Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): first report of parasitism in Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) / Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): primeiro relato de parasitismo em Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

The adaptation of native lepidopteran species to eucalyptus plantations reduces the productivity of this crop in Brazil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a secondary pest, frequently reported in eucalyptus plantations with population outbreaks and economic damages. Methods of biological control of this pest may include the use of the exotic pupae endoparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), reported as efficient to controlling lepidopteran pests. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi was evaluated under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 ºC, 60 ± 20% humidity and 12:12 h L:D). Each O. vesulia caterpillar or pupae was individually placed in a flat-bottom tube with 10 and 15 females of T. howardi for 48h, respectively. The parasitoids were removed after that period, the caterpillars were fed and the pupae were maintained until emergence of the parasitoid or formation of pupae and emergence of adults of this pest. The fourth-instar caterpillars of O. vesulia, after the parasitism period, were kept in pots with Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, changed daily until the end of the experiment. A total of 40% of the caterpillars died before the pre-pupae stage, 40% reached the pupae stage and died due to inadequate adult formation and 20% generated moths, but none adult parasitoid emerged from the caterpillars. All pupae of O. vesulia were parasitized and showed emergence of parasitoids. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi shows the potential of this natural enemy for the integrated management of this defoliator pest in eucalyptus plantations.

A adaptação de espécies nativas de lepidópteros a plantios de eucalipto reduz a produtividade dessa cultura no Brasil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) é praga-secundária, frequentemente, relatada em plantios de eucalipto com surtos populacionais e danos econômicos. Métodos de controle biológico, dessa praga, podem incluir o uso do endoparasitoide exótico de pupas Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) relatado como eficiente para o controle de lepidópteros-pragas. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi foi avaliado em condições controladas (25 ± 1º C, 60 ± 20% umidade e 12h fotoperíodo). Cada lagarta ou pupa de O. vesulia foi colocada individualmente em tubos de fundo chato com 10 e 15 fêmeas de T. howardi por 48h, respectivamente e, após esse período, os parasitoides foram removidos, as lagartas alimentadas e as pupas mantidas até a emergência do parasitoide ou formação de pupas ou de adultos dessa praga. As lagartas de quarto ínstar de O. vesulia, após o período de parasitismo, foram mantidas em potes com folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla trocadas, diariamente, até o fim do experimento. Um total de 40% das lagartas de O. vesulia morreu antes da fase de pré-pupa, 40% atingiram o estágio de pupa e morreram devido à má formação ou problemas e 20% originaram mariposas, porém nenhum parasitoide adulto emergiu das lagartas. Todas as pupas de O. vesulia foram parasitadas e tiveram emergência de parasitoides. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi mostra o potencial desse inimigo natural para o manejo integrado desse desfolhador em cultivos de eucalipto.

Interaction of Bephratelloides cubensis (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) with Annona macroprophyllata fruits in orchards of Chiapas, Mexico / Interacción de Bephratelloides cubensis (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) con frutos de Annona macroprophyllata en huertos de Chiapas, México

Introduction: Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Smith. (Annonaceae) (syn. Annona diversifolia Saff.) is a valued fruit tree species known as papausa. In Mexico and Central America, this fruit has become an important crop because of its tasty flavor and high pulp content. Its fruits are frequently damaged by the incidence of wasps of the genus Bephratelloides Girault (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), which develop inside the seeds. Objective: To report the interaction of Bephratelloides cubensis Ashmead during its life cycle in fruits of A. macroprophyllata. Methods: We periodically collected fruits in different states of growth recording a) oviposition, b) the moment of evident infection, c) the development of the wasps inside the seeds, and d) their emergence as adults. We also determined the proportion of damaged fruits and seeds. Results: The data indicate that wasps preferred to oviposit on fruits with a diameter of less than 8 cm, oviposition was more frequent between 11:00 am and 03:00 pm., and there was 26 % infestation of fruits, and 9 % of seeds. Conclusion: It is an obligatory interaction for the wasp, the highest proportion of attack on fruits was in the early stages of fruit development and control actions should focus on the protection of these early stages.

