Relacionamentos durante a quarentena: as justificativas para aceitar o abuso psicológico em mulheres / Relationships during Quarantine: The Justifications for Supporting Psychological Abuse in Women

Objetivo. Analisar o papel das atitudes frente a convivência conjugal durante o período da quarentena, como justificativa da relação entre as ideologias baseadas no tradicionalismo e a aceitação do abuso psicológico em mulheres. Método. Esta pesquisa é do tipo transversal e foi realizada de forma online com 260 mulheres oriundas de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Resultado. Os resultados demonstraram efeitos positivos e significativos (efeito indireto = .14; SE = .04; IC 95% .05; .22), sugerindo que as mulheres, que endossam mais ideologias tradicionalistas, utilizam mais justificativas, por meio da quarentena, e aceitam mais o abuso psicológico. Essa mesma relação ocorreu nas estratégias diretas e indiretas do abuso psicológico. Logo, este estudo apresentou evidências preliminares acerca de um possível reforçador do abuso psicológico.

Objective. This online cross-sectional research aimed to analyze the role of attitudes towards conjugal coexistence, during the period of quarantine, as a justification of the relationship between ideologies based on traditionalism and the acceptance of psychological abuse on women. Method. For this purpose, 260 women from different regions of Brazil were studied. Results. The results showed positive and significant effects (mediated effect = .14; SE = .04; 95% CI .05; .22), suggesting that women who endorse more traditionalist ideologies use more justifications, through quarantine, and are more accepting of psychological abuse. This same relationship occurred in the direct and indirect strategies of psychological abuse. Therefore, this study presented preliminary evidence about a possible reinforcer of psychological abuse.

Historias de violencia y desigualdad de género en mujeres del mercado municipal / Violence and gender inequality in women market vendors stories

Introducción: El problema de la violencia no sólo afecta a quien la padece, pues tiene efectos colaterales en los hijos y otros familiares, lo cual deteriora su salud física, mental y emocional. Objetivo: Analizar la situación de desigualdad y la violencia de género en las mujeres. Metodología: El estudio se realizó bajo un enfoque cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico, aplicando la técnica de la entrevista a profundidad con previo consentimiento informado para su grabación, transcripción, análisis e interpretación. Resultados: Se identificaron formas de violencia física, sexual, psicológica, económica y patrimonial debido a las relaciones asimétricas dentro del hogar, producto del machismo y un sistema patriarcal que afectan la calidad de vida y el desarrollo social de las mujeres. Limitaciones: Las mujeres participantes eran vendedoras del mercado municipal y contaban con poco tiempo disponible para las entrevistas, pues el cierre de sus puestos de trabajo podía generar pérdidas económicas. Valor del estudio: La violencia y desigualdad de género son problemáticas en los países latinoamericanos que se deben abordar desde toda perspectiva para su identificación y prevención oportuna. Conclusiones: La situación de violencia y desigualdad de género ha tenido un impacto negativo no sólo en la vida de las mujeres entrevistadas, sino también de su núcleo familiar, sin embargo, cada una de ellas busca mejorar sus condiciones de vida a pesar de estas adversidades.

Introduction: Gender violence does not only affect the women who suffer it, since it causes collateral effects to children and other family members that deteriorates their physical, mental and emotional health. Objective: To analyze gender inequality and gender-based violence against women. Methodology: We carried out qualitative research of phenomenological type, applying in-depth interviews with previously informed consent for its recording, transcription, analysis and interpretation. Results: Physical, sexual, psychological, economic and patrimonial violence were identified in asymmetrical relationships as a result of sexism and the patriarchal system, which affects women's quality of life and social development. Limitations: Female participants were vendors from a local market and had limited time for the interviews, since the closing of their stands could cause economic losses. Value of the study: Gender-based violence and gender inequality constitute a problem in Latin American countries that should be thoroughly studied for its identification and timely prevention. Conclusions: Gender-based violence and gender inequality produces a negative impact not only on the lives of the women interviewed, but also on their families, however, every one of them tries to improve their life conditions and overcome adversities.

Trastornos sensitivos genitales y maltrato psicológico en la relación de pareja: una revisión bibliográfica / Sensitive genital disorders and psychological abuse in the couple relationship: a bibliographic review

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los trastornos sensitivos genitales y su relación con el maltrato psicológico en la pareja es un tema poco tratado en la literatura y, sin embargo, presente en la entrevista médica y psicológica. Aplica para aquellos casos en que no se aprecia alteración en la exploración física suficiente como para atribuirlo a causas orgánicas. OBJETIVO: Recopilar e integrar diferentes visiones acerca del síntoma de insensibilidad genital durante las relaciones sexuales, definir si este síntoma corresponde a una disfunción sexual e indagar sobre su relación con la violencia psicológica en la relación de pareja. MÉTODO: Revisión bibliográfica. Resultados: Los trastornos sensitivos cuya base orgánica es descartada no corresponderían a una disfunción sexual, sino más bien a una alteración sensorial disociativa como respuesta a una situación de violencia psicológica acompañada de violencia sexual en todos los casos. CONCLUSIONES: La insensibilidad genital es un tema que debe ser considerado al hacer la anamnesis de una paciente, para así ser derivada a un especialista con la intención de abordarlo de forma interdisciplinaria y, por ende, evaluar y diferenciar los elementos orgánicos y funcionales del síntoma.

