Research on the pathways of social responsibility of public hospitals based on qualitative comparative analysis / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To explore the influencing factors and pathways of social responsibility of public hospitals, and to provide a reference for public hospitals in China to further improve the social responsibility level.Methods:From 2019 to 2020, 22 tertiary public hospitals in a region were selected as study cases. The social responsibility score was used as the outcome variable, social benefit, appropriateness, quality, and efficiency were used as the conditional variables, and the qualitative comparative analysis was applied to investigate the combination of conditions affecting social responsibility evaluation of public hospitals.Results:The consistency of the social benefit, appropriateness, and quality was less than 0.9 and greater than 0.8, indicating that they were sufficient and non-necessary conditions for high social responsibility of public hospitals. The consistency of efficiency was 0.747, indicating that it was neither sufficient nor necessary condition. The configuration analysis showed that there were three paths for public hospitals to achieve high social responsibility: co-driven social benefit and appropriateness with high quality assistance, co-driven social benefit and efficiency with high quality assistance, and co-driven appropriateness and efficiency, with a coverage rate of 92.6%.Conclusions:Social benefit, appropriateness, quality, and efficiency can be combined in different ways to achieve high social responsibility in public hospitals. Public hospitals could develop targeted social responsibility improvement strategies according to the actual situation, and strengthen the synergy between the elements to improve the level of social responsibility in hospitals.

Occupational stress, anxiety, and depression among grassroots disease control and prevention staff in Hebei Province: A qualitative comparative analysis based on fuzzy sets / 环境与职业医学

Background Grassroots center for disease control and prevention (CDC) staff undertake intensive work of disease prevention and control, and may be susceptible to occupational stress, anxiety, depression, and other health problems. Objective To understand the current situation of occupational stress, anxiety, and depression among grassroots CDC staff, and to identify potential risk factor configurations for occupational stress, anxiety, and depression using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), so as to provide a basis for effective intervention. Methods The staff working in county/district-level CDCs in Hebei Province were the target population of the current study. Stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select 1860 staff members of the target population. A questionnaire of general situation, Job Content Scale, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were used. Risk factor configurations associated with health outcomes of interest were identified by fsQCA3.0 software. Results The positive rates of occupational stress, anxiety, and depression were 42.69%, 44.25%, and 47.96%, respectively. Marital status was a necessary condition for occupational stress, anxiety, and depression in the grassroots CDC staff (the necessity values were 0.911, 0.939, and 0.933, respectively). There were two types of risk factor configurations for occupational stress: "self-improvement" and "disease burden"; the risk factor configurations for anxiety were "disease burden" and "economic-disease burden"; while the risk factor configurations for depression were "disease burden", "economic-disease burden", and "self-improvement". The overall consistency scores of occupational stress, anxiety, and depression were 0.941, 0.820, and 0.774, respectively. Regarding outstanding components, "self-improvement" included pressure of job requirements and promotion, "disease burden" included impact of chronic illness on psychological state, and "economic-disease burden" included not only impact of chronic illness but also financial support for CDC staff. Conclusion All positive rates of occupational stress, anxiety, and depression are high among grassroots CDC staff in Hebei Province. Occupational stress, anxiety, and depression of grassroots CDC staff are the results of multiple influencing factors, so targeted intervention measures should be formulated.

Research on the influencing factors of the organizational ability of medical ethics committee: a case study of tertiary hospitals in eastern China / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:Given the indispensable role played by medical ethics committees in protecting the rights and interests of subjects and researchers, such committees in China are found with weak organizational capacity. This study was designed to analyze the driving factors to improve their organizational capacity.Methods:Form July to September 2020, a survey and interview of 71 tertiary A hospitals in eastern China were conducd, and a total 60 valid samples were obtained. Through crisp-se qualitative comparative analysis(csQCA), the medical ethics committees of 60 tertiary hospitals were analyzed, and the factors affecting the organizational capabilities of the medical ethics committees and their combinations were explored.Results:Protection of rights and interests was key to medical ethics committee′s organizational capacity, while incompetency of the members and the irregular review process were sufficient reasons for the weak organizational capacity. There were six combinations of sufficient conditions for the medical ethics committee to be strong in organizational capacities, which could be explained by the three models of member capacity-orientation, system-process-orientation, and resource-system-orientation.Conclusions:The medical ethics committees are recommended to enhance members capacity, enhance team building; complete rules and regulations, and process mechanism; clarify organization structure, and optimize resource matching, in an effort to enhance the organizational capacity of these committees in China.

