Thoughts on Ethical Collaborative Review and Management of Multi-center Clinical Research / 中国医学伦理学

For multi-center clinical research, how to ensure the quality of ethical review and improve the efficiency of ethical review through cooperation among centers is an important direction for clinical research management departments and research parties to explore. By combing and analyzing the existing pattern of multi-center ethical review at home and abroad, combining the current situation of the ethical review and management development in China, taking cancer clinical research as the breakthrough point, it was advocated to establish a cooperative review led by professional institute in domestic, on the basis of extensive and in-depth training exchanges and effective communication on the same platform, collaborative review, ensure quality and efficiency, so as to promote and implement the "mutual recognition" of ethical review. Then, this paper further put forward the concept of "whole-process linkage" in the ethical management process of multi-center clinical research, and pointed out that all research parties should clarify their responsibilities, enhance their awareness and ability, and jointly and comprehensively implement the protection of subjects among clinical researchers.

Research on the Moral Responsibility of Face Recognition and Medical Diagnosis / 中国医学伦理学

The application of face recognition technology is gradually expanding to the medical field. It has been initially used in the medical diagnosis of endocrine diseases and genetic syndrome. This technology is expected to be used for the screening of genetic syndrome and endocrine diseases, shortening the delay period of disease diagnosis and helping the staging of endocrine diseases. However, this technology also has some moral risks, such as the risk of personal information security disclosure, the challenge to the future of mankind and the division of moral responsibility. This paper reflected on the dilemma of moral responsibility in the application of face recognition and medical diagnosis, and explored the two basic problems of "who is the subject of moral responsibility" and "the specific division of moral responsibility of different moral subjects" in face recognition and medical diagnosis. Finally, some suggestions on the moral responsibility in face recognition and medical diagnosis are put forward. The first is to determine the role of face recognition and medical diagnosis as an auxiliary category, and doctors are still the main medical subject; the second is to build the responsibility ethics mechanism and laws and regulations, the establishment of the responsibility system of face recognition and medical diagnosis is inseparable from the joint action of law and ethics.

Face, facial recognition technology and personal privacy

The privacy problem of facial recognition technology is that commercial companies obtain people's facial information without the consent of individuals and use facial information to infringe on the privacy of individuals. The importance of human privacy in facial recognition technology is reflected through facial ethics, which requires others to perform corresponding obligations to individuals, such as oral care. Through the analysis of the privacy issues of facial recognition technology, it is found that the two elements of "without personal informed" and "without personal consent" together form the basis for commercial companies to violate personal privacy. The principle of informed consent includes the principle of informed and the principle of consent, which is derived from the principle of informed consent in medical ethics. This paper improves the principles of informed consent in medicine and ethics to better address facial recognition privacy issues.

El problema de la privacidad en la tecnología de reconocimiento facial es que las empresas comerciales obtienen información facial de las personas sin el consentimiento de éstas y utilizan la información facial para vulnerar la privacidad de las personas. La importancia de la privacidad de las personas en la tecnología de reconocimiento facial se refleja a través de la ética facial, que exige que otros cumplan las obligaciones correspondientes con los individuos, como el cuidado bucal. A través del análisis de los problemas de privacidad de la tecnología de reconocimiento facial se descubre que los dos elementos de "sin información personal" y "sin consentimiento personal" juntos forman la base para que las empresas comerciales violen la privacidad personal. El principio de consentimiento informado incluye el de información y el de consentimiento, que se deriva del principio de consentimiento informado de la ética médica. Este artículo mejora los principios del consentimiento informado en medicina y ética para abordar mejor los problemas de privacidad del reconocimiento facial.

A questão da privacidade na tecnologia de reconhecimento facial é que as companhias comerciais obtém informações faciais das pessoas sem seu consentimento e usam informação facial para infringir sua privacidade. A importância da privacidade humana na tecnologia de reconhecimento facial é refletida através da ética facial, que exige que se cumpram obrigações correspondentes para com os indivíduos, da mesma forma como com cuidados orais. Através da análise de aspectos de privacidade na tecnologia de reconhecimento facial, encontrou-se que os dois elementos "sem informação pessoal" e "sem consentimento pessoal" juntos, formam a base para companhias comerciais violarem a privacidade pessoal. O princípio do consentimento informado inclui o princípio de informação e o princípio de consentimento, os quais derivam do princípio do consentimento informado em ética médica. Esse artigo melhora os princípios do consentimento informado em medicina e ética para melhor incluir aspectos de privacidade no reconhecimento facial.

