Variables psicosociales predictoras de la no adherencia a los antirretrovirales en personas con VIH-SIDA / Predictive Psychosocial Variables of Non-Adherence to Antiretrovirals in People with HIV-AIDS

Resumen Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los niveles de adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral, así como determinar los factores psicológicos predictores de la no adherencia a dicho tratamiento en pacientes con VIH-SIDA. Método: Diseño descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 25 personas diagnosticadas con VIH-SIDA que asistieron a los servicios integrales de una asociación civil en la ciudad de Guadalajara, México, y que se encontraban bajo tratamiento antirretroviral. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de adherencia al tratamiento para el VIH-SIDA [CAT-VIH] y el Cuestionario de Factores Relacionados con la Adherencia al Tratamiento para el VIH/SIDA (CFR-AT VIH). Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y no paramétricos para la comparación de las variables de estudio, así como sus respectivas correlaciones. Resultados: Solo 60% de los evaluados presentan una adecuada adherencia al tratamiento con antirretrovirales; además se encontraron diferencias significativas entre adherentes y no adherentes en las variables de autoeficacia (Z=-3.196; p=.001); estrés (Z=-2.033; p=.042); y depresión (Z=-2.409; p=.016). Se obtuvieron correlaciones positivas de la adherencia con autoeficacia (r=.750; p=.000) y apoyo social (r=.462; p=.020) y correlaciones negativas con estrés (r=-.543; p=.005) y depresión (r=-.544; p=.005). Conclusiones: A mayores estados de estrés y depresión, menor serán los niveles de adherencia al tratamiento con antirretrovirales; por lo cual estas variables deben ser tomadas en cuenta para el diseño de estrategias de mejora de la adherencia en personas con VIH-SIDA.

Abstract Objective: Objective: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of adherence to antiretrovirals treatment as well as to determine the psychological factors that predict the non-adherence to antiretrovirals in HIV patients who attend a civil association in Guadalajara, México. Method: It was a descriptive, transversal and correlational design. The sample consisted of 25 patients diagnosed with HIV who attended integral services of a Civil Association. The Adherence to Treatment for HIV/AIDS Questionnaire [CAT-HIV] and the Questionnaire of Factors Related to Adherence to Treatment for HIV/AIDS (CFR-AT HIV) were used. Descriptive and nonparametric analyzes were carried out to compare the study variables, as well as their respective correlations, all through the statistical program SPSS v.20. Results: Only 60% of those evaluated showed adequate adherence to antiretrovirals; in addition, significance differences between adherents and non-adherents in the self-efficacy variable (Z = -3.196, p = .001); stress (Z = -2.033, p = .042); and depression (Z = -2.409, p = .016). Positive correlations of adherence were obtained with self-efficacy (r = .750, p = .000) and social support (r = .462, p = .020) and negative correlations with stress (r = - .543; p = .005) and depression (r = -. 544; p = .005). Conclusions: The higher levels of stress and depression, the lower the levels of adherence to antiretroviral treatment; therefore, these variables must be considered in the design of strategies to improve adherence in people with HIV.

Síndrome de inmovilidad en adultos mayores del Policlínico Bernardo Posse del municipio San Miguel del Padrón / Immobilization syndrome in elderly people in "Bernardo Posse" Policlinic in San Miguel del Padron

RESUMEN Fundamento: Dentro de los grandes síndromes geriátricos, la inmovilidad es una de las más graves consecuencias de las enfermedades que puede sufrir el anciano. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento del síndrome de inmovilidad en los adultos mayores del Grupo Básico de Trabajo n.o 1 del policlínico Bernardo Posse de San Miguel del Padrón. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en 145 pacientes con síndrome de inmovilidad, de una población de 160 ancianos desde enero de 2015 a diciembre del 2017. Se determinó el tipo de inmovilidad, y las causas principales, así como las complicaciones. Resultados: El síndrome predominó en pacientes femeninos en edades altas de la vida. El tipo de inmovilidad más frecuente fue la larvada y las causas más frecuentes fueron las enfermedades osteomioarticulares, las infecciones, el cáncer y el síndrome del cuidador. Las complicaciones que predominaron fueron a nivel de los sistemas digestivo, respiratorio, cardiovascular y la piel. Conclusiones: El riesgo de presentar algún tipo de inmovilidad aumenta con la edad y el sexo femenino es más susceptible a este. La inmovilidad es una entidad sindromática que deteriora de manera significativa la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores ya que el anciano inmovilizado es un paciente de alto riesgo para la aparición de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Background: Within the great geriatric syndromes, immobility is one of the most serious consequences of the diseases that the elderly can suffer. Objective: To characterize the behavior of the immobility syndrome in the elderly from the Basic Working Group No. 1 at Bernardo Posse polyclinic in San Miguel del Padrón. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out in 145 patients with immobility syndrome, from a population of 160 elderly people, from January 2015 to December 2017. The type of immobility was determined, as well as the main causes, as well as complications. Results: The syndrome predominated in female patients at high ages of life. The most frequent type of immobility was larvae and the most frequent causes were osteomyoarticular diseases, infections, and cancer also the caregiver syndrome. The predominated complications were at the level of the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and skin systems. Conclusions: The risk of presenting some type of immobility increases with age, and the female sex is more susceptible to it. Immobility is a syndromic disease that significantly deteriorates the quality of life of elderly, since the immobilized elderly person is a high-risk patient for complications.