INTRODUCTION: Genital sensory disorders and how they relate to psychological abuse in the couple is a topic that is scarcely address in the literature, however present it might be in medical and psychological interviews. It is often found in cases where there is no perceived sufficient alteration in physical examinations in order to attribute it to organic causes. OBJECTIVE: To collect and integrate different views regarding the symptom of genital insensitivity during sexual intercourse, define whether this symptom relates to sexual dysfunction and inquire about its connection with psychological violence in the couple. METHOD: Bibliographic assessment. Results: Sensory disorders, whose organic basis is ruled out, do not relate to sexual dysfunction but rather to a dissociative sensory alteration in response to a situation of psychological violence accompanied, in all cases, by sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS: Genital insensitivity is an issue that must be taken into account at the time of taking the patients medical history. This way, it can be referred to a specialist with the intention of addressing it in an interdisciplinary way and, therefore, evaluate and differentiate the organic and functional elements of the symptom.

Sentidos da violência psicológica contra idosos: experiências familiares / Meanings of elderly psychological violence: families experiences

Objetivou-se analisar os sentidos da violência psicológica contra idosos para integrantes de um grupo de convivência para a terceira idade. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, com três grupos focais integrados por 22 idosos, sendo 19 mulheres e três homens, com idades entre 61 e 84 anos. Os dados foram analisados por meio das práticas discursivas e organizados em quatro categorias indicativas dos sentidos produzidos em torno das experiências sofridas nas famílias: falta de compreensão/paciência diante das limitações, cerceamento da autonomia, não reconhecimento das potencialidades e repetição de padrões familiares abusivos. Os resultados explicitam a violência psicológica cotidiana e sutil, capaz de causar dano, assim como a presença de uma linha tênue entre o que pode ser considerado cuidado e o que vem a ser percebido como violência.

The aim of the research was to analyze the meanings of violence against the elderly among members of a coexistence group for the third age. Qualitative research was carried out through three focus groups. A total of 22 elderly participated, being three men and nineteen women, aged between 61 and 84 years. The data were analyzed through discursive practices and organized into four categories indicative of the meanings produced due to the family's experiences: lack of understanding / patience in the face of limitations, restriction of autonomy, failure to recognize potentialities and repetition of abusive family patterns. The results show the daily and subtle psychological violence, capable of causing harm, as well as the presence of a fine line between what can be considered care and what comes to be perceived as violence.

Propriedades Psicométricas de uma Medida de Abuso Psicológico na Parceira / Propiedades Psicométricas de una Medida de Abuso Psicológico en la Pareja / Psychometric Properties of a Measurement of Psychological Abuse in Couples

Resumo 0 abuso psicológico é caracterizado pela degradação e pelo controle do parceiro que levam ao desrespeito entre eles. Objetivou-se reunir evidências de validade da Escala de Abuso Psicológico na Parceira (eap-p) em mulheres brasileiras. 0 estudo foi dividido em dois. Do Estudo 1, participaram 303 mulheres e realizaram-se análise fatorial exploratória e consistência interna. Os achados corroboraram para uma estrutura bifatorial: estratégias diretas do abuso psicológico e estratégias indiretas do abuso psicológico, com alfas iguais a .92 e .89, respectivamente. Do Estudo 2, participaram 380 mulheres, com a realização de análise confirmatória, e avaliaram-se os parâmetros dos itens mediante a Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Os resultados apontaram que o modelo bifactor apresentou melhores índices de ajuste, além de bons índices de confiabilidade composta de .90 e variância média extraída (.51 e .50), e indicaram, através da TRI, boa capacidade de avaliar a porção central do contínuo de abuso psicológico. A EAP-P se apresentou como um instrumento válido e consistente para detectar e medir a violência psicológica em mulheres.

Resumen El maltrato psicológico se caracteriza por la degradación y el control de la pareja que conllevan al irrespeto entre ambos. El propósito fue reunir evidencias de la validez de la Escala de Abuso Psicológico en la Pareja (EAP-P, en portugués) en mujeres brasileñas. El estudio se dividió en dos. En el Estudio 1 participaron 303 mujeres, con cuya muestra se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y de consistencia interna. Los hallazgos corroboran una estructura bifactorial: estrategias directas del abuso psicológico y estrategias indirectas del abuso psicológico, con alfas iguales a .92 y .89, respectivamente. En el Estudio 2 participaron 380 mujeres, muestra con la que se realizó un análisis confirmatorio, y se validaron los parámetros de los ítems mediante la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Los resultados señalan que el modelo bifactor presentó mejores índices de ajuste, además de buenos índices de fiabilidad compuesta de .90 y varianza promedia extraída (.51 e .50), e indicaron, por medio de la tri, alta capacidad de evaluar la porción central del continuo de abuso psicológico. La EAP-P se mostró como un instrumento válido y consistente para detectar y medir la violencia psicológica en mujeres.