Propiedades psicométricas de una tarea computarizada Stroop emocional caras y palabras

Objetivo: Determinar las propiedades psicométricas de una tarea computarizada de Stroop de reconocimiento emocional de caras y palabras en población colombiana. Método: La investigación fue de naturaleza cuantitativa, con un diseño de investigación instrumental de tipo psicométrico y de desarrollo tecnológico. La muestra se seleccionó por conveniencia, estuvo conformada por 1172 participantes (56,6 % mujeres, 43,4 % hombres), con edades entre 18 a 25 años quienes ingresaban a un dominio para contestar la tarea después de leer y aceptar el consentimiento. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran una consistencia interna favorable con un KR-20=0,853 y un coeficiente Omega de McDonald=0,859, una validez de constructo, a partir de un análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis factorial confirmatorio, que presenta una estructura de seis factores y explica un 50,32 % de la varianza; además, de una validez convergente con un coeficiente de correlación Spearman positivo de 0,522 %; los índices de confiabilidad y validez obtenidos en el presente estudio hacen de esta versión computarizada una prueba que puede ser usada en el ámbito de la evaluación de procesos de atención, memoria de trabajo e inhibición en población adulta colombiana no clínica. Conclusiones: En conclusión, se observó efectivamente que la configuración del instrumento psicológico en un software informático optimiza la recolección de datos, pues hay más precisión en la medición de latencias de respuestas, así mismo facilita el análisis de los datos.

Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of a computerized Stroop task of emotional recognition of faces and words in a Colombian population. Method: The research was quantitative in nature with an instrumental design of a psychometric type and technological development. The sample was selected for convenience. It was made up of 1172 participants (56,6 % women, 43 % men) between 18 and 25 years of age. They entered a domain to answer the task after reading and giving consent. Results: The results showed a favorable internal consistency with a KR-20=0,853 and a McDonald's Omega coefficient=0,859. A construct validity was obtained from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis which presents a structure of six factors and explains 50,32 % of variance. In addition, it presents a convergent validity with a positive Spearman correlation coefficient of 0,522. The reliability and validity indices obtained in the present study make this computerized version a test that can be used in the field of evaluation of processes of attention, working memory and inhibition in non-clinical Colombian adult population. Discussions: In conclusion, it was effectively observed that the configuration of the psychological instrument in computer software optimizes data collection since there is more precision in the measurement of response latencies, as well as facilitating data analysis.

Objetivo: Determinar as propriedades psicométricas de uma tarefa Stroop computadorizada de reconhecimento emocional de rostos e palavras em uma população colombiana. Metologia: A pesquisa era de natureza quantitativa, com um projeto de pesquisa instrumental de tipo psicométrico e de desenvolvimento tecnológico. A amostra foi selecionada por conveniência e consistiu de 1172 participantes (56,6 % mulheres, 43,4 % homens), com idades entre 18 e 25 anos, que entraram em um domínio para responder à tarefa após a leitura e aceitação do termo de consentimento. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos mostram uma consistência interna favorável com um coeficiente KR-20=0,853 e McDonald's Omega = 0,859, A validade da construção foi obtida a partir de uma análise exploratória de fatores e análise confirmativa de Fatores, que apresenta uma estrutura de seis fatores e explica 50,32 % da variação, e validade convergente com um coeficiente de correlação Spearman positivo de 0,522. Os índices de confiabilidade e validade obtidos no presente estudo fazem desta versão computadorizada um teste que pode ser usado na avaliação da atenção, memória de trabalho e processos de inibição na população adulta colombiana não-clínica. Conclusões: Em conclusão, foi realmente observado que a configuração do instrumento psicológico em um software de computador otimiza a coleta de dados, pois há maior precisão na medição das latências de resposta, além de facilitar a análise dos dados.