Evaluando variables psicosociales y la identidad social de atletas paralímpicos brasileños / Evaluating psychosocial variables and social identity of Brazilian Paralympic athletes

Este estudio exploratorio tuvo como objetivo (1) evaluar las variables psicosociales de los atletas paralímpicos brasileños, (2) verificar cómo estas variables se relacionan con la identidad social del atleta, y (3) comprender cómo los atletas paralímpicos perciben su identidad. En el estudio participaron 153 atletas paralímpicos brasileños (122 hombres y 31 mujeres, con una edad media de 31.91 años, DE = 9.46). Todos los participantes respondieron a un cuestionario sociodemográfico y a los instrumentos de las variables en estudio: (1) Autoestima; (2) Autoeficacia; (3) Locus de control; (4) Bienestar afectivo; (5) Identidad social; y la pregunta abierta «Para mí, ser atleta paralímpico es...¼. Los resultados indicaron que los paralímpicos poseen una fuerte identidad social, elevada autoestima, autoeficacia, locus de control interno y bienestar afectivo positivo, así como un bajo locus de control externo y bienestar afectivo negativo. También, se verificó una correlación positiva entre la identidad social y la autoestima. Los resultados revelaron que la identidad del atleta está directamente relacionada con su historia de superación y los beneficios proporcionados por la práctica del deporte; sin embargo, todavía existen obstáculos a ser enfrentados. Este estudio enfatiza la importancia de la identidad social del atleta que le trae beneficios no solo como individuo, sino también a través de la deconstrucción de estereotipos atribuidos a él por la sociedad.

This exploratory research aimed to (1) assess the psychosocial variables of Brazilian Paralympic athletes, (2) verify how these variables relate to the athlete's social identity, and (3) understand how Paralympic athletes perceive their identity. The study consisted of 153 Brazilian Paralympic athletes (122 males and 31 females with a mean age of 31.91 years, SD = 9.46), who answered a socio-demographic questionnaire; the instruments of the variables under study: (1) self-esteem, (2) self-efficacy, (3) locus of control, (4) affective well-being, and (5) social identity; and the open question «For me, being a Paralympic athlete means…¼ The results indicated that Paralympic athletes have high levels of social identity, self-esteem, self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and positive affective well-being, as well as low levels of external locus of control and negative affective well-being. Also, a positive correlation between social identity and self-esteem was found. The results revealed that Paralympic athletes' identity is directly linked to their history of self-realization and the benefits of playing sports; however, they must still face some obstacles. This study highlights the importance of Paralympic athletes' social identity, which benefits them not only as individuals, but through the deconstruction of stereotypes attributed to them by society.

Características del estado de salud mental de jóvenes en condiciones vulnerables / Characteristics of the mental health of young people under vulnerable conditions

Objetivo: describir el perfil de salud mental de jóvenes escolarizados del barrio La Cruz, sector marginado de Medellín y su posible relación con el nivel de riesgo para diferentes situaciones psicosociales. Método: investigación cuantitativa descriptiva, de corte transversal, mediante instrumento autoaplicable, en 100 jóvenes entre 11 y 19 años y realizada en el 2011. Resultados: se identificaron situaciones psicosociales estresantes, significativas para riesgo de farmacodependencia, con correlación positiva para el nivel de funcionamiento familiar, el nivel de depresión y el riesgo de suicidio. Conclusiones: los jóvenes están afectados por situaciones psicosociales críticas que les generan dificultades de comunicación, en la búsqueda de apoyo y con el sentimiento de felicidad que les puede producir la vida. Es necesario la implementación de políticas públicas efectivas en materia de educación integradora, que acompañen a estos jóvenes en la exploración de otras opciones de vida y promuevan la salud y la justicia, que les multiplicaran las oportunidades.

