The application of polyamines and self-incompatibility control substance on yield indices and qualitative traits of apple cv ‘Red Delicious’ / A aplicação de poliaminas e substância de controle de auto-incompatibilidade em índices de produção e características qualitativas da maçã 'Red Delicious'

Among the main problems of some temperate fruit species, such as the apple tree (Malus domestica), are the poor set of fruits and low production. Polyamines and Self-Incompatibility Control Substances (SICS), involving mineral nutrients such as manganese and boron, are the major chemical compounds used to reduce these problems. The aim of this study was to use popular polyamines putrescine (Put) at 0.1, 0.25 mM, spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) both at 0.05, 0.25 mM and SICS at 1, 2 mg L-1, alone or with cotton coverage bags and control to show the effects of these chemical compounds on yield indices and qualitative traits of apple (Malus domestica) cv ‘Red Delicious’. Results showed that Spd (0.25 mM) and SICS (1 mg L-1) had higher effect on yield per weight and per fruit number, final fruit set and ISI, but Spd (0.25 mM) decreased final drop. Put (0.1 mM + ccb), Spd (0.25 mM) and SICS (2 mg L-1 + ccb) were the most suitable treatments in order to increase the qualitative characteristics.

Entre os principais problemas de algumas espécies frutíferas de clima temperado, como a macieira (Malus domestica), está o fraco conjunto de frutos e a baixa produção. As Poliaminas e Substancias de Controle de Auto-Incompatibilidade (self-incompatibility control substances-SICS) (envolvendo nutrientes minerais tais como manganês e boro) são os principais compostos químicos usados para reduzir esses problemas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar a poliamina putrescina (Put) em 0,1, 0,25 mM, espermina (Spm) e espermidina (Spd) ambas em 0,05, 0,25 mM e SICS em 1,2 mg L-1, sozinhos ou com sacos cobertos de algodão, para demonstrar o efeito destes elementos químicos nos índices de produção e características qualitativas da maça (Malus domestica) ‘Red Delicious’. Resultados mostraram que a espermidina (0.25 mM) e SICS (1 mg L-1) tiveram um efeito maior na produção por peso e pelo número de frutos, o conjunto final de frutos e ISI, mas a espermidina (0.25 mM) caiu na produção final. Put (0.1 mM + sca), Spd (0.25 mM) e SICS (2 mg L-1 + sca) foram os tratamentos mais adequados para aumentar as características qualitativas.

Contenido de poiiaminas libres en palmas afectaas por pudricion del cogollo enn las zonas central y occidental de Cloombia / Free olyamine coontent on oil palms aected by bud rot in the Colombiian central and western palm regions

La pudrición del cogollo (PC) es la principal enfermedad de la palma en Colombia. En las zonas palmeras Central (ZC) y Oriental (ZOR), las palmas enfermas pueden recuperarse naturalmente. En la Zona Occidental (ZOCC) el proceso de recuperación no es evidente. La recuperación de palmas está ligada a gran actividad meristemática que podría involucrar la acción de metabolitos como las poliaminas (PA). Este trabajo muestra la relación entre el contenido de poliaminas en el meristemo y la capacidad de recuperación de palmas con PC, en dos zonas agroclimáticas diferentes. Poliaminas extraídas del meristemo de palmas en ZC y ZOCC, fueron analizadas por HPLC. En ZC, donde existe recuperación espontánea, los niveles más altos de PA se presentan en palmas sanas y en recuperación y a medida que avanza la enfermedad la concentración desciende hasta un mínimo en el estado de PC inicial. Luego la concentración de PA aumenta hasta el estado de Buena Recuperación donde los valores de poliaminas son más altos que los de palmas sanas. En la ZOCC , el contenido de PA aumenta con la enfermedad llegando al máximo en plantas sin recuperación y el mínimo en plantas sanas. Las diferencias entre zonas pueden explicarse por los diferentes roles de las poliaminas en plantas. En la ZC la cantidad elevada de PA en palmas sanas o en recuperación funcionaría en la inducción de actividad meristemática, para la recuperación espontánea. En la ZOCC el aumento en el contenido de PA con la enfermedad puede estar relacionado con la producción de especies reactivas de oxigeno para defensa secundaria contra patógenos. A diferencia de lo observado en ZC , las plantas en ZOCC no pueden producir estructuras sanas que no sean re infectadas, por lo tanto los elevados contenidos de PA no están relacionados con la promoción de la actividad meristemática.