Introducción: Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Smith. (Annonaceae) es una especie de árbol frutal, conocida como papausa. En México y América Central, esta fruta se ha convertido en un cultivo importante y valorado debido a su delicioso sabor y la cremosa textura de su pulpa. Sus frutos son frecuentemente dañados por la incidencia de avispas del género Bephratelloides Girault (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), que se desarrollan dentro de las semillas. Objetivo: Describir la interacción de Bephratelloides cubensis Ashmead durante su ciclo de vida en frutos de A. macroprophyllata. Método: Recolectamos frutos en diferentes estados de crecimiento registrando a) la ovoposición, b) el momento de la infección evidente, c) el desarrollo de las avispas dentro de las semillas, y d) su emergencia como adultos. También determinamos la proporción de frutas y semillas dañadas. Resultados: Los datos indican que las avispas preferían ovipositar en frutas con un diámetro de menos de 8 cm, la oviposición era más frecuente entre las 11:00 a.m. y las 3:00 p.m., y que había un 26 % de la infestación en las frutas y un 9 % en semillas. Conclusión: Es una interacción obligada para la avispa y la mayor proporción de ataque a los frutos fue en las etapas tempranas de desarrollo de frutos y las acciones de control se deberían enfocar a la protección de estas etapas.

Efficacy of Tithonia diversifolia and Momordica charantia Leaves Extracts against Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae Gile (Diptera: Culicidae)

The gastrointestinal tracts were cut open and the contents of the various sections were put into separate Petri dishes containing normal saline. The skin and the bladder were observed directly under a dissecting microscope for the presence of cysts and monogeneans. The parasites were fixed and preserved in 70% alcohol following standard procedure. Parasites recovered from the gastrointestinal tracts of the anurans include Cosmocerca ornata, Deising, 1861,Cosmocerca cummutata, Diesing, 1851 Paracosmocerca mucronata, Kung and Wu, 1945, Ampliceacum africanum, Taylor, 1924, Gendria liberrei Bain and Philipon, 1969 and Chenospirura asturiHsu, 1957Others were Procamallus brevis Kung, 1948 and Camallanus dimitrovi Durette-Desset and Batcharov, 1974. Some of the parasites are zoonotic while a few others are established parasites of African fishes and water Birds raising probable public health concerns from the findings. Further works aimed at unravelling the biodiversity of hosts and parasites in thelush ecosystem of Ondo state, as well as identification of organisms involved in the life cycle are noted. Methodology: Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiaewere reared inthe laboratory at ambient temperature of 28±2°Cand relative humidity of 75±5%. The leave extracts of T. diversifolia and M. charantia were extracted with methanol and were prepared at concentrations, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%. The larvae and pupae of A. gambiae were exposed to these concentrations of the plant extract for 24 hours. Mortality of the larvae and pupae was monitored and recorded. Probit analysis was used to determine the LC50. Results: Date of this research revealed that at all levels of concentrations, mortality of both the larvae and pupae of this insect increased with increase in the concentrations regardless the type of plant extract used. The leave extract of T. diversifoliahavinga lower value of LC50(larvae: 0.20%; Pupae: 0.27%) was more potent than extract from M. charantiahaving a higher value of LC50(larvae: 0.31%; Pupae: 0.44%) after 24 hours Post Treatment of larvae and pupae of A. gambiae. T. diversifoliahad significanteffect on the larvae of A. gambiaewith percentage mortality ranges from 23.33-100% within 24hrs of exposure when compared with M. charantiathat had 16.67-100% of mortality larvae of A. gambiae.Conclusion: The obtained results from this research revealed that extracts from the two plants exhibited great insecticidal properties against larvae and pupae of A. gambiae. Therefore, more exploration on the use of these plants for the development of insecticides at commercial level should be done

Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): first report of parasitism in Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Abstract The adaptation of native lepidopteran species to eucalyptus plantations reduces the productivity of this crop in Brazil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a secondary pest, frequently reported in eucalyptus plantations with population outbreaks and economic damages. Methods of biological control of this pest may include the use of the exotic pupae endoparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), reported as efficient to controlling lepidopteran pests. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi was evaluated under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 ºC, 60 ± 20% humidity and 12:12 h L:D). Each O. vesulia caterpillar or pupae was individually placed in a flat-bottom tube with 10 and 15 females of T. howardi for 48h, respectively. The parasitoids were removed after that period, the caterpillars were fed and the pupae were maintained until emergence of the parasitoid or formation of pupae and emergence of adults of this pest. The fourth-instar caterpillars of O. vesulia, after the parasitism period, were kept in pots with Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, changed daily until the end of the experiment. A total of 40% of the caterpillars died before the pre-pupae stage, 40% reached the pupae stage and died due to inadequate adult formation and 20% generated moths, but none adult parasitoid emerged from the caterpillars. All pupae of O. vesulia were parasitized and showed emergence of parasitoids. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi shows the potential of this natural enemy for the integrated management of this defoliator pest in eucalyptus plantations.

Resumo A adaptação de espécies nativas de lepidópteros a plantios de eucalipto reduz a produtividade dessa cultura no Brasil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) é praga-secundária, frequentemente, relatada em plantios de eucalipto com surtos populacionais e danos econômicos. Métodos de controle biológico, dessa praga, podem incluir o uso do endoparasitoide exótico de pupas Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) relatado como eficiente para o controle de lepidópteros-pragas. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi foi avaliado em condições controladas (25 ± 1º C, 60 ± 20% umidade e 12h fotoperíodo). Cada lagarta ou pupa de O. vesulia foi colocada individualmente em tubos de fundo chato com 10 e 15 fêmeas de T. howardi por 48h, respectivamente e, após esse período, os parasitoides foram removidos, as lagartas alimentadas e as pupas mantidas até a emergência do parasitoide ou formação de pupas ou de adultos dessa praga. As lagartas de quarto ínstar de O. vesulia, após o período de parasitismo, foram mantidas em potes com folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla trocadas, diariamente, até o fim do experimento. Um total de 40% das lagartas de O. vesulia morreu antes da fase de pré-pupa, 40% atingiram o estágio de pupa e morreram devido à má formação ou problemas e 20% originaram mariposas, porém nenhum parasitoide adulto emergiu das lagartas. Todas as pupas de O. vesulia foram parasitadas e tiveram emergência de parasitoides. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi mostra o potencial desse inimigo natural para o manejo integrado desse desfolhador em cultivos de eucalipto.

Entomología forense: el ciclo de vida de la mosca verde phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann) (diptera: calliphoridae), como herramienta para estimar el intervalo post-mortem / Forensic entomology: the life cycle of the green fly phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann) (diptera: calliphoridae) as a tool to estimate the post-mortem interval

Se estudió el ciclo de vida de la mosca verde Phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann) en condiciones controladas de laboratorio a 26 o C, con una humedad relativa de 75% y un período de iluminación de 12 h de luz y 12 h de oscuridad. El tiempo promedio de desarrollo estimado desde la oviposición hasta la salida de los adultos fue de 306 h (una media de casi 13 días). Bajo estas condiciones de temperatura y humedad, los huevos duran cerca de 19 h (0.8 días), las larvas duran unas 170 h (7.1 días) y las pupas unas 116 h (4.8 días). En los meses secos y fríos de noviembre y diciembre en condiciones naturales, el ciclo de vida empírico fue de 25 días, implicando que las bajas temperaturas ralentizan el crecimiento y las altas lo aceleran. Se discute acerca de la importancia del ciclo de vida en la estimación del intervalo post-mortem en casos de muertes violentas en Guatemala.

Under controlled laboratory conditions, at 26 o C 75% relative humidity and a light/darkness cycle of 12/12 hours, the life cycle of the green bottle fly Phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann) was studied. The estimated average time from oviposition to the emergence of adults was 306 h (an average of almost 13 days). The eggs stadium is 19 h (0.8 d), the larval stage is completed in 170 h (7.1 d) and the pupal stage is completed in 116 h (4.8 d). Under natural conditions, in the dry and cold months of November and December, the observed life cycle was 25 days, implying that the growth is slow at lower temperatures and faster at higher temperatures. The importance of the life cycle in the estimation of post-mortem interval in cases of violent deaths in Guatemala is discussed.