A qualitative comparative analysis of healthcare Supply–Demand side barriers under the publicly funded health insurance scheme in India

Background: India recently launched Ayushman Bharat – National Health Protection Mission – an upgraded version of Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna (RSBY), which is projected as world's largest public insurance scheme by numbers. The new scheme can certainly draw learning from the former (RSBY) to ensure better reach and success. RSBY has been extensively analyzed for supply-side barriers but sparsely for demand and supply-side barriers simultaneously. Objectives: Through this study, authors intend to determine causality as well as configurations (pathways) of demand and supply barriers that make beneficiary vulnerable even under the scheme. The study explores the interaction of barriers that lead to patient dis/satisfaction, overcharging for a medical procedure and high disease severity among beneficiaries. Methods: The study uses RSBY insurance claim records from 2013 to 2015 backed up by posthospitalization survey of the state of Chhattisgarh, India. It employs a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to determine causality and configuration (path-way) of parameters leading to the outcome. Results: Provision of medicine emerges as a necessary condition for patient satisfaction. Waiting time did not appear as a necessary parameter of satisfaction. Overcharging the cashless card in case of minor surgical procedures is observed irrespective of beneficiaries' education and occupation status. Urban male and rural female appear to bear high disease severity. Conclusions: Results have implication for policymakers and implementors to recognize the segment that remains vulnerable under the scheme and gain insights on the parameters of patient satisfaction.

Factor Configurations with Governance as Conditions for Low HIV/AIDS Prevalence in HIV/AIDS Recipient Countries: Fuzzy-set Analysis

This paper aims to investigate whether good governance of a recipient country is a necessary condition and what combinations of factors including governance factor are sufficient for low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in HIV/AIDS aid recipient countries during the period of 2002-2010. For this, Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) was used. Nine potential attributes for a causal configuration for low HIV/AIDS prevalence were identified through a review of previous studies. For each factor, full membership, full non-membership, and crossover point were specified using both author's knowledge and statistical information of the variables. Calibration and conversion to a fuzzy-set score were conducted using Fs/QCA 2.0 and probabilistic tests for necessary and sufficiency were performed by STATA 11. The result suggested that governance is the necessary condition for low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in a recipient country. From sufficiency test, two pathways were resulted. The low level of governance can lead to low level of HIV/AIDS prevalence when it is combined with other favorable factors, especially, low economic inequality, high economic development and high health expenditure. However, strengthening governance is a more practical measure to keep low prevalence of HIV/AIDS because it is hard to achieve both economic development and economic quality. This study highlights that a comprehensive policy measure is the key for achieving low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in recipient country.

Caries dental y los determinantes sociales de la salud en México / Dental caries and social determinants of health in Mexico

La caries dental es una enfermedad multifactorial que representa un problema de salud pública global y nacional. Se conocen los factores de riesgo individual, no así los asociados con su ocurrencia poblacional; no es claro por qué algunos países o regiones presentan mayor prevalencia que otros. Es necesario analizar los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS) asociados. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la asociación entre algunos determinantes poblacionales y la prevalencia de caries dental en la población infantil mexicana. Se realizó un estudio de casos de carácter ecológico cuyas unidades de observación fueron las 32 entidades federativas de la República mexicana. Se realizó un análisis comparativo cualitativo (Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA por sus siglas en inglés) usando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Caries Dental 2001, e información oficial sobre desigualdad en el ingreso (G), producto interno bruto (P), porcentaje de población analfabeta (A), porcentaje de población rural (R), porcentaje de población indígena (I), tasa migratoria neta (L), distribución indicada de sal yodada fluorada (F) por estado. Las configuraciones más frecuentes fueron GpARIlF (17,86 por ciento de los estados); gPariLF (14,29 por ciento); GpARIlf (10,71 por ciento) y gPariLf (7,14 por ciento). Al realizar la reducción a un Benchmark de 0,80, se obtuvo una consistencia de 0,900 y una cobertura de 0,463 con diez configuraciones. A un Benchmark de 0,90 se obtuvo una consistencia de 0,974 y una cobertura de 0,223 con cuatro configuraciones. La desigualdad en el ingreso participa consistentemente en los modelos causales de prevalencia de caries, la distribución de sal yodada y fluorada participa pero negativamente, indicando su presencia como factor protector ante la enfermedad. Se sugiere apoyar acciones que disminuyan la desigualdad en el ingreso, así como el continuar con la política de distribución de sal yodada y fluorada(AU)

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease which represents a public health problem globally and nationally. There are known individual risk factors, not the population associated with its occurrence; it is not clear why some countries or regions have higher prevalence than others. It is necessary to analyze the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) associated. The aim of this study was to explore the association between some population determinants and the prevalence of dental caries in Mexican children. A case study of ecological character whose observation units were the 32 states of Mexico was conducted. A qualitative comparative analysis was conducted, using data from 2001National Survey of Dental Caries, and official data on income inequality (G), gross domestic product (P), percentage of illiterate population (A), percentage of rural population (R), percentage of indigenous population (I), net migration rate (L), indicated distribution of iodized salt fluoridated by state(F). The most common settings were GpARIlF (17.86 percent of the states); gPariLF (14.29 percent); GpARIlf (10.71 percent) and gPariLf (7.14 percent). When reducing a 0.80Benchmark, 0.900 and consistency and 0.463 of coverage were obtained with ten settings. A 0.90 Benchmark, 0.974 of consistency and 0.223 of coverage were obtained with four settings. The income inequality consistently participates in causal models of caries prevalence; distribution of iodized and fluoridated salt was negatively involved indicating its presence as a protective factor against the disease. It is suggested supporting actions to reduce income inequality, as well as to continue the distribution policy of fluoridated and iodized salt(AU)