Bud Rot complex (BR) is the major disease of oil palm in Colombia . In the Central (ZC) and Eastern (ZE) oil palm regions, palms affected by BR are able to naturally recover. In the Western Region (ZW) the recovery process is not evident. Recovery of the palms is linked to high meristem activity, which could involve the promoting action of plant growth regulators such as polyamines (PA). This study shows the relationship between polyamine content and the capacity of palms to recover from BR in two regions with different agroclimatic conditions. Polyamines extracted from palms planted on ZC and ZW were analyzed by HPLC. On ZC where spontaneous recovery is present, the highest values were measured on healthy and recovery palms and with the progression of the disease, PA concentration decreased reaching a minimum point in the initial BR stage. From this point, PA concentration gradually increased until the Good Recovery stage in which PA values where higher than those found on healthy palms. In ZW , PA content increased with the disease, reaching the highest value in the affected palms without recovery, with the lowest values measured on healthy palms. The differences between regions might be related to the different roles polyamines play on plants. In ZC the increased amount of PA in healthy palms or in palms under recovery could have a major role in meristem activity induction, required for the spontaneous recovery. In the ZW, the increased of PA content with the disease could be related to the production of reactive oxygen species as a plant secondary defense mechanism due to the impossibility for the plants to, through the increment on meristem activity as the observed in the Central region, produce healthy structures which are not re-infected.

Reguladores vegetais e teores endógenos de poliaminas durante o desenvolvimento de taro cultivado in vitro / Plant growth regulators in polyamines endogenous levels during the development of taro cultivated in vitro

Neste trabalho foi investigada a assepsia para obtenção de explantes oriundos de tubérculos e a ação das poliaminas espermidina e espermina exógenas associadas aos reguladores vegetais AIA e BA no desenvolvimento, na tuberização in vitro e nos níveis endógenos de putrescina (Put), espermidina (Spd) e espermina (Spm) de taro (Colocasia esculenta). Plantas crescidas em meio contendo espermidina e espermina mostraram tuberização e a associação dessas poliaminas com AIA e BA induziu aumento do número de brotações. Para o estímulo da rizogênese, não foi necessário o uso de reguladores vegetais. Altos teores de putrescina foram encontrados durante a emissão de brotações, enquanto que altos teores de espermidina foram observados durante a formação de rizomas in vitro.

The present research investigated the asepsis for attainment of explants deriving of tubers and the polyamines espermidine and espermine exogenous effects associated with the plant growth regulators NAA and BA on the development and tuberization in vitro and the endogenous levels of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) of taro (Colocasia esculenta). Plants grown in the medium with spermidine and spermine showed tuberization and the association of these polyamines with NAA and BA increases number of shoots. Plant growth regulators were not necessary for root initiation. High levels of endogenous Put were found during the shoot emission, while high levels Spd were observed during in vitro root formation.

Papel de las poliaminas en la alimentación: Importancia de las poliaminas en la alimentación infantil

Durante la década de los 90 del siglo pasado comenzaron los primeros estudios que señalaban a las poliaminas como importantes factores de crecimiento de la leche materna. Sin embargo, todavía se desconoce mucho sobre el papel que desempeñan en la alimentación infantil y cual sería la ingesta recomendada para este grupo poblacional. En los últimos años va siendo cada vez mayor la atención que muestra la comunidad científica internacional hacia las poliaminas, debido no sólo al importante papel que desempeñan en el metabolismo celular, sino por su posible participación en diversas patologías y durante el desarrollo del organismo. Sería recomendable, teniendo en cuenta que el contenido en poliaminas de las fórmulas infantiles es unas 10 veces menor al de la leche materna, profundizar más en este campo, con el fin de garantizar una correcta alimentación durante la etapa de lactancia.

Role of polyamines in diet. Importance of polyamines in infant nutrition. The first studies indicating polyamines as important growth factors in breast milk began during the nineties of last century. Nevertheless, it is still not well known the role they play in infant nutrition or what the recommended intake would be for this population group. In recent years, there has been increased attention of the international scientific community towards polyamines, not only due to the important role they play in the cellular metabolism, but also to their possible implication in some diseases and during the development of the human organism. Bearing in mind that the content in polyamines of the infant formula is around tenfold less than in breast milk, it would be recommended to gain insight into this theme in order to guarantee correct nutrition during lactation.