Objective: to describe mental health profile of school teenagers from La Cruz neighborhood; a deprived sector of Medellin and to establish the possible relation with the level of risks of other psychosocial variables. Methods: a descriptive-quantitative and cross-sectional research conducted in 2011 by using a self-applied instrument in 100 young people between 11 and 19 years of age. Results: meaningful stressful psychosocial variables were identified for pharmacodependency and for positive correlation among the family functioning level, the depression level and the suicide risk. Conclusions: the young people are affected by critical psychosocial situations that generate communication difficulties for them, in search of support and with the feeling of happiness that life can offer them. It is necessary to implement effective public policies in terms of integrating education, which assist these young people in exploring other living options and promote health and justice that will multiply their opportunities.

Associação entre variáveis psicológicas e asma: uma revisão de literatura / Asociación entre variables psicológicas y asma: una revisión de la literatura / The association between psychological variables and asthma: a literature review

Esta pesquisa objetivou levantar os principais achados acerca da relação entre a asma em crianças e adolescentes e variáveis psicossociais e ou psicológicas, publicados em periódicos nacionais nos últimos 15 anos. Usou-se o método de revisão de literatura, enfocando estudos voltados para os aspectos psicológicos e sociais presentes no desencadeamento e ou agravamento da asma, considerando o paciente e a sintomatologia asmática como foco de investigação. Constatou-se que, de modo geral, os resultados confirmam a associação entre as variáveis psicológicas, desencadeamento de crises e agravamento de doença em indivíduos asmáticos. Tais resultados sugerem a necessidade de que novas propostas terapêuticas englobem o envolvimento de equipes multiprofissionais e os estudos reforçaram a importância de uma abordagem sistêmica do paciente asmático e seus familiares. Pesquisas futuras, com amostras maiores e com diferentes grupos de crianças com doenças crônicas, poderiam auxiliar a compreender melhor o impacto psicossocial destas sobre o desenvolvimento do indivíduo

This research is aimed at assessing the main findings concerning the relationship between asthma in children and adolescents and psychosocial and/or psychological variables, which were published in national journals in the last fifteen years. We used the method of literature review, focusing on studies into the psychological and social aspects present in triggering and/or worsening of asthma, whereas asthma symptoms and the patient as a focus of investigation. It was found that overall, the results confirm the association between psychological variables, triggering crisis and worsening of disease in individuals with asthma. These results suggest the need for new therapeutic approaches that encompass the involvement of multidisciplinary teams and studies reinforced the importance of a systems approach to asthma patients and their families. Future research with larger samples and with different groups of children with chronic diseases, could help to better understand the psychosocial impact of these on the development of the individual

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo plantear las principales conclusiones acerca de la relación entre el asma en niños y adolescentes y las variables psicosociales y/o psicológicas publicadas en revistas nacionales en los últimos 15 años. Se utilizó el método de revisión de la literatura, centrándose en los estudios dirigidos a los aspectos psicológicos y sociales presentes en el desencadenamiento o empeoramiento del asma y considerando al paciente y la sintomatología asmática como foco de la investigación. Se constató que, en general, los resultados confirman la asociación entre las variables psicológicas, surgimiento de crisis y empeoramiento de la enfermedad en pacientes asmáticos. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de que nuevos enfoques terapéuticos abarquen la participación de equipos multidisciplinarios, y los estudios reforzaron la importancia de un enfoque sistémico de los pacientes asmáticos y de sus familias. Estudios futuros, con muestras de mayor tamaño y con diferentes grupos de niños con enfermedades crónicas, podrían ayudar a comprender mejor el impacto psicosocial de dichas enfermedades en el desarrollo del individuo

Variáveis psicossociais associadas à cirurgia ortognática: uma revisão sistemática da literatura / Psychosocial variables associated with orthognathic surgery: a systematic literature review

