RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Se estima que a nivel mundial, cada año alrededor del 10% de los lactantes tienen bronquiolitis. Se produce un pico entre los 2 y los 6 meses de edad. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo de bronquiolitis en menores de dos años que consultaron al servicio de Pediatría del Instituto de Medicina Tropical entre el 2018 y 2019. Método: Estudio de tipo descriptivo, transversal en el que se incluyeron pacientes menores de 2 años internados en el Servicio de Pediatría del Instituto de Medicina Tropical de enero de 2018 a febrero de 2019 con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis en el que se analizaron los factores de riesgo de la enfermedad. Resultados: Se estudió una población de 38 pacientes que presentaron bronquiolitis antes de los 2 años, 19 fueron niños (50%) La edad media al ingreso fue de 3,5 ± 2,8 meses (límites, 1-10 meses). No se han encontrado datos de tabaco en el embarazo. Se detectó VRS en el aspirado nasofaríngeo de 8 niños (21%), la detección viral fue negativa en 14 niños (37%) y no se realizó la determinación en 18 casos (47%). Los siguientes factores de riesgo se asociaron de forma independiente con la bronquiolitis: Asma de los padres, infección por VSR, sibilancia, cianosis y hacinamiento. Los factores de riesgo estudiado, exposición al tabaco, sexo, edad en el momento de la bronquiolitis o lactancia materna exclusiva, no se asociaron con el ingreso a UTI de los pacientes con bronquiolitis. Conclusión: Hemos encontrado factores de riesgo asociado relacionados al huésped como asma de los padres, y otros como sibilancia, cianosis, hacinamiento e infección por VRS.
Abstract Introduction: It is estimated that globally, each year around 10% of infants have bronchiolitis. A peak occurs between 2 and 6 months of age Objective: To determine the risk factors of bronchiolitis in children less than two years of age who admitted at the pediatric service of the Institute of Tropical Medicine between 2017 and 2019 Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study in which patients under 2 years of age admitted to the Pediatric Service of the Institute of Tropical Medicine from January 2018 to February 2019 were included with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis in which the risk factors of the disease were analyzed. Results: We studied a population of 38 patients who presented bronchiolitis before 2 years, 19 were children (50%) The average age at admission was 3.5 ± 2.8 months (range, 1-10 months). No tobacco data were found in pregnancy. RSV was detected in the nasopharyngeal aspirate of 8 children (21%), viral detection was negative in 14 children (37%) and the determination was not made in 18 cases (47%). The following risk factors were independently associated with bronchiolitis: Asthma of the parents, RSV infection, wheezing, cyanosis and overcrowding. The risk factors studied exposure to tobacco, sex, age at the time of bronchiolitis or exclusive breastfeeding were not associated with admission to the ICU of patients with bronchiolitis. Conclusion: We have found associated risk factors related to the host such as asthma of the parents, and others such as wheezing, cyanosis, overcrowding and RSV infection.
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Life-threatening RSV infection is often reported in young children and immunocompromised hosts. Since there is no report on ribavirin therapy for RSV pneumonia in pediatric cancer patients in Korea, we report one case of RSV pneumonia that developed in an infant with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Despite administration of oral ribavirin and intravenous immunoglobulin, the patient's respiratory distress worsened and admission to an intensive care unit was necessary. Chest x-ray showed multifocal consolidation, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. Treatment with aerosolized ribavirin led to significant clinical improvement. The role of aerosolized ribavirin is still controversial, but it might have a therapeutic potential for severe RSV pneumonia in children with leukemia.
