Analysis on medication rules of Xin'an medicine for treatment of melancholia administered by physicians in the Ming and Qing dynasties based on R language data mining / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the medication rules of Xin'an medicine for the treatment of melancholia and further analyze the medication ideas of Xin'an physicians in the treatment of melancholia.Methods:The documents of Xin'an physicians treating melancholia in the fifth edition of the Chinese Medical Code and the online database of ancient Chinese medicine were retrieved. Excel was used to extract the prescription information to establish the database. R language was used to analyze the data regarding the medication frequency, nature and taste, association rules, and clustering of the traditional Chinese medicine used in the prescription. Results:A total of 127 effective prescriptions were sorted out, and 177 kinds of Chinese medicines were used with a total medication frequency of 1 031 times. The top three Chinese medicines with the highest frequency of use were Poria cocos (57 times), Licorice (46 times), and Paeonia Lactiflora (40 times). The main nature of herbs was plain and warm nature. The warm herbs were the most frequently used (298 times). The first five flavors of the herbs which were the most used were pungent taste (475 times, 28.70%), bitter taste (459 times, 27.73%), and sweet taste (453 times, 27.37%). The commonly used herbs with confidence coefficient > 0.800 were Licorice + Angelica sinensis, Licorice + Angelica sinensis and Paeonia Lactiflora, Licorice + Bupleurum, Licorice + Atractylodes macrocephala, Cyperus root + Ligusticum Chuanxiong, Angelica sinensis + Atractylodes macrocephala and Licorice, Paeonia Lactiflora + Angelica sinensis and Poria cocos, Licorice + Angelica sinensis and Poria cocos, Licorice + Atractylodes macrocephala and Angelica sinensis, Licorice + Bupleurum and Paeonia Lactiflora, Licorice + Atractylodes macrocephala and Ginseng, Licorice + Ginseng and Angelica sinensis, Cyperus root + Medicated leaven, Ginseng + Astragalus mongholicus, Licorice + Astragalus mongholicus.Conclusion:Xin'an medicine for the treatment of melancholia mainly uses pungent, bitter, sweet, and warm herbs. It can adjust the chill and fever, Yin and Yang of the human body, diminishes the urgency, and regulates the flow of Qi.

Analysis of medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of renal anemia based on data mining / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To carry out data mining on the prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） for the treatment of renal anemia， and to explore the medication rules of TCM in the treatment of renal anemia. METHODS The Chinese and English databases including PubMed， the Cochrane Library， Web of Science， CNKI， Wanfang， VIP and CBM were searched by computer to screen the related literature about TCM in the treatment of renal anemia. Excel software was used to extract prescription information， including frequency of use， property and flavor， meridian tropism and efficacy of single TCM. Association rule analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis were performed for each ingredient of TCM with R language. RESULTS A total of 268 literature were included， involving 169 ingredients with a total use frequency of 3 919 times. Among them， Astragalus memeranaceus， Angelica sinensis， Atractylodes macrocephala， Rheum officinale， Poria cocos， Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata， Radix Codonopsis， Salvia miltiorrhiza and Ligusticum chuanxiong were used more than 100 times. The properties and flavors of the drugs were mainly warm and sweet； meridian tropism mainly targeted spleen， liver and kidney； the function was mainly in replenishing qi， nourishing blood， promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis， and clearing damp and promoting diuresis， purgation. The result of association rule analysis showed that the core ingredients were A. memeranaceus， A. sinensis， A. macrocephala， P. cocos and S. miltiorrhiza. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the clustering results were divided into grade 1， 2 and 3， and the cluster classification of A. memeranaceus and A. sinensis was always the same. CONCLUSIONS The core prescription for treating renal anemia includes A. memeranaceus， A. sinensis， A. macrocephala， P. cocos and S. miltiorrhiza； among them， A. memeranaceus and A. sinensis are at the center of the core prescription and indispensable. The medication rule is mainly guided by drugs for invigorating qi， nourishing blood， strengthening spleen， and removing dampness. According to the characteristics of different symptoms of patients， dialectical treatment is made， and other TCM is added or subtracted on the basis of the core prescription.

Anatomical analysis of muscle spindles in tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscle of C57BL/6 mice / 解剖学报