Enfrentamiento de la anafilaxia en el servicio de urgencia / Approach of Anaphylaxis in the emergency room

La anafilaxia es una reacción en su mayoría de hipersensibilidad tipo I, que estimula la activación generalizada de mastocitos, y provoca un cuadro clínico multisistémico que puede ser fatal. Se estima que tiene una incidencia de 0,03-0,1% y una prevalencia de vida de 0,5-2% en la población general. Generalmente, la reacción inmunológica ocurre posterior a la ingesta de alimentos, uso de medicamentos o picaduras de insectos, pero también se han descrito mecanismos no inmunológicos (no IgE) que actúan directamente sobre los mastocitos, llamadas en la literatura "reacciones anafilactoideas". La anafilaxia fue descrita por Paul Portier y Charles Robert Richet en 1902 en perros, los cuales desarrollaban esta reacción posterior a la inyección repetida de veneno de anémonas (medusas). Sin embargo, esta entidad no tuvo criterios diagnósticos ni pilares de manejo estructurado hasta el año 2006. En ese año en se publicó el segundo simposio de manejo de la anafilaxia, en donde se definieron criterios diagnósticos clínicos claros y el rol fundamental de la adrenalina en su manejo; la única droga que cambia el pronóstico del paciente.

Anaphylaxis is mainly a type I hypersensitivity reaction. It triggers a widespread activation of mast cells, causing a multisystemic clinical scenario that can be fatal. It is estimated to have an incidence of 0.03-0.1% and a lifetime prevalence of 0.5-2%. Most immunological reactions occur after food ingestion, medication, or insect stings, but non-immunological (non-IgE) mechanisms that act directly on mast cells, called Anaphylactoid Reactions, have been also described. Anaphylaxis was described by Paul Portier and Charles Robert Richet in 1902 in dogs, that developed this disease after repeated injections of anemones (jellyfish) venom. However, this entity didn't have established diagnostic criteria or an standarized management until 2006. In this year, the second anaphylaxis management sym-posium took place and clear clinical diagnostic criteria were defined. The fundamental role of adrenaline in its management was also established. The former is the only drug that has demonstrated to improve prognosis of the patient

CONTEXTUAL LEARNING APPROACH FOR SYNDROME DISEASE NAMED ENTITY RECOGNITION

The groundwork for extracting a significant amount of biomedical information from unstructured texts into structured formats is the difficult research area of biological entity recognition from medical documents. The existing work implemented the named entity recognition for diseases using the sequence labelling framework. The performance of this strategy, however, is not always adequate, and it frequently cannot fully exploit the semantic information in the dataset. The Syndrome Diseases Named Entity problem is presented in this work as a sequence labelling with multi-context learning. By using well-designed text/queries, this formulation may incorporate more previous information and to decode it using decoding techniques such conditional random fields (CRF). We performed experiments on three biomedical datasets, and the outcomes show how effective our methodology is on the BC5CDR-Disease, JNLPBA and NCBI-Disease, compared with other techniques our methodology performs with accuracy levels of 96.70%,98.65 and 96.72% respectively.

Effect of pupil dilation on biometric iris recognition systems for personal authentication

Purpose: To study the effect of pupil dilation on a biometric iris recognition (BIR) system for personal authentication and identification. Methods: A prospective, non?randomized, single?center cohort study was conducted on patients who reported for a routine eye check?up from November 2017 to November 2019 (2 years). An iris scanning device “IRITECH?MK2120U” was used to initially enroll the undilated eyes. Baseline scans were taken after matching with the enrolled database. All eyes were topically dilated and matched again with the enrolled database. The Hamming distance (a measure of disagreement between two iris codes) and recognition status were recorded from the device output, and eyes were evaluated by slit?lamp ophthalmoscopy with special emphasis on pupil shape, size, and texture. Results: All 321 enrolled eyes matched after topical dilation. The pupil size had a significant effect on Hamming distance with a P value <0.05. There were no false matches. A correct recognition rate of 100% was obtained after dilation. No loss of iris texture or pupil shape was observed after dilation. Conclusion: A BIR system is a reliable method for identification and personal authentication after pupil dilation. Topically dilated pupils are not a cause for non?recognition of iris scans.

Association between Sleep Quality and Different Aspects of Memory along with Assessment of Post Exercise and Post Meditation Effects

Background and Aims : Sleep is a highly conserved behaviour across animal evolution. The functions of sleep include restoration, memory processing, dreaming etc. Memory is informational processing system with explicit and implicit functioning made up of sensory processor, short term memory and long term memory. The present study was designed to analyse the impact of sleep quality on memory and effect of exercise and meditation on same. Material and Method : The present study was performed on 110 subjects chosen randomly with no gender bias. In first phase, baseline values were assessed for different sub tests of sleep quality and different aspects of memory. Subjects were divided into two groups with each group including 27 males and 27 females. One group was required to perform moderate intensity exercise and other meditation for one month duration. In the second phase, parameters were again assessed. Statistical analysis : Paired t-test was used for comparison of memory and sleep components between males and females. Independent t-test was used between baseline and post intervention values of exercise, meditation. Correlation studies were also carried out between sleep quality and different aspects of memory using Pearson correlation coefficient. Result : Significant and non significant results were obtained on comparison of memory and sleep components in males and females. Total memory score was better in females. Exercise and meditation exhibited statistically significant result on memory and sleep quality. Conclusion : Good sleep quality is associated with better memory. There is improvement across domains of memory and sleep with meditation and exercise.