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Imunoglobulinas , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Coreia (Geográfico) , Leucemia , Enfisema Mediastínico , Pneumonia , Pneumotórax , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras , Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios , Infecções Respiratórias , Ribavirina , TóraxRESUMO
High frequency oscillatory (HFOV) has been progressively useful in children with severe hypoxemic and Iry-percapnic respiratory insufficiency, at Pediatric Intensive Care Units. Objectives: To describe our experience in treatment of children with severe RSV infection unresponsive to conventional ventilation (CV), to describe effectiveness in gas exchange and to evaluate the safety of the method. A descriptive and prospective study set at two paediatric intensive care units, in Hospital Roberto del Río and Clínica Santa María of Santiago, Chile between January 2001 and December 2004. Results: 36 patients between 0.5 and 10 months of age with severe RSV infection and respiratory failure unresponsive to mechanical ventilation were connected to HFOV after an average time of conventional ventilation of 2.6 days. Arterial pH improved during the first hour in HFOV from 7.18 to > 7.3. Initial PaO2/FiO2 in average was 104.8, there was a slow and progressive improvement until 72 hours (138). FiO2 diminished since an average of 74 percent till 63.6 percent at 72 hours pCO2 went down from an average of 88 mm de Hg pre HFOV to 50 mmHg at 12 hours, remaining low. Oxygenation Index, preHFOV, was in average 18 and it maintained in 17 at 72 hours, with a FiO2 < 60 percent. Patients were hold in HFOV between 2-18 days. 3/36 patients died after 1.5, 4 and 18 days of HFOV. 8,3 percent presented air leak. One of these patients is oxygen dependent after 12 months of following. Conclusions: High frequency oscillatory ventilation is a useful method in the management of acute respiratory failure in children with severe infection for RSV unresponsive to conventional ventilation. It can improve gas exchange slowly and progressively with a low risk of air leak, secuelae and death.
La ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria (VAFO) es un modo ventilatorio cada vez más utilizado en el manejo del paciente pediátrico con insuficiencia respiratoria grave, tanto hipoxémica como hipercápnica, en unidades de paciente crítico. Objetivos. Describir nuestra experiencia en el uso de VAFO en niños con infección respiratoria aguda grave por Virus Respiratorio Sincicial (VRS), su efectividad en el intercambio gaseoso y la seguridad del método. Método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, realizado en unidades de cuidado intensivo pediátricos de Hospital Roberto del Río y Clínica Santa María de Santiago, Chile, entre los meses de Enero 2001 y Diciembre 2004. Resultados: Se conectaron a VAFO 36 pacientes de 0,5 a 10 meses de edad con falla respiratoria aguda por infección por VRS y sin respuesta a VMC, luego de un promedio de 2,6 días. El pH arterial mejora durante la primera hora en VAFO, de 7,18 a 7,3. PaO2/FiO2 inicial promedio fue de 104,8, se observó una lenta y progresiva mejoría hasta las 72 horas (138). FiO2 disminuyó de 74 por ciento hasta 63,6 por ciento en las primeras 72 horas. La PCO2fue disminuyendo desde un promedio en VMC de 88 a 50 mmHg a las 12 horas, permaneciendo luego en rangos bajos. El índice de oxigenación pre VAFO, fue en promedio 18 y se mantuvo en 17 a las 72 horas de conexión, con una FiO2 < 60 por ciento. El tiempo de VAFO fue de 2-18 días. 3/36 pacientes fallecieron a los 1,5, 4 y 18 días de VAFO, 8,3 por ciento presentaron escape aéreo. 1/36 paciente es oxígeno dependiente luego de 12 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: VAFO se constituyó en un método eficaz en el manejo de la falla respiratoria aguda en niños con una infección grave por VRS, que no respondieron a la VMC. Podría mejorar rápidamente la hipercapnia, y la oxigenación lenta y progresivamente, con un bajo riesgo de escape aéreo, secuelas y mortalidad.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/complicações , Insuficiência Respiratória/etiologia , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Ventilação de Alta Frequência/métodos , Estado Terminal , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/mortalidade , Oxigênio/sangue , Troca Gasosa Pulmonar , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) is currently implicated as the most common and otentially serious viral respiratory pathogen of young infants. Apnea in association with RSV infection occurred in about 18% of the infants. Premature birth and a young postnatal age were risk factors for development of apnea with RSV disease. We experienced a case of RSV infection in a 37 day-old premature girl. The presenting complaint was apnea, with respiratory signs and symptoms developing later. She required mechanical ventilation.