Objective To locate the distribution of muscle spindles in tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and the anchoring mode of muscle spindles in skeletal muscles, and perform statistics analysis of their morphological character by anatomical parameters. Methods Five adult wild type C57BL/6 mice were sacrificed, and TA and EDL were dissected and frozen with improved ultra-low temperature cryopreservation technology avoiding myofibers damaged by possible ice crystal. Continuous frozen transections were obtained and operated by HE staining, followed by microimaging to spot the muscle spindles location. Some parameters including regions length and cross section area (CSA) of muscle spindles were noticed for the discovery of some general characteristics of spindles by statistics. Results For TA and EDL, the scattered characters of muscle spindles were distributed as follows: the spindles were located at the upper third of the mid-belly of both TA and EDL from caudal to rostral position, while near the enter point to muscle of the deep peroneal nerve in dorsal-ventral orientation. The peripheral of muscle spindles anchored to extrafusal fibers to hold in the muscle. And in term of length, region A, connected with sensory nerve ending, demonstrated a significant correlation with region B, which located at the poles of region A and twined by motor nerve ending (correlation index = 0. 75) when considering the muscle spindles with four intrafusal fibers only. And no correlation was discovered in any others pairwise parameters. Conclusion The scattered diagram of muscle spindles in TA and EDL of C57BL/6 mice might provide anatomic basis for evaluation of lower limb motor function, especially for the spinal cord injury and recovery research. And the correlationship between the length of region A and B might improve exploring the variability of electrophysiological characters.

To guide the preparation of blood before liver transplantation: the establishment of multiple regression equation based on R language / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To establish the multiple regression equation based on R language in order to guide scientific and reasonable blood preparation for clinicians before liver transplantation. 【Methods】 Basic clinical information, including gender, age and disease types, of 183 liver transplant patients were collected, and results of preoperative blood routine(MCV, MCHC, Hct, RBC, Hb and Plt), prothrombin time(PT), activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), thrombin time(TT), fibrinogen(FIB), international normalized ratio(INR) and D dimer and antithrombin Ⅲ(AT Ⅲ), operation time, as well as intraoperative transfusion volume of red blood cells, plasma, cryoprecipitates and platelets were analyzed using R language analysis.The correlation between blood component transfusion volume and analysis factors was calculated by generalized linear function, and the regression equation for predicting blood preparation was obtained by Poisson regression analysis. 【Results】 Intraoperative transfusion rates of RBC, plasma, platelets and cryoprecipitates in liver transplantation patients were 85.79%(8.35±8.78 U), 100%(1 083±742.80 mL), 18.58%(0.26±0.60 treatment dose), and 12.02%(2.49±7.51 U), respectively. According to the analysis factors with good correlation, the prediction equations for the volume of each blood component were as follows: RBC: 3.348+ 1.276×Time-0.02×Hct-0.16×RBC-0.006×Hb, plasma: 6.901+ 0.826 ×Time-0.003×Hb, platelets: -1.275+ 1.866×Time-0.013 Hb+ 0.025×TT, and cryoprecipitates: -7.183+ 2.888×Time + 0.067×MCV+ 0.029×TT. 【Conclusion】 It is of great clinical significance to use R language to carry out multivariate regression analysis and establish the prediction regression equation of blood preparation before liver transplantation, which can provide scientific, reasonable and sufficient blood supply in operation.

Bioinformatics analysis of ulcerative colitis and its malignant complications and screening of potential therapeutic drugs / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To explore the pathogenic genes and potential drug therapeutic targets of ulcerative colitis and its malignant complications by a variety of bioinformatics analysis. Methods: Four expression profiling datasets (GSE13367, GSE9452 and GSE36807 as UC group, and GSE37283 as UCN group) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were jointly analyzed to identify the differential genes. Key genes related to ulcerative colitis and its malignant complications were obtained by subsequent immunoassay and gene correlation analysis, and a number of small molecule drugs with potential therapeutic effects were screened by LINCS L1000 database. Results: Eighty-six and 253 significant differentially expressed genes were identified respectively in the differential gene analysis of UC group and UCN group. The scoring analysis of the node genes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of UC group showed that the core gene of the network was CXCL8. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis indicated that CXCL8 mainly participated in the recruitment of neutrophils in IL-17 signaling pathway, and three small molecule drugs (butein, levocetirizine, pseudoephedrine) for CXCL8 were found based on the screening results of LINCS L1000 database. Conclusion: The core differentially expressed gene CXCL8 may be a new drug target for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and its malignant complications. The three screened small molecule drugs may have potential treatment effect on ulcerative colitis and its malignant complications.

Development of Statistical Software for the Korean Laboratory Accreditation Program Using R Language: LaboStats

BACKGROUND: In Korea, the Korean Laboratory Accreditation Program (KLAP) has set minimum standards for verification of clinical test performance. This verification process is time-consuming and labor-intensive when performed manually. We developed a free, statistical software program for KLAP, using the R language (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). METHODS: We used CLSI guidelines for the algorithm. We built graphic user interfaces, including data input, with Embarcadero Delphi EX4 (Embarcadero Technologies, Inc., Texas, USA). The R Base Package and MCR Package for Method Comparison Regression were used to implement statistical and graphical procedures. RESULTS: Our program LaboStats has six modules: parallel test, linearity, method comparison, precision, reference interval, and cutoff. Data can be entered into the field either manually or by copying and pasting from an MS Excel worksheet. Users can print out precise reports. CONCLUSIONS: LaboStats can be useful for evaluating clinical test performance characteristics and preparing documents requested by KLAP.

