferentes soluciones de extracción. Resultados: Las glutelinas constituyeron la principal fracción proteica (75,88%). No se encontraron prolaminas. La fracción de glutelinas mostró la mayor capacidad de retención de aceite (0.93±0,08 mL g-1). La fracción de albúminas presentó la mayor capacidad de retención de agua (2,53±0,15 mL g-1), capacidad espumante y estabilidad de la espuma (71,83±1,26% y 70,00±0,00%, respectivamente) y capacidad antioxidante (18,09±0,88%). Las globulinas mostraron la mayor capacidad emulsionante y estabilidad de la emulsión (56,83±1,76 y 55,67±1,20%, respectivamente). Conclusiones: El concentrado y las fracciones proteicas de las semillas de Leucaena mostraron diferentes propiedades tecno-funcionales y antioxidantes de interés para la industria alimentaria, similares a los reportados por diversas proteínas vegetales comerciales(AU)

Nutritional value of sorghum silage of different purposes / Valor nutritivo da silagem de sorgo de diferentes propósitos

ABSTRACT Sorghum is a crop that stands out as an alternative to corn due to lower soil fertility demand and increased tolerance to drought. Lack of information about the qualitative behaviour of sorghum hinders the recommendation of different purpose sorghum cultivars. The goal was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of different purpose sorghum cultivar silages, at two cropping seasons. The trial was conducted at the Plant Production Department, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Colorado do Oeste campus, and chemical analyses and in vitro incubation were performed at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá campus. The experimental design was a randomized block with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. Plot treatments consisted of six different purpose sorghum cultivars (BRS 308 and BRS 310, grain sorghum; BR 655 and BRS 610, forage sorghum; and BRS 506 and CMSXS 647, sweet sorghum). Split-plot treatments consisted of two cropping periods (first crop and second crop). Forage sorghum cultivar BRS 655 demonstrated higher non-fiber carbohydrate content and lower potentially digestible fibre content than the other cultivars did. Sweet sorghum cultivars had higher levels of water soluble carbohydrates and non-protein nitrogen based on protein, lower indigestible neutral detergent fibre content at second crop, and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility than the other cultivars. The silages of sweet sorghum cultivars BRS 506 and CMSXS 647, and forage sorghum cultivar BRS 655 presented higher nutritional values.

RESUMO O sorgo é uma cultura que se destaca como alternativa ao milho devido a menor exigência em fertilidade do solo e maior tolerância ao déficit hídrico. A falta de informações quanto ao comportamento qualitativo dificulta a recomendação de cultivares de sorgo de diferentes propósitos. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro da silagem de cultivares de sorgo de diferentes propósitos, em duas épocas de cultivo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema de parcela subdividida, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos da parcela corresponderam a seis híbridos de sorgo de diferentes propósitos (BRS 308 e BRS 310, graníferos; BR 655 e BRS 610, forrageiros; BR 506 e CMSXS 647, sacarinos). Os tratamentos da subparcela corresponderam a duas épocas de cultivo (primeira safra e segunda safra). A cultivar de sorgo forrageiro BRS 655 apresentou maior teor de carboidratos não fibrosos e menor teor de fibra potencialmente digestível. As cultivares de sorgo sacarino obtiveram os maiores teores de carboidratos solúveis, os menores teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro indigestível na segunda safra, e as maiores digestibilidades in vitro da matéria seca. As silagens de sorgo sacarino e de sorgo forrageiro BRS 655 apresentam maior valor nutritivo.

Protein Fractions and Functional Properties of Dried Imbrasia oyemensis Larvae Full-Fat and Defatted Flours.

Aims: To assess the functional properties of flours made from Imbrasia oyemensis larvae, a caterpillar widely consumed in Côte d’Ivoire, for industrial purposes. Methodology: Full-fat and defatted flours were obtained from dried Imbrasia oyemensis larvae collected on the “Gouro” market of Adjamé (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire). Protein fractionation, protein content and functional properties were investigated using standard methods. All results were statistically analysed. Results: Defatting led to a significant (P≤0.05) reduction of emulsion capacity and stability, whereas the soluble protein fractions (such as albumin and glutelin), dispersibility, bulk density, water absorption capacity, water solubility index, oil absorption capacity, foam capacity and stability increased significantly (p<0.05). The full-fat and defatted flours had high oil (78.12 and 84.08% respectively) and water absorption capacities (86.89% for full-fat and 66.07% for defatted flour) as desirable characteristics for use in some foods such as meats, sausages, breads and cakes. Fevermore, they showed high bulk density (1.00 and 1.04g/mL respectively for full-fat and defatted) and good wettability and therefore would be suitable for use as a functional ingredient in a variety of food formulations. Conclusion: Defatting has significant effect on functional properties of dried I. oyemensis flours. Full-fat as well as defatted flour show good functional characteristics for use in many food industries.

A comparative study on the chemical composition of wild and cultivated germplasm of phaseolus lunatus l.