Description of immature stages of Hoplia mexicana Harold and H. squamifera Burmeister (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Hopliinae)

ABSTRACT Third stage larvae and pupae are described based on specimens collected in Mexico: Oaxaca (Cerro Zempoaltepetl), and Chiapas (Amatenango), respectively. Pupal characters are described for the first time for American Hopliinae. Habitus images and figures of diagnostic characters as well as comments on the differences between these larvae and those of Hoplia callipyge LeConte, 1856 and H. equina LeConte, 1880, the only Hopliinae larvae previously known in New World, are also included.

A study to identify the presence of Aedes Spp. using BG-Sentinel® Traps and larval/pupal surveys in communities around Belmopan, Cayo District.

The knowledge of the presence of Aedes Spp. mosquitoes is very important for the prevention and control of emerging and remerging diseases caused by Arboviruses such as: Yellow fever, Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. While Chikungunya and Dengue are endemic to Belize, Zika is currently a threat with local transmission having been established in several Caribbean and Central American Countries. The objective of the study is to survey the presence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the communities of San Martin, Salvapan and Las Flores, Belmopan City. The study was conducted from March 14 to April 2, 2016 whereby adult mosquitoes were captured using BG-Sentinel® Traps and larvae/pupae collection surveys were also done. Three hundred meter zone(s) were determined within localities and 1 BG-Sentinel® trap was deployed for 3 days at 24-hour intervals both indoors and outdoors at 2 residences randomly selected in each community. Larvae/Pupae collection surveys were done at 5 private premises within the predetermined zones in each of the three communities. Captured larvae and Pupae were reared for 6 days and adults obtained were used for identification. The identification of adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was done using a stereoscopic microscope and pictorial keys that are used for the identification of mosquitoes. The presence of Ae. aegypti was identified in all 3 communities through both adult mosquito and larvae/pupae collections. However, Ae. albopictus was present only in San Martin and Salvapan communities. The presence of Ae. aegypti and/or Ae. albopictus will determine which appropriate vector control interventions are needed considering the different characteristic breeding habitats of these mosquitoes.(AU)

Immatures of Epilachna Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Epilachninae)

Description of the pupa and redescription of the larva of Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius), collected for the first time on Brugmansia suaveoleus (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. and J. Presl (Solanaceae) (trombeteiro), in the state of São Paulo (Brazil), is presented. The diagnoses of the described pupae of E. clandestina (Mulsant), E. paenulata (Germar) and E. spreta (Mulsant), based on specimens examined, and that of E. cacica Guérin, based on the literature, are presented. A comparison among the known larvae and pupae of this genus is also presented. This is the first description of immatures of E. vigintioctopunctata from the Western Hemisphere.

Clave para la determinación de exuvias pupales de los quironómidos (Diptera: Chironomidae) de ríos altoandinos tropicales / Key to chironomid pupal exuviae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of tropical high Andean streams

. The Chironomidae is a cosmopolitan family of Nematoceran flies with more than 20 000 species described. However the diversity of genera and species of the family in the Andean region beyond the 2 000m.a.s.l are scarcely known. We conducted faunal surveys and biomonitoring research in different streams of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru from May 2005 to October 2011. Based on specimens collections, and a taxonomic key was developed to identify pupae and pupal exuviae of 46 genera of midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) collected from streams at high altitude areas on the Andean tropical mountains. We included illustrations and brief taxonomic descriptions for all genera, of which several ones have not yet been formally described; in this latter case we used the nomenclature of Roback & Coffman (1983). For two genera, Cricotopus and Genus 1, keys to the most common morphospecies were provided. Results showed that in this area the chironomid assemblages are dominated by the members of the subfamily Orthocladiinae (22 genera) followed by the Chironominae (13). Six genera of Tanypodinae were identified, while only three and two genera were present from subfamilies Podonominae and Diamesinae. This key may be very useful for both studies about drift in streams, and for biomonitoring purposes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (4): 1385-1406. Epub 2014 December 01.