Abstract Psychological abuse is characterized by the degradation and control of the partner, which leads to mutual disrespect. The purpose of the study was to collect evidence regarding the validity of the Scale of Psychological Abuse in Couples (EAP-P, in Spanish) in Brazilian women. The study was divided into two parts. A sample of 303 women participated in Study 1, and exploratory factor and internal consistency analyses were carried out on that sample. Findings corroborate a bifactor structure: direct strategies of psychological abuse and indirect strategies of psychological abuse, with alphas equal to .92 and .89, respectively. A sample of 380 women participated in Study 2, a confirmatory analysis was carried out, and the parameters of the items were validated using Item Response Theory (IRT). The results show that the bifactor model featured better adjustment indexes, in addition to good composite reliability indexes of .90 and average variance extracted (.51 and .50). Through IRT, they also showed a high capacity to assess the central portion of the psychological abuse continuum. EAP-P proved to be a valid and consistent instrument to detect and measure psychological violence in women.

Caracterización de la violencia doméstica en parejas disfuncionales cubanas / Characterization of domestic violence in Cuban dysfunctional couples

Introducción: La violencia alcanza la categoría de epidemia en muchos países. Sus registros son mínimos cuando se produce en la cotidianidad del hogar o en el marco de una relación de pareja. Objetivo: Caracterizar la violencia doméstica en parejas disfuncionales cubanas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en el policlínico capitalino Ana Betancourt durante el año 2017. El universo de estudio estuvo representado por 43 parejas. A las 30 parejas, escogidas por criterios de selección, se les aplicó un cuestionario y la alternativa de respuesta, a cada rubro, se eligió por acuerdo entre las partes. Resultados: Se constató maltrato psicológico en 60 por ciento de las parejas y maltrato combinado en 40 por ciento. En ambas modalidades, la totalidad señaló que el castigo ocurrió en seis o más ocasiones durante el último año, y a la figura masculina como victimaria, en más de la mitad de las veces, la cual, 33,3 por ciento estaba bajo el efecto del alcohol. La totalidad refirió, casi siempre, discusiones en el hogar y declaró nunca utilizar la negociación para intentar solucionar conflictos; 43,3 por ciento señaló las relaciones afectivas de precaria calidad como el principal factor de riesgo familiar asociado al actual patrón de violencia doméstica. Conclusiones: La violencia se detectó en la totalidad de las parejas. Predominó el maltrato psicológico. Prevaleció el estilo autoritario en la relación de pareja. Como consecuencia del comportamiento violento ambos cónyuges están física y mentalmente dañados(AU)

Introduction: Violence reaches the category of epidemics in many countries. Its records are minimal when it occurs in the daily life of a home or in the context of a couple's relationship. Objective: To characterize domestic violence in Cuban dysfunctional couples. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Ana Betancourt Policlinic, in Havana City during 2017. The sample group was formed by 43 couples. A questionnaire was applied to the 30 couples chosen by selection criteria and the alternative of response to each item was chosen by agreement between the parties. Results: Psychological abuse was found in 60 percent of the couples and combined abuse in 40 percent. In both modalities, the totality noted that punishment occurred on six or more occasions during the last year, and the male figure was the perpetrator in more than half of the times, which, 33.3 percent was under the effect of alcohol. The totality almost always referred disputes at home and stated negotiation was never used to try to solve disputes; 43.3 percent noted the affective relationships of precarious quality as the main factor of family risk associated with the current pattern of domestic violence. Conclusions: Violence was detected in all couples. Psychological abuse predominated. The authoritarian style prevailed in the couple's relationship. As a result of violent behaviour both spouses are physically and mentally damaged(AU)

El abuso psicológico al niño en la familia / The psychological abuse of children in the family

Resumen En muchas familias, los padres o cuidadores de los niños emplean, para controlar el comportamiento de éstos, medidas agresivas que vulneran sus derechos, entre ellas el abuso psicológico (AP). El AP consiste en actos no accidentales, verbales o simbólicos, realizados por un progenitor o cuidador de un niño que provocan o generan una probabilidad razonable de causarle daño psicológico. El AP ha recibido también nombres como maltrato emocional, maltrato psicológico, abuso verbal, entre otros, y generalmente su registro ha sido deficiente. También ha sido difícil determinar su epidemiología por la falta de consenso sobre su definición y porque se ha subestimado su impacto sobre la salud mental de las víctimas. Sin embargo, sus consecuencias psicosociales son tan nocivas o más que las producidas por otras formas de maltrato (físico, sexual, negligencia), a las que habitualmente acompaña. En esta revisión sobre diferentes aspectos del AP, se plantea la necesidad de que todos los clínicos de la salud, y no solamente los dedicados a la salud mental, investiguen las técnicas que padres y cuidadores emplean en la crianza de los menores, traten de modificar aquellas que constituyen ejemplos de AP o de otro tipo y, de ser necesario, refieran a los profesionales de la salud mental los casos que así lo requieran.