Limite ético para confirmar identidade pelos caracteres morfológicos / Ethical limits to confirming identity by morphological features / Límite ético para confirmar la identidad por caracteres morfológicos

Resumo O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias fez nascer ferramentas que auxiliam no processo de identificação de indivíduos, possibilitando confirmar identidades e ajudando a solucionar crimes, ao permitir confirmar o encontro de pessoas desaparecidas ou vítimas de acidentes, por exemplo. Entretanto, um importante questionamento ético precisa ser observado: os fins sempre justificam os meios? A identificação facial a partir de imagens coletadas por câmeras de circuito fechado de televisão ou a análise de registros fotográficos são capazes de confirmar a identidade de alguém inequivocamente? Impressões digitais ou labiais podem ser utilizadas, em qualquer hipótese, em um confronto dactiloscópico? O conhecimento sobre as limitações dos métodos técnicos científicos utilizados em comparações de caracteres morfológicos permite que o resultado do perito papiloscopista atenda a dois princípios basilares constitucionais: a legalidade e o direito da pessoa humana. Ao respeitá-los, estará agindo conforme os limites éticos.

Abstract Technological advancements have generated tools to help with identifying individuals, allowing to verify identities and solve crimes by confirming found missing persons or accident victims, for example. An important ethical question, however, arises: do the ends always justify the means? Can facial identification from images collected by closed-circuit television cameras or analysis of photographic records confirm someone's identity unequivocally? Can fingerprints or lip prints be used for any dactyloscopy? Knowing the limitations of scientific technical methods used in morphological comparisons allows examiners to comply with two fundamental constitutional principles: that of legality and right of the human person. By respecting them, examiners will be acting according to ethical limits.

Resumen El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías dio lugar a herramientas que ayudan en el proceso de identificación de personas, lo que posibilita la confirmación de identidades y contribuye a la resolución de delitos al permitir confirmar, por ejemplo, a personas desaparecidas o víctimas de accidentes. Sin embargo, es necesario observar una cuestión ética importante: ¿el fin siempre justifica los medios? ¿La identificación facial desde imágenes captadas por cámaras de circuito cerrado de televisión o el análisis de registros fotográficos puede confirmar inequívocamente la identidad de una persona? ¿Se pueden utilizar huellas dactilares o labiales, bajo cualquier circunstancia, en un enfrentamiento dactiloscópico? El conocimiento sobre las limitaciones de los métodos técnicos y científicos utilizados en las comparaciones de caracteres morfológicos permite que el resultado del perito en papiloscopía responda a dos principios constitucionales básicos: la legalidad y el derecho de la persona humana. Al respetarlos se estará actuando dentro de los límites éticos.

Face-based automatic pain assessment: challenges and perspectives in neonatal intensive care units

Abstract Objective: To describe the challenges and perspectives of the automation of pain assessment in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Data sources: A search for scientific articles published in the last 10 years on automated neonatal pain assessment was conducted in the main Databases of the Health Area and Engineering Journal Portals, using the descriptors: Pain Measurement, Newborn, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Systems, Software, Automated Facial Recognition. Summary of findings: Fifteen articles were selected and allowed a broad reflection on first, the literature search did not return the various automatic methods that exist to date, and those that exist are not effective enough to replace the human eye; second, computational methods are not yet able to automatically detect pain on partially covered faces and need to be tested during the natural movement of the neonate and with different light intensities; third, for research to advance in this area, databases are needed with more neonatal facial images available for the study of computational methods. Conclusion: There is still a gap between computational methods developed for automated neonatal pain assessment and a practical application that can be used at the bedside in real-time, that is sensitive, specific, and with good accuracy. The studies reviewed described limitations that could be minimized with the development of a tool that identifies pain by analyzing only free facial regions, and the creation and feasibility of a synthetic database of neonatal facial images that is freely available to researchers.