Chironomidae es una familia cosmopolita de dípteros nematóceros que comprende más de 20 000 especies descritas. Sin embargo, la diversidad de géneros y especies presentes en la región andina del Neotrópico es poco conocida. Por tal motivo se desarrolló una clave taxonómica para identificar las pupas y exuvias pupales de 46 géneros de la familia Chironomidae presentes en ríos de alta montaña ubicados en la cordillera de los Andes por encima de los 2 000msnm. Se utilizó material de colección obtenido de levantamientos faunísticos y estudios de biomonitoreo en diferentes ríos y quebradas de Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. La clave incluye ilustraciones y breves descripciones taxonómicas de todos los géneros incluyendo algunos que aún no han sido descritos formalmente. Para estos últimos se siguió la nomenclatura usada por Roback & Coffman (1983). Para los géneros Cricotopus y Género 1 se incluyen claves para la determinación de las morfoespecies más comunes. En el ensamblaje de quironómidos de la región altoandina domina la subfamilia Orthocladiinae (22 géneros) seguida por Chironominae (13 géneros), patrón que contrasta con la dominancia de Chironominae en las zonas de menor altura de la región Neotropical. Se encontraron seis géneros pertenecientes a la subfamilia Tanypodinae, mientras que para Podonominae y Diamesinae estuvieron presentes tres y dos géneros respectivamente. Esta clave podría llegar a ser muy útil en estudios de la deriva y programas de biomonitoreo de los ríos altoandinos neotropicales.

Eficacia y actividad residual del regulador de crecimiento pyriproxyfen sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) en condiciones de laboratorio / Efficacy and residual activity of insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen on larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions

Pyriproxyfen es un análogo sintético de la hormona juvenil ampliamente usado para el control de mos quitos. Esta investigación describe bioensayos realizados en condiciones de laboratorio con una formulación granulada del producto, utilizando larvas del IV instar de aedes aegypti. Este producto (Sumilarv G-0,5%) fue formulado en Brasil, con 0,5 % del ingrediente activo (Pyriproxyfen: S-31183). El objetivo fue determinar la eficacia del producto y evaluar su acción residual a tres concentraciones (0,002; 0,01 y 0,05 ppm) sobre larvas de Ae. aegypti. Para tal fin, se realizaron seis ensayos sucesivos: El ensayo inicial (semana 0) y después a 1, 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas post-tratamiento al agua. Según los resultados obtenidos, la actividad residual del producto con la concentración de 0,05 ppm, fue bastante satisfactoria durante 8 semanas (60 días) post-tratamiento, obteniéndose valores del porcentaje de Inhibición de la Emergencia (% IE) de 77%. Sin embargo, tanto a 0,002 ppm como a 0,01 ppm, su eficacia disminuyó considerablemente a partir de la primera y segunda semana post-tratamiento. La mortalidad en la fase de pupa fue mucho mayor que la mortalidad larval a todas las concentraciones probadas. Asimismo, en otro experimento se evaluó el efecto del aumento de la densidad de larvas expuestas, sobre la eficacia del producto a la misma concentración de 0,05 ppm. La densidad larvaria no afectó la eficacia del producto; ya que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre tratamientos o densidades probadas. El análisis estadístico no reveló ninguna relación significativa entre densidad larvaria y mortalidad de pupas o inhibición de la emergencia de adultos de Ae. aegypti. Según lo cual, se concluye que al aumentar progresivamente la cantidad de larvas a tratar, no disminuye la mortalidad de pupas, ni la inhibición de emergencia de adultos, por lo que no se afecta negativamente la eficacia del producto.