Abstract It is still not unusual that the parents or caregivers of children in many families use violent measures to control the behavior of their offspring, even when these measures violate human rights. The psychological abuse involves non-accidental actions, either verbal or symbolic, by a parent or guardian that in all likelihood may cause psychological harm to the child. Other names for psychological abuse are: emotional maltreatment, psychological maltreatment, emotional abuse and verbal abuse. Its epidemiology has been difficult to determine because of the lack of consensus on its definition and because its impact on the mental health of the victims has been underestimated. However, the psychosocial consequences of psychological abuse are as damaging, or even more harmful, that the consequences of other types of abuse (such as physical, sexual or neglect). It is important for physicians and other clinicians to keep an eye on the occurrence of psychological abuse, to teach parents functional rearing technics and refer families to psychological treatment if necessary.

Relación de maltrato en el noviazgo de jóvenes mexicanos: análisis diferencial por sexo y nivel de estudios / Intimate partner violence in the relationships of mexican youth: differential analysis by sex and level of schooling

El objetivo de este estudio es examinar la prevalencia de conductas de violencia o maltrato de pareja (dating violence), y las diferencias por sexo y nivel de estudios a través de los ocho factores reportados desde el cuestionario CUVINO (alfa = .92). La muestra utilizada fue de 3495 jóvenes mexicanos (1537 hombres y 1958 mujeres), de los cuales 55.2 por ciento eran preuniversitarios y 44.8 por ciento universitarios. Los resultados mostraron una elevada prevalencia de victimización especialmente en el tipo de maltrato categorizado como psicológico (desapego, coerción, humillación), por género y sexual; las adolescentes reportan más perpetración de violencia en el noviazgo y menos victimización, tanto en preuniversitarios como en universitarios. Los varones tienen una percepción de maltrato mayor, especialmente de tipo físico, castigo emocional e instrumental, aunque no son las conductas de mayor ocurrencia. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados.

The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of violent behavior or partner abuse (dating violence), as well as gender differences and level of schooling in a sample of 3495 Mexican youth (1537 males and 1958 females; 55.2 percent pre-undergraduate and 44.8 percent undergraduate students) through the eight factors from the CUVINO measure (alpha = .92). The results showed a high prevalence of victimization, especially for the abuse categorized as psychological (detachment, coercion, humiliation), gender-related and sexual-related; Female adolescents report more perpetration of dating violence and less victimization, both at the pre-undergraduate and undergraduate levels. Males have a greater perception of abuse, especially physical, emotional and instrumental punishment, though not higher occurrence behaviors. The implications of the results are discussed.

Autoestima y adaptación en víctimas de maltrato psicológico por parte de la pareja / Self-steem and adaptation victims of psychological abuse by partner

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los niveles de autoestima y adaptación en un grupo de personas con experiencia de maltrato por parte de su pareja en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia). Se utilizó un diseño transversal, ex post facto; se llevó a cabo un muestreo no probabilístico y se seleccionaron 50 sujetos. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron una entrevista semiestructurada, un cuestionario de autoestima y uno de adaptación. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de porcentajes. Los resultados mostraron bajos niveles de autoestima y elevados índices de inadaptación; igualmente, se encontró que el tipo de maltrato más común es el psicológico, el cual se acompaña de agresión física, sexual y económica; además, las mujeres fueron quienes más reportaron ser víctimas de esta situación. En conclusión, las personas que son víctimas de maltrato por parte de su pareja tienden a mostrar más bajos niveles de autoestima y más altos índices de inadaptación...

The objective of this research was to evaluate the levels of self-esteem and adaptation in a group of people who have experienced abuse by their partner, in the city of Medellín (Colombia). An ex post facto cross-sectional design was used. It was conducted a non-probability sampling and 50 subjects were selected. The instruments used were a semi structured interview, A Self-Esteem Questionnaire and one of adaptation. In addition, percentages and descriptive analyzes were conducted. The results showed low levels of self-esteem and high levels of maladjustment. It was also found that the most common type of abuse is psychological, which is accompanied by physical, sexual and economic aggression. Furthermore, women were the most reported victims of this situation. In conclusion, people who are victims of abuse by their partner tend to show lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of maladjustment...

La competencia emocional como recurso inhibidor para la perpetración del maltrato psicológico en la pareja / Emotional competence as a resource to inhibit psychological abuse in couples