Research on multi-leaf collimator fault prediction model of Varian Novalis Tx medical linear accelerator based on BP Neural Network realized by R language / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To construct and investigate the multi-leaf collimator (MLC) fault prediction model of Varian NovalisTx medical linear accelerator based on BP neural network.Methods The MLC fault data applied in clinical trial for 18 months were collected and analyzed.The total use time of accelerator,the quantity of patients per month,average daily working hours of accelerator,volume of RapidArc plans and time interval between accelerator maintenance were used as the input factors and the prediction of MLC fault frequency was considered as the output result.The BP neural network model of MLC fault prediction was realized by AMORE package of R language and the simulation results were validated.Results The model contained 3 layers of network to realize the input-output switch.There were 5 nodes in the input layer,13 nodes in the hide layer and 1 node in the output layer,respectively.The transfer function from the input layer to the hide layer selected the tansig function and purelin function was used from the hide layer to the output layer.The maximum time of training was pre-set as 150 in the designed model.Actually,111 times of training were performed.The pre-set error was 3％ and the actual error was 2.7％,which indicated good convergence.The simulation results of MLC fault applied in clinical trial for 18 months were similar to the actual data.Conclusions The BP neural network model realized by R language of MLC fault prediction can describe the mapping relationship between fault factors and fault frequency,which provides references for the understanding of accelerator fault and management of spare parts inventory.

Formula compatibility regulation for prevention and treatment of infantile recurrent respiratory infection based on data mining / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the compound compatibility regulation of oral traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) for the prevention and treatment of infantile repeated respiratory infection.Methods The oral TCM compound literatures for the prevention and treatment of infantile repeated respiratory infection were collected from four databases,including China Biology Medicine disc,CNKI,VIP Periodical and Wanfanf Data.The retrieval time was from January 2006 to July 2006.Then the TCM oral compound prescriptions meeting the requirements were obtained by the literature arrangement and performed the terms standardized processing for extracting the information and establishing Excel table.Then the Kaiyuan software package R i386 3.3.0 was used to conduct the drug frequency,association rules analysis and clustering analysis.Results A total of 311 prescriptions were screened out and 208 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine were analyzed.It was found that the higher compatibility frequencies of TCM were atractylodes,radix glycyrrhizae,windproof,radix astragali,radix pseudostellariae,poria cocos,dried tangerine or orange peel,etc.;the strong association rules prompted that modified Yupinfeng Powder composed of core medicines such as astragalus,atractylodes and windproof was the basic formula for prevention and treatment of infantile repeated respiratory infection;the clusters analysis found some TCM societies such as emembranous Astragalus mongholicus-keel-oysters,Atractylodes-Poria cocos-licorice-Astragalus mongholicus-dangshen.Conclusion The drug frequency,association rules analysis and clustering analysis can reveal the compatibility rules of TCM prescriptions for preventing and treating infantile repeated respiratory to provide reference basis for optimizing the clinical prescription and improving the curative effect.

R language-based analysis of big data about drugs prescribed in grass root clinics / 中华医学图书情报杂志

Objective To provide the evidence for health management decision-making and rational use of drugs grass root clinics by studying their drug prescription rules.Methods The prescribed drugs in clinics of 5 township health centers from September 2012 to September 2014 were retrieved from The Management Information System of Sichuan Grass Root Medical Institutions.Their big data were analyzed using R language.Results The commonly pre-scribed drugs in clinics were vitamin B6, vitamin C and cefixime tablets, which were usually used in combination. Conclusion Health administrative organizations can strengthen their supervision and management of prescribed drugs and promote their rational use in grass root clinics using unified management information system of grass root medical institutions in combination with information technology .

Study on three indicator flavonoids extraction of multi-objective optimization formula of Yangyin Tongnao Granules by R language / 中草药

Objective: Multi-objectively optimizing the extraction technology for three indicator flavonoids in the formula of Yangyin Tongnao Granules. Methods: Taking the extraction yield of puerarin, calycosin, and formononetin in the formula of Yangyin Tongnao Granules as the detecting indicators, the extraction technology was investigated by 4 factors 3 levels orthogonal test design method. Using R language, combining the entropy weight method to give weight, and establishing the BP neural network model, using the genetic algorithm to target the optimization of network, so as to get the best extraction technology for puerarin, calycosin, and formononetin. Results: The optimization of extraction technology was as follows: ethanol concentration was 85%, extraction time was 1.5 h, extraction temperature was 80℃, and ethanol dosage was 25 times. Under the condition, the predictive value of model comprehensive evaluation was 0.389, the predictive value of the average comprehensive evaluation obtained in the experiment was 0.394, the relative error was 1.27%. So it had a better network prediction. Conclusion: Combining the feasibility and repeatability of the extraction yield and extraction technology for the three index component to establish the mathematical model for analyzing and predicting the extraction technology of puerarin, calycosin, and formononetin in the formula of Yangyin Tongnao Granules and providing a new reference to realize the multi-objective optimization of the extraction technology for the active constituents in Chinese materia medica.