Wild Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) were compared with cultivated seed sample (LBS.1) in proximate composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid profiles of total seed proteins, mineral composition, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and certain anti-nutritional factors. The wild beans contained more protein (22.84% vs. 20.05%), ash (3.42 vs. 2.91%), crude fiber (5.48% vs. 4.54%), crude lipid (2.63% vs. 2.55%), less carbohydrates (NFE) (65.63% vs. 69.95%) and the energy level of the seed (1576.60 vs. 1599.14 kJ100g-1 DM) than the cultivated seeds. Globulins formed the major bulk of seed proteins in both the seed samples. The essential amino acid profile of total seed proteins compared favorably with FAO/WHO (1991) requirement pattern, except that there were deficiencies of sulphur containing amino acids in the varieties. Wild seeds were found to be a rich source of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The wild seed samples presented a less free phenolics (0.66 %), tannins (0.90%), higher content of L-DOPA (0.91 %), and less trypsin inhibitor activity (17.80 TIU mg-1 protein) than the cultivated seeds. Lower levels of phytohaemagglutinating activity for human erythrocytes of “O” blood group than for “A” and “B” blood groups were found. From the chemical point of view, domestication seems to be positive; however, the better protein nutritive quality of the wild beans should be further confirmed by biological assays.

Chemical composition of prosopis juliflora (SW.) D.C (mosquito bean).

Four accessions of the under-exploited legume, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C (mosquito bean) collected as pod from natural stands of four different agro-climatic regions of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India were analyzed for their proximate composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid profiles of total seed proteins, fatty acid profiles, mineral composition, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and certain anti-nutritional factors, to determine their potential as an alternative source to alleviate protein-energy-malnutrition among the people of Tamil Nadu. The crude protein ranged from 26.69 - 29.84%, crude lipid 11.89 - 13.75%, total crude fibre 8.78 - 9.89%, ash 3.99 - 4.95% and carbohydrates 42.45 - 46.37%. The energy level of the seed (1684.94 - 1725.62 kJ100g-1 DM) was comparable with commonly consumed Indian pulses. The albumins and glutelins constitute the major bulk of seed proteins. The essential amino acid profile of total seed proteins compared favorably with FAO/WHO (1991) requirement pattern, except that there were deficiencies of sulphur containing amino acids in all the four accessions. The fatty acid profiles revealed that the seed lipids contained higher concentrations of oleic and linoleic acid. The investigated seeds were rich in minerals such as K, Ca, Mg and P. The IVPD of the four accessions ranged from 50.65 - 63.18%. The range of anti-nutritional factors were as follows: total free phenolics, 4.93 - 8.58%, tannins, 6.81 - 9.15%, L-DOPA, 2.21 - 4.52%, phytic acid, 0.33 - 0.89 g100g-1, and trypsin inhibitor activity, 40.4 - 48.2 TIU mg-1 protein. Lower levels of phytohaemagglutinating activity for human erythrocytes of “O” blood group than for “A” and “B” blood groups were found. The anti-nutritional fatty acid, behenic acid (0.47 - 1.37%) was also detected.

Perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel) criadas em cativeiro / Serum protein electrophoresis profile of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus kept in captivity

As serpentes peçonhentas dos gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus têm sido mantidas em cativeiro visando à extração de venenos para a produção de imunobiológicos. O conhecimento da fisiologia desses animais e as alterações na concentração de proteínas e suas frações séricas são importantes para a identificação precoce de importantes enfermidades que cursam com estados de hipoproteinemia e hiperproteinemia. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a concentração de proteína total e o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel) criadas em cativeiro. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue da veia coccígea ventral de 21 serpentes adultas e sadias, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo 1 de 12 machos com peso médio de 588,89±193,55g, e Grupo 2 de nove fêmeas com peso médio de 708,33±194,04g. A proteína total sérica foi determinada pelo método de refratometria e a eletroforese em gel de agarose. Obtiveram-se valores da proteína total sérica (g/dL) de 4,51±0,50 para machos e de 4,82±0,72 para fêmeas, e para machos e fêmeas de 4,64±0,61. Foram identificadas pela eletroforese quatro frações protéicas (g/dL): albumina, a, b, g-globulinas e calculada a relação albumina:globulina. As serpentes fêmeas apresentaram maiores valores para as variáveis, albumina e para a relação albumina/globulina (AG) diferindo significativamente (P<0,05) do grupo de machos, porém sem significado clínico.

The poisonous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Bothrops have been kept in captivity with the purpose of extracting poison for the production of immunobiological. Knowledge of the physiology of these animals and serum proteins concentration changes are important for early identification of major diseases which lead to states of hypoproteinemia and hyperproteinemia. The objective was to determine the concentration of total protein and serum protein electrophoresis profile of Crotalus durissus terrificus (rattlesnake) in captivity. Blood samples were taken from the ventral coccygeal vein of 21 adult and healthy snakes divided into groups: Group 1 with 12 males, weighing in average 588.89±193.55g, and Group 2 with nine females, weighing in average 708.33±194.04g. The total serum concentration of protein was determined by the method of refractometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. The total protein values in the serum for females was 4.82±0.72, for males 4.51±0.50 and males and females 4.64±0.61, identified by four fractions (g/dL): albumin, a, b and g-globulin. Additionally the albumin/globulin ratio was calculated. The female snakes showed higher values for the variables, albumin and the albumin/globulin (AG) differed significantly (P<0.05) from the group of male snakes, but there was no clinical significance.