Nowadays, violence within couples is the most alarming form of interpersonal violence. It could even be considered a public health problem. Nevertheless, although the magnitude is as serious as the repercussions of the aggression suffered by the victims, there is a general tendency to restrict the focus of attention to the physical aspect of the problem. Thus, the study of psychological abuse is relegated to a secondary plane, ignoring those works that demonstrate the presence of psychological aggression with serious consequences, comparable to or even greater than those of a physical nature, even though the former are more difficult to predict. For this reason, there is little consensus concerning the specific behaviour patterns that make up psychological abuse. Nevertheless, among its most evident characteristics, we can point to such manifestations as insults, criticism, humiliations, disparagement or ridicule, both in public and in private, social and economic isolation, repeated threats to either abandon the relationship or to seek a divorce, threats of abuse towards the victims or their loved ones and those related with harming or destroying the victim's cherished belongings, whether they be objects or animals, which may be psychologically traumatic for the victim. On the other hand, such conduct as manipulating information, affective neglect, denial of violence and putting the blame entirely on the victim can be listed as hidden expressions of psychological abuse in couples. Similarly, several works have established a link between a wide range of psychological and behavioural symptoms connected to psychological violence in couples with numerous aspects of emotional intelligence. On an interpersonal level, conflictive couples seem to respond to communicative registers far removed from emotional intelligence or such partner skills as empathy, self-control and co-operation, thus leading to violent relational dynamics. The current research analyses psychological abuse in couples (disparagement, hostility, indifference, intimidation, imposition of behaviour patterns, blaming and apparent kindness) and its connection with the level of emotional competence (emotiveness, efficacy, rigidity and illusion) shown by the individuals that make up the couple. The research was carried out in the context of the University of Extremadura (Spain). The sample was selected randomly and was made up of 1 080 university students, of whom 332 were male and 748 female, aged in four categories covering the range from 17 to 23 years or more. Following the sample selection, the deans and department directors were informed of the aims of the research, their approval was sought to implement the research instruments and to guarantee the collaboration of the lecturers in the various degree subjects chosen. Then, a joint calendar was established to apply the tests. The surveys were carried out during the academic years 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. The tests were collectively administered in single sessions. Copies of the survey were handed out along with instructions. Volunteers were then told to fill in personal data and the instructions were read out aloud, stressing the importance of answering all the questions without exception. Finally, doubts were answered, taking care not to influence the subjects' replies. The confidentiality of the students' answers was guaranteed by coding each questionnaire with a numerical identification. After the questionnaires were handed in, the students' replies were checked for compliance with the protocols, and on the basis of atypical replies and questions left unanswered. Only two questionnaires were eliminated due to protocol and no atypical answers or unanswered questions were found. The order was exactly the same for all the applications: First of all the Inventory of Constructive Thought (15 to 30 minutes), and secondly the Questionnaire on Psychological Abuse (15 to 20 minutes). The main results of the study, with respect to the indicators of psychological abuse in couples, are as follows: the existence of patterns of psychological violence in the relationships of couples of university students is confirmed. Of the most significant sub-factors of psychological abuse, the most frequently used by these young people were those included in (3) Indifference, while the least commonly used were those included in (7) Apparent Kindness. As for the relationship between psychologically abusive behaviour patterns and emotional competence during pre-marital relationships, there are significant differences. Finally, the presence of significant correlations between most factors and sub-factors of psychological abuse in couples and the different emotional skills is confirmed. To conclude, it can be said that the research provides evidence that the indicators of psychological abuse in couples start to appear during pre-marital relationships. An analysis of the results demonstrates that these subjects put into practice such indicators and/or manifestations as: trivializations, reproaches, lack of empathy or support, judging, criticising, correcting, abusive insistence and accusations. The students from the sample show no marked tendency towards the exercise of any form of psychological violence in particular. Rather, they exhibit a heterogeneous behavioural repertory made up of disparagement, confrontation, lack of interest or affection, coercion, attempts to restrict the victim psychologically or socially, and blaming the victim for the aggressor's own violent response. Also worthy of note are such specific manifestations as: the aggressor's interest in disparaging any behaviour or attitude adopted by the partner, showing serious resistance to listening and sharing the partner's reality, unless to chide them. Similarly, the existence of behaviour patterns can be appreciated through which aggressors implacably and strictly censure their partner for not living up to their own expectations, forcing the situation until they can release their anger and personal tension and thus get their way with the victim. In addition, the presence of indifference can also be appreciated as the commonest expression of psychological violence among young people aged between 17 and 23. This demonstrates a lack of affective involvement that makes empathy, support and respect towards the individuality of the victim impossible. In turn, it promotes behaviour patterns of monopolising by the aggressor, at the same time as it generates problems for establishing effective communicative links within the couple and destroys the principles of mutuality and equality that are at the heart of any relationship. On the other hand, in this pre-marital interaction, there are significant differences and relationships between the considered manifestations of psychological violence. There are certainly such behaviour patterns as disparagement, hostility, lack of affection, coercion, unreasonable demands, blaming and manipulative attitudes present in the relationships of the students studied. There is also the development of such skills as the subject's capacity to face potentially stressful situations ("emotiveness"), to adopt objective, optimistic and functional thought patterns ("efficacy"), to show tolerance when faced with frustration ("rigidity") and to avoid making judgements about reality based on optimism without objective reasons ("illusion"). However, such data are indicative of such revealing results as the existence of a greater tendency towards psychological violence in its different manifestations by those students with more precarious emotional resources, become even more consistent when the many related studies that act as empirical support are reviewed. With this work, we aim to contribute to the scientific analysis of psychological violence in the relationships of couples, as well as in the design of primary prevention programmes focused on the development of emotional education as a key tool for establishing full and healthy relationships between couples.