A cirurgia ortognática é um tipo de tratamento orto-cirúrgico indicado para pacientes com deformidade dentofacial. Este tema tem ganhado repercussão na comunidade científica e, mais recentemente, no ramo das ciências psicológicas, pois as pessoas recorrem cada vez mais a este tipo de tratamento e os psicólogos começam a ser contratados para responderem às necessidades emocionais destes pacientes. Este artigo dedica-se a uma revisão da literatura, dos últimos nove anos, visando explorar particularmente se determinadas características psicossociais do paciente contribuem para a eficácia do tratamento ortocirúrgico. A nossa pesquisa identificou catorze estudos e os resultados são apresentados por setores: (a) fase pré-operatória, (b) fase pós-operatória a curto e médio prazo, (c) fase pós-operatória a longo-prazo. Verificámos que algumas características dos pacientes e uma relação de proximidade estabelecida com os profissionais de saúde parecem contribuir para a satisfação, porém, é apoio psicológico de caráter preventivo dos fatores de risco que parece determinar o sucesso do tratamento orto-cirúrgico. A demasiada valorização das expectativas de benefícios psicológicos, a insegurança na tomada de decisão, o desconhecimento dos custos emocionais da cirurgia, o pobre suporte social (ou a pressão dos familiares) e as perturbações psicopatológicas justificam a utilidade do apoio psicológico. Finalmente são apontadas algumas características psicológicas, positivas e negativas, do paciente assim como sugestões para futuras investigações.

Orthognathic surgery is a type of orthodontic treatment recommended for patients with dentofacial deformities. This issue has grown in the scientific community and, more recently, in the field of psychological science since there is an increasing number of people resorting to this type of treatment and psychologists are being hired to meet emotional needs of such patients. This paper focuses on a review of the literature from the last nine years and seeks to determine if some of the psychosocial characteristics of the patient contribute to the effectiveness of orthodontic-surgical treatment. Our research identified 14 studies and the results are presented according to the following: (a) pre-surgical phase; (b) short-term and mid-term post-surgical phases; and (c) long-term post-surgical phase. We observed that some of the patient's characteristics and a closer patient-caregiver relationship seem to contribute to the satisfaction of the treatment. However, it is the quality of preventive psychological support towards risk factors that seems to determine the success of this orthodontic treatment. Overvaluation of expectations towards psychological benefits, insecurity in the decision making, lack of knowledge about the emotional costs of the surgery, lack of social support (or family pressure) as well as psychopathological disorders justify the need of psychological support. Finally, some positive and negative patient characteristics have been pointed out in this paper, and suggestions for future investigations have been made.

Variáveis psicossociais no excesso de peso e na obesidade infantil / Psychosocial correlates of overweight and obesity in infancy

A obesidade acarreta consequências para além das meramente relacionadas com a saúde física, sendo também de salientar os aspetos psicossociais. Com o objetivo de avaliar as diferenças ao nível da qualidade de vida, morbilidade psicológica e imagem pessoal (autoconceito) foram avaliadas 267 crianças divididas em três grupos: um grupo de crianças da comunidade com peso normal (N = 147), um grupo de crianças da comunidade com excesso de peso/obesidade (N = 89) e um grupo de crianças com excesso de peso/obesidade em tratamento (grupo clínico) (N = 31). Os resultados mostraram que as crianças com excesso de peso/obesidade em tratamento são as que têm uma percepção mais negativa da sua saúde física e da saúde escolar, quando comparadas com as restantes crianças. Relativamente ao auto-conceito o grupo de crianças com excesso de peso/obesidade do grupo clínico perceciona-se como menos competente no domínio escolar, atlético, aparência física, aceitação social, comportamento e auto-estima. As crianças do grupo clínico com excesso de peso/obesidade apresentam ainda mais sintomatologia depressiva quando comparadas com as crianças da comunidade com peso normal e com as crianças do grupo clínico. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas ao nível da sintomatologia ansiosa nas três amostras estudadas. Em suma, as diferenças entre os grupos avaliados podem refletir diferentes características das crianças com excesso de peso/obesidade que procuram tratamento.

