El precio de la ausencia: La Psiquiatría Latinoamericana en el mundo / The price of absence: Latin-American Psychiatry in the world

El fenómeno de la globalización, impulsado por migraciones masivas y avances tecnológicos cada vez más complejos, plantea desafíos a la identidad individual y colectiva, a la fisonomía cultural de regiones y continentes y a sus expresiones científicas, entre ellas la medicina y la psiquiatría. Tras describir brevemente las rutas históricas de la psiquiatría latinoamericana, el artículo examina el trabajo de algunas de sus más destacadas figuras y sus contribuciones en campos como psiquiatría social, psicoanálisis, neurobiología, psicopatología y otros. El enfoque central en torno a la visibilidad y aceptación de contribuciones latinoamericanas en el escenario mundial se basa en cifras de Factor de Impacto de publicaciones especializadas, reconocimiento y participación de psiquiatras latinoamericanos en eventos e instituciones internacionales, colaboración en proyectos de investigación, etc. Se concluye que tal visibilidad es modesta y se examinan las razones de la misma y las reacciones de la comunidad psiquiátrica latinoamericana ante tal realidad. Finalmente, se formulan sugerencias y planteamientos de manejo de esta situación para una reafirmación del valor y calidad de aquellas contribuciones en los campos académico, clínico y heurístico.

Globalization, a phenomenon nourished by massive migrations and increasingly complex technological advances, creates challenges to individual and collective identities, to the cultural texture of world regions and continents, and to their scientific expressions, among them medicine and psychiatry. After briefly describing the historical routes of Latin-American psychiatry, this article examines the work of some of its most distinguished figures and their contributions in areas such as social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, neurobiology and others. A focus on the visibility and acceptance of Latin-American contributions to the world psychiatry scene is based on the study of Impact Factor figures of publications, recognition and participation of Latin-American psychiatrists in international organizations and events, collaborative participation in research projects, etc. It is concluded that such visibility is modest, reasons for this and the reactions of the Latin-American psychiatric community in the face of it are examined. Finally, suggestions and management strategies aimed at reaffirming the value and quality of such contributions in the academic, heuristic and clinical fields, are formulated.

A correspondência entre Juliano Moreira e Hermelino Lopes Rodrigues: as relações de um mestre e seu discípulo na constituição do campo psiquiátrico em Minas Gerais / La correspondencia entre Juliano Moreira y Hermelino Lopes Rodrigues: las relaciones de un mestre y su discípulo en la constitución del campo psiquiatrico en Minas Gerais / La correspondance entre Juliano Moreira et Hermelino Lopes Roddrigues: les rapports d'un maître et de son disciple dans la constitution du champ psychiatrique dans l'état de Minas Gerais / The correspondence between Juliano Moreira and Hermelino Lopes Rodrigues: the relations between a master and his disciple in establishing the field of psychiatry in Minas Gerais

A partir da experiência de Hermelino Lopes Rodrigues na consolidação do campo psiquiátrico em Minas Gerais, na década de 1920, este artigo tem como objetivo descrever e analisar as principais dificuldades enfrentadas por Lopes Rodrigues nas implantações de seu projeto assistencial como diretor do Instituto Raul Soares. Além disso, aborda a influência de Juliano Moreira como interlocutor principal de Lopes Rodrigues, se utilizando de uma parte da correspondência entre os dois psiquiatras, e demonstrando a importância que essas cartas inéditas adquirem na recomposição e análise dos fatos históricos estudados.

A partir de l'experiencia de Hermelino Lopes Rodrigues en la consolidación del ámbito psiquiátrico en l'Estado del Minas Gerais durante la década de 1920, este artículo contempla a describir y analizar las principales dificultades encontradas por Rodrigues en las implantaciones de su proyecto como director de l'Instituto Raul Soares. Además trata de l'influencia de Juliano Moreira como el principal interlocutor de Lopes Rodrigues, si utilizando d'una parte de la correspondencia entre los dos psiquiatras, y demuestra l'importancia que estas cartas inéditas adquieren en la reconstrucción y l'análisis de los hechos históricos estudiados.