La violencia contra la pareja constituye, actualmente, la forma más alarmante de violencia interpersonal. Sin embargo, a pesar de la magnitud del fenómeno, existe una tendencia general a restringir el foco de interés a la dimensión física del mismo. De esta forma el estudio del maltrato psicológico es relegado a un segundo plano, ignorando aquellos trabajos que evidencian la presencia de agresiones psicológicas con secuelas de gravedad equiparada o superior a las de naturaleza física, aunque las primeras presenten una mayor dificultad en su detección. Diferentes investigaciones establecen una vinculación entre una amplia gama de síntomas psicológicos y comportamentales consecuentes a la violencia psicológica en la pareja, con varias de las dimensiones de la inteligencia emocional. De esta forma, las parejas con elevadas tasas de conflictividad responsables de la instauración de la dinámica relacional violenta, parecen responder en el plano interpersonal con registros comunicativos alejados de la inteligencia emocional o de competencias como la empatía, el autocontrol y la cooperación hacia sus parejas. En la presente investigación se analiza el maltrato psicológico en las relaciones de pareja (desvalorización, hostilidad, indiferencia, intimidación, imposición de conductas, culpabilización y bondad aparente) y su relación con el nivel de competencias emocionales (emotividad, eficacia, rigidez e ilusión) que presentan los miembros que conforman la misma. Se desarrolló en el contexto de la Universidad de Extremadura (España). La selección de la muestra fue aleatoria y se compuso de 1 080 estudiantes universitarios/as. De ellos, 332 varones y 748 mujeres de edades comprendidas en cuatro categorías que abarcan el intervalo de 17 a 23 años o más. Una vez seleccionada la muestra establecimos un calendario para la aplicación de los instrumentos, conjuntamente con los decanos, directores de centros universitarios y secretarías académicas. La aplicación de los instrumentos se realizó de forma colectiva en una sesión en horario de mañana y tarde, durante los cursos académicos 2007/2008 y 2008/2009. Los resultados del estudio confirman la presencia de patrones de violencia psicológica en las relaciones de pareja de los estudiantes universitarios/as. Destacan como subfactores de maltrato psicológico ejercidos con mayor frecuencia en estos jóvenes los situados en el factor Indiferencia, en oposición a aquellos menos habituales comprendidos en el factor Bondad aparente. En cuanto a la relación entre las conductas psicológicamente abusivas y las competencias emocionales durante el noviazgo, se evidencian diferencias significativas. Finalmente se confirma la presencia de correlaciones significativas en la mayor parte de los factores y subfactores del maltrato psicológico en la pareja y las diferentes competencias emocionales. Los hallazgos del estudio sugieren en términos generales que los indicadores del maltrato psicológico en la pareja comienzan a manifestarse durante las relaciones de noviazgo, concretamente: trivializaciones, reproches, no empatía ni apoyo, juzgar, criticar, corregir, insistencia abusiva, acusaciones, etc. Se aprecia como la manifestación más habitual la falta de implicación afectiva que imposibilita la empatía, el apoyo y el respeto hacia la individualidad de la víctima, promoviendo conductas de monopolio por parte del agresor en la pareja. Asimismo se confirma la existencia de una mayor tendencia al empleo de las diferentes manifestaciones de violencia psicológica por parte de aquellos estudiantes universitarios/as con recursos emocionales más precarios. Datos que adquieren una mayor consistencia conforme revisamos los múltiples estudios que actúan como soporte empírico. En este sentido, el mayor reto es la promoción del análisis científico de la violencia psicológica en las relaciones de noviazgo, así como su orientación al diseño de programas de prevención primaria centrados en el desarrollo de la educación emocional como elemento central para el establecimiento de relaciones de parejas plenas y saludables.

Violencia intrafamiliar en el sector venezolano Las Tunitas / Domestic violence in Las Tunitas Venezuelan sector

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 240 adultos mayores pertenecientes al sector Las Tunitas de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, durante el 2010, con vistas a determinar las características del maltrato intrafamiliar en dicha comunidad. La muestra se seleccionó de manera no probabilística, intencional por juicio y se utilizó el porcentaje como medida de resumen. En la casuística prevaleció el maltrato en más de la mitad de los ancianos y fue proporcional el aumento de este con el incremento de la edad, con la menor escolaridad y la pertenencia a familias disfuncionales. Asimismo, la forma más frecuente de violencia fue el abuso psicológico por parte de los hijas e hijos y cónyuges, así como la ingestión de alcohol y las familias disfuncionales fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes, razón por la cual se sugirió realizar una intervención comunitaria encaminada a reducir el abuso en estos gerontes.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 240 aged persons belonging to Las Tunitas of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela during 2010, to determine the characteristics of the domestic abuse in that community. The sample was selected by means of judgment intentional non probabilistic method and the percentage was used as summary measure. Abuse prevailed in more than half of the elderly and its increase was proportional to the increasing age, with lower educational level and membership to dysfunctional families. Also, the most frequent form of violence was psychological abuse by daughters, sons and spouses, as well as alcoholism and dysfunctional families were the most common risk factors, reason why it was suggested to perform a community intervention aimed at reducing abuse in these elderly.