Reconhecimento facial: tecnologia, racismo e construção de mundos possíveis / Reconocimiento facial: tecnología, racismo y construcción de mundos posibles / Facial recognition: technology, racism and construction of possible worlds

Resumo Racismo e tecnologia são importantes mediadores societários, hierarquizando grupos e reproduzindo privilégios e exclusões. Podem, contudo, inviabilizar denúncias de desigualdades, seja pelo "mito da democracia racial" ou pela ideia de neutralidade da tecnologia. Discutiremos a eficácia da articulação entre racismo e tecnologia por conta de uma dupla opacidade: negação do racismo e a negação política da tecnologia. Trazemos o reconhecimento facial como aparato sociotécnico que, articulado aos corpos negros e a realidades brasileiras, ora produz invisibilidades, ora reacentua visibilidades. A pesquisa teórica reúne conceitos do pensamento social brasileiro, versando sobre relações raciais e criminologia marginal, bem como autores do campo da Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS), que nos auxiliam a explicitar a não neutralidade da tecnologia e a politização da gestão algorítmica. Concluímos pela necessária ampliação das vozes dissonantes que denunciam o racismo na produção de técnicas pretensamente neutras, numa proposição cosmopolítica, de modo a poder "decidir com" as pessoas que são reconhecidas ou invisibilizadas.

Resumen El racismo y la tecnología son importantes mediadores sociales, jerarquizan grupos, reproducen privilegios y exclusiones. Sin embargo, pueden hacer inviable denunciar las desigualdades, ya sea por el "mito de la democracia racial" o por la "neutralidad de la tecnología". Discutiremos la efectividad de la articulación entre racismo y tecnología debido a una doble opacidad: la negación del racismo y la negación política de la tecnología. Presentamos el reconocimiento facial como un aparato sociotécnico que, articulado con los cuerpos negros y las realidades brasileñas, a veces produce invisibilidades y as veces vuelve a enfatizar las visibilidades. La investigación teórica reúne conceptos del pensamiento social brasileño que abordan las relaciones raciales y la criminología marginal, así como autores del campo de la ciencia, tecnología y sociedad (CTS), que nos ayudan a explicar la no neutralidad de la tecnología y la politización de la gestión algorítmica. Concluimos por la necesaria amplificación de voces disonantes que denuncian el racismo en la producción de técnicas supuestamente neutrales, una propuesta cosmopolítica, para poder "decidir con" las personas reconocidas o invisibilizadas.

Abstract Racism and technology are important societal mediators, hierarchizing groups and reproducing privileges and exclusions. They can, however, make reports of inequalities unfeasible, due to the "myth of racial democracy" or the idea of technology neutrality. We discuss the effectiveness of the articulation between racism and technology due to a double opacity: denial of racism and political denial of technology. We bring facial recognition as a sociotechnical apparatus that, articulated with black bodies and Brazilian realities, sometimes produces invisibilities, sometimes re-emphasizes visibilities. The theoretical research brings together concepts from Brazilian social thought, dealing with racial relations and marginal criminology, as well as authors from the field of Science, Technology and Society (STS), who help us to explain the non-neutrality of technology and the politicization of algorithmic management. We conclude by the necessary amplification of dissonant voices that denounce racism in the production of supposedly neutral techniques, in a cosmopolitical proposition, in order to be able to "decide with" the people who are recognized or made invisible.

Necropolítica algorítmica / Necropolítica algorítmica / Algorithmic Necropolitics

Resumen Este capítulo del libro Racismo algorítmico: inteligência artificial e discriminação nas redes digitais (Racismo algorítmico: inteligencia artificial y discriminación en redes digitales), publicado por el autor en 2022, demuestra el racismo codificado en la inteligencia artificial. Aborda la violencia material y simbólica, a menudo letal, infligida a personas y poblaciones negras y pobres mediante el despliegue de sistemas predictivos construidos y retroalimentados a partir de conjuntos de datos que reflejan una historia de explotación y segregación. Comienza con un panorama histórico de la normalización de la hipervigilancia y el control violento sobre poblaciones racializadas en Estados Unidos y Brasil. Luego muestra la continuidad de ese control por parte de los sistemas de clasificación algorítmicos contemporáneos, como el reconocimiento facial, la vigilancia predictiva y las puntuaciones de riesgo en seguridad y salud. Alineados con las narrativas oficiales de armonía racial y la justificación meritocrática de la política daltónica, sus desarrolladores, las empresas privadas e instituciones públicas que los emplean los consideran neutrales e ignoran insidiosamente sus prejuicios.