Pyriproxyfen is a synthetic juvenile hormone analogue and it has been widely used in mosquito control. This re search paper describes experiments or trials carried out under laboratory conditions with a granular formulation of pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv -G 0.5% in granules), using IV instars larvae of Aedes aegypti. This is a granular formulation of pyriproxyfen with 0.5% of active ingredient. The efficacy and residual activity of pyriproxyfen were evaluated on larvae and pupae of Ae. aegypti using three final concentrations: 0.002, 0.01 and 0.05 ppm; at (initial day = week 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after treatment (post-treatment). According to the results, the efficacy of pyriproxyfen was very satisfactory during 8 weeks (60 days) post-treatment, using 0.05 ppm of pyriproxyfen with 77% (% IE). It was observed that mortality in the pupa stage was higher than larvae mortality for all three concentrations. However, the percentage of IE in treated water diminished after the initial week (week 0) to 56.7 % (0.002 ppm) and after first week to 98.8 % (0.01ppm). The other aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of pyriproxyfen at 0.05 ppm, in relation to the larval density of Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. Five larval densities: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 larvae, were evaluated at 0.05 ppm. The statistical analysis not revealed significant differences between these densities, and did not reveal a relationship between the mosquito larval density and pupae mortality of Ae. aegypti. Whereby, it is concluded that by progressively increasing the number of larvae treated, mortality of pupae or adult emergence inhibition do not decrease, therefore it does not adversely affect the product performance.

Sobrevivência de pupas de Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) após submersão em laboratório / Survival of Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) pupae after submersion in laboratory

Entre Maio e Junho de 2008 foi observado a sobrevivência das pupas de Lucilia eximia (Diptera, Calliphoridae) após submersão em laboratório. Para este experimento foram utilizadas 480 pupas de mesma idade, sendo estas divididas em oito grupos: o controle não foi submerso e os demais grupos foram submersos de um a sete dias. O aumento do período de submersão diminui a sobrevivência, com um dia de submersão a sobrevivência é de 80 por cento, com dois dias 40 por cento, é de 30 por cento a partir do terceiro dia, no quarto dia cai para 23,34 por cento e no quinto dia fica em 10 por cento. Após este período a mortalidade sobe para 100 por cento. Este padrão pode ser explicado pela curva "U-shaped" que ocorre no consumo de O2 durante o período pupal, onde o consumo é maior no início e no final do período pupal. O tempo de submersão também afeta o tempo de desenvolvimento, aumentando o período pupal. Estes dados têm o potencial para serem utilizados em investigações envolvendo Entomologia Forense, para a estimativa do tempo de submersão de um cadáver.

Between May and June of 2008, the survival of the pupae of Lucilia eximia (Diptera, Calliphoridae) was observed after submersion in laboratory. For this experiment 480 pupae of same age were used, these were divided in eight groups: the group control was not submerged and the other groups were submerged from one to seven days. The increase of the submersion period reduces the survival, with one day of submersion the survival is of 80 percent, with two days 40 percent, of 30 percent with three days, in the fourth day it falls to 23,34 percent and in the fifth day it is 10 percent. After this period the mortality rises to 100 percent. This pattern can be explained by the curve "U-shaped" that happens in the consumption of O2 during the pupal period, where the consumption is larger at the beginning and at the end of the pupal period. The time of submersion also affects the development time, increasing the pupal period. These data are potentially useful in estimating duration of submergence of a corpse in forensic entomology investigations.

Description of Photuris fulvipes (Blanchard) immatures (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Photurinae) and bionomic aspects under laboratory conditions

Larvae and pupae of the cryptic firefly Photuris fulvipes (Blanchard,1837) are described. They were reared to adult stage from eggs laid by a female collected in São Luiz do Paraitinga, São Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, adult diagnosis and some bionomic data observed in the laboratory are presented. The bionomical and morphological characteristics of P. fulvipes were compared to other unidentified species of the genus and to Bycellonycha sp. from literature. At moment, the data are insufficient to propose a diagnosis for the species, but some characteristics appear to define species group or, at least, they may have generic value.

Larva e pupa de Photuris fulvipes (Blanchard, 1837), criadas a partir de ovos de uma fêmea coletada em São Luiz do Paraitinga, São Paulo, são descritas. São apresentados uma diagnose do adulto e alguns dados bionômicos observados durante a criação em laboratório. Esses dados e a morfologia dos imaturos foram comparados aos de outras espécies não identificadas do gênero e a Bycellonycha sp., descritos na literatura. Nesse momento, os dados são insuficientes para propor uma diagnose para a espécie, mas algumas características parecem ser importantes para definir grupos de espécies ou, pelo menos, para diagnosticar o gênero.