Effect of childhood psychological abuse on the personality of undergraduates with depression / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of psychological abuse in childhood on the personality of undergraduates with depression as well as its possible mechanism, and thus provide scientific evidence for the intervention of depression in undergraduates. Methods Particinants were 733 undergraduates from a university in Henan Province. They were surveyed with Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA. Q) and Eysenck personality theory (EPQ). Results the correlation between maternal antipathy and introversion-extroversion of personality;psychological abuse in childhood had apparently positive correlation with the depression in undergraduates (r = 0. 257, r = 0. 304, r =0. 243, P＜ 0. 01) and that of childhood maternal neglect to psychoticism (β = 0.206, P＜ 0.01) were positive and significant. The standard regression coefficients of paternal neglect to introversion-extroversion (β= -0. 143, P＜0. 01)were negative and significant . The scores of childhood paternal antipathy and maternal antipathy explained that childhood paternal antipathy had indirect effect via adulthood neuroticism on the depression in undergraduates,furthermore, the indirect effect demonstrated 59.8% of the total effect. Conclusion This study suggests that the personality of undergraduates with depression is affected directly by psychological abuse in childhood, and adulthood personality may mediate the relation between childhood psychological abuse and adulthood depression.

Amor y violencia: otro coctel neuropatológico en el siglo XXI / Love and violence: another neuropathological cocktail in the XXI century

La violencia es una de las primeras causas de muerte en el mundo; paradójicamente, el principal generador de violencia es el mismo sitio donde usualmente se fundamenta el amor y la adecuada relación de pareja, esto es, el hogar. Aunque generalmente se asocia a la mujer como principal víctima de la violencia intrafamiliar, se ha notado un incremento de violencia contra los hombres, y en algunos países la proporción de agresión entre géneros es similar. El principal detonador de discusiones conyugales son los celos, que cuando se tornan patológicos los transforman en suspicacia, la suspicacia en odio, el odio en locura y la locura en desesperación y violencia, todo esto provoca víctimas mortales en forma de homicidios o suicidios. En Colombia se ha incrementado la relación patológica de amor y violencia en las relaciones de pareja, lo cual ha llevado a que en instituciones tan importantes para el funcionamiento de un país como las Fuerzas Militares se hayan implementados programas de apoyo psicológico específico con el fin de disminuir el índice de suicidio en este grupo laboral, entre muchos otros más. De otro lado, diversas investigaciones han encontrado alteraciones neurobiológicas en individuos violentos, incluyendo trastornos neuroanatómicos, genéticos y bioquímicas. Tratamientos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos que incluyen terapias de comportamiento y que tratan al individuo de manera tridimensional (cuerpo, mente y espíritu) parecen ayudar a promover un ambiente más amable para la vida en pareja que el conocido a la fecha de violencia intrafamiliar basada, un sinnúmero de veces, en dolorosas y evidentes evidencias...

Violence is one of the main causes of death worldwide; however, the main place of violence is the same where love and appropriate relationships usually resides, it is at home. Although women are considered the main victim in spousal violence, an increase of violence against men has also been recently reported; in some countries, the co-abuse is almost similar. The main triggers of conjugal violence are pathological jealousy which, if pathological, evolves toward suspicion, malevolence, craziness, madness, despair, and violence leading it to both homicides and suicides. In Colombia, the pathological linkage of love and violence is also present countrywide; it has lead to implement, in some specific social groups such as the army, newer psychological supports to help people to decrease the frequency of suicides in these social groups, among others. On the other hand, different investigations have shown neurobiological abnormalities in violent people including anatomical, genetic and biochemical markers. Pharmacological and behavioral approaches have been suggested to control violence. Among these, a tri-dimensional approach that look for homeostatic mind, body and spirit relationships seem to be helpful in providing a more harmonic atmosphere to couples and may be very useful to overcome domestic violence which until now is based in outstanding, albeit painful, evidences...

Relationship Between Childhood Psychological Abuse and Neglect Experiences and Undergraduates' Personality / 中国临床心理学杂志

0.05).②The average scores of psychological abuse sub-scale scold and threaten dimension of the male students were higher than those of the female ones(P

Mobbing un riesgo psicosocial latente en el trabajo de enfermería / Mobbing, a latent psychosocial risk in the nursing work

El Mobbing o abuso psicológico es un tipo de maltrato verbal o modal que de manera crónica y frecuente recibe un trabajador por parte de otro (jefe o compañeros), mismos que, mediante conductas hostiles, tratan de provocar la salida de la víctima de la institución y/o aniquilarlo psicológicamente. Las consecuencias del Mobbing son devastadoras a nivel individual y social. Se ha insistido que el primer paso para su prevención es hacer extensiva la información de este fenómeno a poblaciones vulnerables. Por ello, el propósito consiste en dar a conocer el fenómeno del Mobbing a la comunidad de enfermería en un marco del contexto mexicano. Se aborda su definición, sus características, sus diferencias con otras variables psicosociales y sus consecuencias a diferentes niveles. Particularmente, se muestra que se trata de uno los riesgos psicosociales más frecuentes entre el colectivo de enfermería, ya que existen ciertas características propias de la ocupación que facilitan su incidencia; no obstante, permanece subidentificado y subestimado en nuestro país. Se hace necesaria la intervención a nivel individual e institucional, con especial énfasis en la participación de las personas que integran el grupo de enfermería.