Resumo Este capítulo do livro Racismo algorítmico: inteligência artificial e discriminação nas redes digitalis, publicado pelo autor em 2022, demonstra o racismo codificado na inteligência artificial. Aborda a violência material e simbólica, muitas vezes letal, infligida a indivíduos e populações negras e pobres, através da implementação de sistemas preditivos baseados e realimentados a partir de conjuntos de dados que refletem uma história de exploração e segregação. Começa com um panorama histórico da normalização da hipervigilância e do controle violento sobre populações racializadas nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil. Em seguida, mostra a continuidade desse controle por sistemas contemporâneos de classificação algorítmica, como o reconhecimento facial, a vigilância preditiva e as escalas de risco em segurança e saúde. Alinhados com narrativas oficiais de harmonia racial e com a justificativa meritocrática da política daltônica, seus desenvolvedores, as empresas privadas e as instituições públicas que os empregam, consideram-nos neutros e ignoram insidiosamente os seus preconceitos.

Abstract This chapter of the author's 2022 book Racismo algorítmico: inteligência artificial e discriminação nas redes digitais (Algorithmic racism: artificial intelligence and discrimination in digital networks) demonstrates the racism encoded in artificial intelligence. It addresses the material and symbolic, often lethal, violence inflicted upon Black and poor individuals and populations by the deployment of predictive systems built and backfed from datasets that reflect a history of exploitation and segregation. It begins with a historical overview of the normalisation of hypervigilance and violent control over racialized populations in the United States and in Brazil. It then shows the continuity of that control by contemporary algorithmic classification systems such as facial recognition, predictive policing, and health and security risk scores. Aligned with official narratives of racial harmony and the meritocratic justification of colour-blind policy, they are deemed neutral by their developers, private enterprises and the public institutions that employ them, who insidiously ignore their bias.

Habilidades de processamento auditivo central e exame pericial de comparação de locutor / Central auditory processing skills and speaker comparison in forensic analysis

RESUMO Objetivo descrever quais são as habilidades auditivas do processamento auditivo central mais frequentes, relatadas por um grupo de especialistas para a realização do exame de Comparação de Locutor, tradicionalmente realizado por peritos forenses. Métodos estudo prospectivo, descritivo, com análise quantitativa e qualitativa. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de um consenso de especialistas. Participaram da reunião cinco fonoaudiólogos, sendo dois especialistas em audiologia, dois especialistas em voz e uma fonoaudióloga perita. A reunião foi realizada de forma virtual e síncrona, com duração de uma hora e 30 minutos. As tarefas realizadas durante o exame de Comparação de Locutor foram consideradas a partir de um protocolo disponível na literatura. As especialistas em fonoaudiologia receberam explicações a respeito de cada uma das tarefas e foram solicitadas a discutir sobre quais as habilidades do processamento auditivo central estariam envolvidas na execução de cada uma delas. Resultados sete habilidades foram consideradas na reunião dos especialistas como imprescindíveis para as tarefas realizadas no exame de Comparação de Locutor. A ordenação temporal foi a habilidade mais citada, podendo estar presente em seis tarefas, e a tarefa de transcrição do material de fala foi mencionada como sendo a que necessita de mais habilidades do processamento auditivo central. Conclusão Sete habilidades foram consideradas na reunião dos especialistas como imprescindíveis para as tarefas realizadas no exame de Comparação de Locutor. A ordenação temporal foi a habilidade mais citada, podendo estar presente em seis tarefas e a tarefa de transcrição do material de fala foi mencionada como sendo a que necessita de mais habilidades do processamento auditivo central

ABSTRACT Purpose to describe which abilities of central auditory processing are more frequently related for the group of specialists to the performance of the speaker comparison test (CL), traditionally performed by forensic experts. Methods a prospective, descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative analysis and data were obtained through a consensus of experts. Five speech therapists participated in the meeting, two specialists in audiology (EA), two specialists in voice (VS), and an expert speech therapist (FP). The meeting was held virtually and synchronously, lasting 1 hour and 30 minutes. The tasks performed during the Speaker Comparison (LC) exam were considered from a protocol available in the literature. The AEs received explanations about each of the tasks and were asked to discuss which auditory processing skills (ACP) would be involved in the performance of each of them. Results seven PAC skills were considered in the experts' meeting as essential for the tasks performed in the CL exam. Temporal ordering was the most cited skill, being present in six tasks, and the speech material transcription task is the one that requires more skills from the PAC. Conclusion Seven PAC skills were considered in the experts' meeting as essential for the tasks performed in the CL exam. Temporal ordering was the most cited skill, being present in six tasks, and the speech material transcription task is the one that requires more skills from the PAC.