À partir de l'expérience de Hermelino Lopes Rodrigues dans la consolidation du domaine psychiatrique dans l'État du Minas Gerais au cours des années 1920, cet article vise à décrire et à analyser les principales difficultés rencontrées par Rodrigues dans les implantations de son projet à titre de directeur de l'Institut Raul Soares. En outre, il traite de l'influence de Juliano Moreira comme le principal interlocuteur de Lopes Rodrigues, utilisant une partie de la correspondance entre les deux psychiatres, et démontre l'importance que ces lettres inédites acquièrent dans la reconstruction et l'analyse des faits historiques étudiés.

Based on the experience of Hermelino Lopes Rodrigues in consolidating the field of psychiatry in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the 1920s, this article describes and analyzes the main difficulties he faced in his project as director of the Raul Soares Institute. The article also discusses Juliano Moreira's influence as the main interlocutor of Lopes Rodrigues by analyzing some of the letters exchanged between the two psychiatrists. The importance that these unpublished letters have in reconstructing and analyzing the historical facts involved is also brought up.

The Introduction of Western Psychiatry into Korea (II) Psychiatric Education in Korea during the Forced Japanese Annexation of Korea (1910-1945) / 의사학

In the second report in our series on the historical investigation on the introduction of western psychiatry into Korea, authors deal with the status of psychiatric education during the Japanese forced annexation of Korea. The first lecture on psychiatry in Korea under the title "Mental Diseases" was held in Dae-han-eui-won around 1910. In 1913, the Department of Psychiatry branched off from the Department of Internal Medicine of Chosen-sotoku-fu-iing, the Colonial Governmental Clinic, the successor of Dae-han-eui-won. The chairman, Professor Suiju Sinji; and the Korean assistant Sim Ho-seop administered the psychiatric ward with 35 beds. Since 1913, an Australian missionary psychiatrist, Dr. McLaren began to teach neurology and psychiatry at Severance Union Medical College and established a Department of Psychiatry in 1923. Dr. McLaren was a faithful Christian and open minded toward Oriental religious thought such as in Buddhism and Taoism. He devoted himself to the humanitarian care of mentally ill patients and served there until 1937 when he had to leave the land due to Japanese persecution. His disciple, Dr. Lee Jung Cheol succeeded the chair of the Psychiatric Department of Severance Medical College and served until 1939. In 1916, Keijo(Seoul) Medical College was established and in 1928, Keijo Teikoku Daigaku(Imperial University). From 1929 to 1941, the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of Keijo Imperial University grew under the chairmanship of Professor Kubo Kioji followed by Professor Watanabe until 1945. Many assistants including a few Koreans were gathered to the Department for training and research. The main textbook used for the psychiatric education for medical students in Korea was on Kraepelinian German Psychiatry translated and edited by Japanese psychiatrists. Lectures and clerkships for Neurology and Psychiatry were allocated generally in the curriculum for senior students for weekly 1-3 hours. Postgraduate professional training for the psychiatrists was carried out according to the tutorial system under the supervision of professors and staff. In regard to a wide range of references discovered in the library of the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Keijo Imperial University the trainees seem to have had opportunity to contact with diverse subspecialties of psychiatry and also to exercise specific laboratory examinations in the setting of the German "Klinik". Comparisons of psychiatry in Korea and Japan during Japanese occupation suggest the following conclusions: 1. Extreme discrimination against Korean trainees in their academic careersprobably due to colonial policy. After 35 years of Japanese occupation of Korea only ten Korean neuro-psychiatrists and neurologists were left; 2. Somewhat narrow academic interests of psychiatrists in Korea in research fields focusing on neuropathology and opium addiction etc and the lackness of the interest in social psychiatric issues: for example, the rights of the mentally ill patient or non-restraining care systems as seen in Japanese psychiatry in Japan. 3. Extremely limited number of psychiatry teaching staffs in Korea. For a long time Keijo Imperial University's Department of Neurology and Psychiatry was the only center for training psychiatrists in Korea.