Variables psicosociales que median en el debut sexual de adolescentes en España / Psychosocial variables related to sexual debut in adolescents in Spain

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las variables sociodemográficas y psicosociales que median en el debut sexual de los adolescentes en España. Participaron 2.153 adolescentes residentes en España, entre 14 y 19 años de edad, y de distinto origen cultural. De ellos, el 67.7% eran autóctonos españoles y el 32.3% inmigrantes latinoamericanos. El 19.2% de los participantes no había tenido contacto sexual, el 47.3% lo había tenido sin penetración y el 33.5% restante manifestó haber tenido relaciones sexuales con penetración. Se llevó a cabo una regresión logística multinomial para comparar a los adolescentes de los tres grupos, a través de la cual se concluye que las relaciones sexuales sin penetración pueden ser predichas por las actitudes positivas hacia el preservativo y que las relaciones sexuales con penetración pueden serlo por la adaptación personal, la adaptación escolar y las actitudes positivas hacia el preservativo. Posteriormente, a través de un análisis de regresión logística binaria, se obtuvo que los adolescentes latinoamericanos, las mujeres, los que están más adaptados en el ámbito personal y los que presentan menos autoeficacia en el uso del preservativo tienen más probabilidades de tener relaciones sexuales con penetración. En la discusión se resalta la importancia de la edad de inicio en las relaciones sexuales como factor clave para la emisión de conductas sexuales de riesgo.

The aim of this study was to analyze variables that are related to sexual debut in adolescents in Spain. Participants were 2.153 adolescents who lived in Spain. Ages ranged from 14 to 19 years old. Of them, 67.7% were native Spanish and 32.3% were Latin American immigrants. 19.2% of adolescents had never had any sexual contact; 47.3% had had sexual activities without penetration and 33.5% reported sexual intercourse experience. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to compare these three groups of adolescents. According to that analysis, positive attitudes towards condom use predicted sexual activities without penetration. Likewise, personal and scholar adaptation and positive attitudes towards condom use predicted sexual intercourse experience. Subsequently, a binomial logistic regression analysis was performed. This analysis showed that Latin American adolescents, females, those adolescents who were more adapted in the personal area as well as those who had less self-efficacy towards condom use, had a higher likelihood of having had sexual intercourse experience. In the discussion section, relevance of age at first sexual intercourse as a key factor for sexual risk behaviour engagement is highlighted.

Influência das variáveis biopsicossociais na qualidade de vida em asmáticos / Influence of biopsychosocial variables in asthmatics' quality of life

A asma brônquica é uma doença complexa e interfere com a qualidade de vida desses doentes. Pretendemos, com a presente investigação, estudar a relação das variáveis sócio-demográficas (género, idade e grau de instrução), clínicas (gravidade da doença, duração e tipo clínico) e psicológicas (cognições, emoções e comportamentos) com a qualidade de vida do doente asmático. Cinqüenta doentes asmáticos do Departamento de Pneumologia e Imunoalergologia dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra preencheram cinco questionários de auto-resposta que avaliavam as variáveis psicológicas em estudo. Os dados clínicos relativamente à doença foram igualmente recolhidos.Os nossos resultados revelam-nos que a qualidade de vida se relaciona com um conjunto de variáveis que podemos denominar biopsicossociais (e.g., uma menor qualidade de vida relaciona-se com uma maior idade, menor escolaridade, uma atitude mais negativa face à asma, designada 'estigma', cognições disfuncionais e comportamentos/emoções-problema relacionados com a asma). Implicações ao nível do tratamento são apresentadas

Bronchial asthma is a complex disease and it brings limitations to patients' quality of life. In this research we intend to study the relationship of sociodemographic (gender, age and educational level), medical (severity of the disease, duration and clinical type) and psychological variables (cognitions, emotions and behaviour) with patients' quality of life. Fifty asthmatic patients from the Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Immunoallergic diseases of Coimbra's University Hospitals completed five self-report questionnaires that measured the psychological variables under study. Medical data were also collected. Our results suggest that quality of life is related to a set of variables that can be named as biopsychosocial (e.g., a poor quality of life is related to a higher age, lower level of education, a more negative attitude towards asthma, named 'stigma', disfunctional cognitions and behavioural/emotional problems associated to asthma). Implications in relation with the treatment are also presented

The Psychosocial Characteristics Influencing the Selection of Complementary Medicine / 신경정신의학

This study examined the characteristics of people who have preference for complementary medicine and also the psychosocial factors that are related to the selection of complementary medicine. Two-hunred subjects recruited from the community were included in this study. Demographic variables, medical service characteristics, health locus of control, social support, coping style, and personality charateritics such as self-esteem, neuroticism, and hypochondriasis were measured. It turned out that nearly 80% of the subjects had already experienced at least one alternative therapy in the past. However, past expeiece was not significant in predicting future complementary medicine usage. People who were older in age, had more information about complementary medicine, used active-behavioural coping styles, and had internal locus of control were more likely to use complementary medicine in the future. Recommenations for furthur research is indicated.