3D Bitemark Analysis in Forensic Odontology Utilizing a Smartphone Camera and Open-Source Monoscopic Photogrammetry Surface Scanning

Abstract Bitemark analysis is a challenging procedure in the field of criminal case investigation. The unique characteristics of dentition are used to find the best match between the existing patterned injury and the suspected perpetrator in bitemark identification. Bitemark analysis accuracy can be influenced by various factors, including biting pressure, tooth morphology, skin elasticity, dental cast duplication, timing, and image quality. This review article discusses the potential of a smartphone camera as an alternative method for 3D bitemark analysis. Bitemark evidence on human skin and food should be immediately recorded or duplicated to retrieve long-lasting proof, allowing for a sufficient examination period. Various studies utilizing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) technologies have been developed to obtain an adequate bitemark analysis. 3D imaging technology provides accurate and precise analysis. However, the currently available method using an intraoral scanner (IOS) requires high-cost specialized equipment and a well-trained operator. The numerous advantages of monoscopic photogrammetry may lead to a novel method of 3D bitemark analysis in forensic odontology. Smartphone cameras and monoscopic photogrammetry methodology could lead to a novel method of 3D bitemark analysis with an efficient cost and readily available equipment.

Role of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor in Object Recognition Memory Impairment in Chronically Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-deprived Rats / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective We aimed to investigate whether antagonism of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) could affect novel object recognition (NOR) memory in chronically rapid eye movement sleep-deprived (RSD) rats.Methods The animals were examined for recognition memory following a 7-day chronic partial RSD paradigm using the multiple platform technique. The CB1R antagonist rimonabant (1 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered either at one hour prior to the sample phase for acquisition, or immediately after the sample phase for consolidation, or at one hour before the test phase for retrieval of NOR memory. For the reconsolidation task, rimonabant was administered immediately after the second sample phase.Results The RSD episode impaired acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval, but it did not affect the reconsolidation of NOR memory. Rimonabant administration did not affect acquisition, consolidation, and reconsolidation; however, it attenuated impairment of the retrieval of NOR memory induced by chronic RSD.Conclusions These findings, along with our previous report, would seem to suggest that RSD may affect different phases of recognition memory based on its duration. Importantly, it seems that the CB1R may, at least in part, be involved in the adverse effects of chronic RSD on the retrieval, but not in the acquisition, consolidation, and reconsolidation, of NOR memory.

A method of mental disorder recognition based on visibility graph / 生物医学工程学杂志

The causes of mental disorders are complex, and early recognition and early intervention are recognized as effective way to avoid irreversible brain damage over time. The existing computer-aided recognition methods mostly focus on multimodal data fusion, ignoring the asynchronous acquisition problem of multimodal data. For this reason, this paper proposes a framework of mental disorder recognition based on visibility graph (VG) to solve the problem of asynchronous data acquisition. First, time series electroencephalograms (EEG) data are mapped to spatial visibility graph. Then, an improved auto regressive model is used to accurately calculate the temporal EEG data features, and reasonably select the spatial metric features by analyzing the spatiotemporal mapping relationship. Finally, on the basis of spatiotemporal information complementarity, different contribution coefficients are assigned to each spatiotemporal feature and to explore the maximum potential of feature so as to make decisions. The results of controlled experiments show that the method in this paper can effectively improve the recognition accuracy of mental disorders. Taking Alzheimer's disease and depression as examples, the highest recognition rates are 93.73% and 90.35%, respectively. In summary, the results of this paper provide an effective computer-aided tool for rapid clinical diagnosis of mental disorders.