Mobbing or psychological abuse is a type of verbal or modal maltreat that in a chronic and frequent manner, a worker received from coworkers (boss or peers), those who through hostile behaviors, try to make the victim to quit and/or psychologically destroy him. The consequences of mobbing are devastating in the individual and social level. It has been emphasized that the first to prevent it is making extensive information of this phenomenon to vulnerable populations. For that reason, the purpose consists on let the nursing community know the Mobbing phenomenon, within a Mexican framework. In the text, it is explained its definition, characteristics, differences with other psycho-social variables and their consequences to different levels. Particularly, it is showed that this is one of the most frequent psychosocial risks among nurses, because of the presence of its own characteristics which facilitate its incidence, but it seems sub-identified and subestimated in our country. It is necessary an intervention at individual and institutional level, with especial emphasis on the participation of nursing group members.

Maltrato en los ancianos: un reto a la atención primaria de salud geriátrica / Elderly abuse: a challenge to primary geriatric health care

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en la población de adultos mayores de un consultorio del Médico de Familia del Policínico "Ana Betancourt" del municipio Playa, clasificándose la muestra (93 pacientes) por grupos de edades, sexo, nivel escolar, ocupacional, estado civil etc., y se les aplicó una encuesta formulario, en la que, además de sus datos generales, se investigó la estructura y funcionamiento de la familia, sus ingresos económicos y la ayuda recibida, su procedencia, así como también el trato recibido de familiares, amigos, allegados, etc. En la investigación se encontró que 41 (44 %) eran objeto de abuso o maltrato en algunas de sus modalidades, siendo el perfil más frecuente el económico financiero con 19 casos (35 %), seguido del maltrato psicológico con 18 (33 %), la desatención en 15 (27 %) y el maltrato físico en 3 (5 %). Se relacionó además el funcionamiento familiar de los hogares de donde proceden los ancianos maltratados.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in the population of older adults from a family physician's office of "Ana Betancourt" Polyclinic, in Playa municipality. The sample (93 patients) was classified by groups according to age, sex, educational level, occupation, marital status, etc. In addition to their general data, the family structure and functioning, its incomes, the assistance received, its origin, the treatment given by close relatives and friends, etc., were also investigated by applying a questionnaire-survey. It was found that 41 (44 %) were abused or mistreated in some way . The economic financial profile was the most frequent with 19 cases (35 %), followed by psychiological abuse with 18 (33 %), lack of attention in 15 (27 %) and physical abuse in 3 (5 %). The family functioning of the houses where the elderly abused lived was also exposed.

Verdades ocultas en la relación de pareja / Hidden truths in the relationship

El presente artículo científico pretende mostrar algunos aspectos de esa realidad oculta que se manifiesta en algunas parejas; lo dicho sin decir, lo sutil que se torna cruel y amenazante, es el maltrato psicológico, maltrato con el cual se crea un circulo vicioso donde reina el utilitarismo y el servilismo, del cual es muy posible que no se pueda salir; es el goce que siempre ejercerá inconscientemente sus mandatos.

This scientific article aims to show some aspects of this hidden reality that manifests itself in some couples; what has been said without saying, the subtle thing that becomes cruel and threatening is the psychological abuse, abuse with which a vicious circle is created where utilitarianism and servility reigns, from which it is very possible that one cannot leave; it is the enjoyment that will always unconsciously exercise its mandates.

Maltrato psicológico a la mujer: Una mirada a través de la historia cultural y familiar / Psychological abuse of women: A look through cultural and family history

En el singular y complejo mundo de las relaciones vinculares entre hombre y mujer, a veces se dan una serie de acontecimientos enigmáticos, sobre todo cuando se parte de una premisa en la que una pareja decide Juntar sus vidas en nombre del amor, la tolerancia, la comprensión, y busca como ultimo fin conformar una familia donde predominen los valores ya mencionados.

In the unique and complex world of the relationship between men and women, sometimes there are a series of enigmatic events, especially when starting from a premise in which a couple decides to join their lives in the name of love, tolerance, understanding, and seeks as a final goal to form a family where the values ​​already mentioned predominate.

Characteristics of Behavior and Self-concept in Psychological Abused/Neglected Juveniles with Generalized Anxiety Disorder / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To invesgate the situation of psychological abuse and neglect among juveniles with generalized anxiety disorder(GAD) and explore the characteristics of behavior and self-concept in psychological abused/neglected juveniles with GAD.Methods: A sampling survey was made in 9495 juveniles(5~17) from six regions of Hunan Province.After using the two-stage epidemiologic research method,409 children including 206 normal controls,99 GAD without abuse/neglect and 104 GAD with abuse/neglect,completed CPANS,CSCS and their parents completed CBCL.Results: There were significantly higher rates of psychological abuse or neglect in the GAD group than the normal controls;the factor scores of juveniles with GAD were significantly higher than those with no mental disorders in all six aspects in CPANS(P=0.000),higher scores of internalizing and externalizing behaviors characterized the subgroup of juveniles with both GAD and abuse history compared with the subgroup with GAD without such history,and the scores including total score,behavior,anxiety,gregariousness and happiness factors(P=0.000),of the subgroup of juveniles with GAD and abuse histories were significantly lower than the GAD subgroup without abuse or neglect.Conclusion: Psychological abuse and neglect are more prevalent and severe in juveniles with GAD than in normal ones;when psychological abuse/neglect co-occurs with GAD,juveniles’ behavior problems are even greater and their level of self-concept are much lower.