A multi-behavior recognition method for macaques based on improved SlowFast network / 生物医学工程学杂志

Macaque is a common animal model in drug safety assessment. Its behavior reflects its health condition before and after drug administration, which can effectively reveal the side effects of drugs. At present, researchers usually rely on artificial methods to observe the behavior of macaque, which cannot achieve uninterrupted 24-hour monitoring. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a system to realize 24-hour observation and recognition of macaque behavior. In order to solve this problem, this paper constructs a video dataset containing nine kinds of macaque behaviors (MBVD-9), and proposes a network called Transformer-augmented SlowFast for macaque behavior recognition (TAS-MBR) based on this dataset. Specifically, the TAS-MBR network converts the red, green and blue (RGB) color mode frame input by its fast branches into residual frames on the basis of SlowFast network and introduces the Transformer module after the convolution operation to obtain sports information more effectively. The results show that the average classification accuracy of TAS-MBR network for macaque behavior is 94.53%, which is significantly improved compared with the original SlowFast network, proving the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in macaque behavior recognition. This work provides a new idea for the continuous observation and recognition of the behavior of macaque, and lays the technical foundation for the calculation of monkey behaviors before and after medication in drug safety evaluation.

Identification of Chinese Herb Pieces Based on YOLOv4 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Chinese herbal piece is an important component of the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） system， and identifying their quality and grading can promote the development and utilization of Chinese herbal pieces. Utilizing deep learning for intelligent identification of Chinese herbal pieces can save time， effort， and cost， while also reasonably avoiding the constraints of human subjectivity， providing a guarantee for efficient identification of Chinese herbal pieces. In this study， a dataset containing 108 kinds of Chinese herbal pieces （14 058 images） was constructed，the basic YOLOv4 algorithm was employed to identify the 108 kinds of Chinese herbal pieces of our database The mean average precision （mAP） of the developed basic YOLOv4 model reached 85.3%. In addition， the receptive field block was introduced into the neck network of YOLOv4 algorithm， and the improved YOLOv4 algorithm was used to identify Chinese herbal pieces. The mAPof the improved YOLOv4 model achieved 88.7%， the average precision of 80 kinds of decoction pieces exceeded 80%， the average precision of 48 kinds of decoction pieces exceeded 90%. These results indicate that adding the receptive field module can help to some extent in the identification of Chinese herbal medicine pieces with different sizes and small volumes. Finally， the average precision of each kind of Chinese herbal medicine piece by the improved YOLOv4 model was further analyzed. Through in-depth analysis of the original images of Chinese herbal medicine pieces with low prediction average precision， it was clarified that the quantity and quality of original images of Chinese herbal medicine pieces are key to performing intelligent object detection. The improved YOLOv4 model constructed in this study can be used for the rapid identification of Chinese herbal pieces， and also provide reference guidance for the manual authentication of Chinese herbal medicine decoction pieces.

Intelligent identification of livestock, a source of Schistosoma japonicum infection, based on deep learning of unmanned aerial vehicle images / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To develop an intelligent recognition model based on deep learning algorithms of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, and to preliminarily explore the value of this model for remote identification, monitoring and management of cattle, a source of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods Oncomelania hupensis snail-infested marshlands around the Poyang Lake area were selected as the study area. Image datasets of the study area were captured by aerial photography with UAV and subjected to augmentation. Cattle in the sample database were annotated with the annotation software VGG Image Annotator to create the morphological recognition labels for cattle. A model was created for intelligent recognition of livestock based on deep learning-based Mask R-convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms. The performance of the model for cattle recognition was evaluated with accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and mean precision. Results A total of 200 original UAV images were obtained, and 410 images were yielded following data augmentation. A total of 2 860 training samples of cattle recognition were labeled. The created deep learning-based Mask R-CNN model converged following 200 iterations, with an accuracy of 88.01%, precision of 92.33%, recall of 94.06%, F1 score of 93.19%, and mean precision of 92.27%, and the model was effective to detect and segment the morphological features of cattle. Conclusion The deep learning-based Mask R-CNN model is highly accurate for recognition of cattle based on UAV images, which is feasible for remote intelligent recognition, monitoring, and management of the source of S. japonicum infection.

A multiscale feature extraction algorithm for dysarthric speech recognition / 生物医学工程学杂志

In this paper, we propose a multi-scale mel domain feature map extraction algorithm to solve the problem that the speech recognition rate of dysarthria is difficult to improve. We used the empirical mode decomposition method to decompose speech signals and extracted Fbank features and their first-order differences for each of the three effective components to construct a new feature map, which could capture details in the frequency domain. Secondly, due to the problems of effective feature loss and high computational complexity in the training process of single channel neural network, we proposed a speech recognition network model in this paper. Finally, training and decoding were performed on the public UA-Speech dataset. The experimental results showed that the accuracy of the speech recognition model of this method reached 92.77%. Therefore, the algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively improve the speech recognition rate of dysarthria.