El efecto de la reflexología podal sobre la fatiga en pacientes en hemodiálisis: un estudio de metaanálisis / The effect of foot reflexology on fatigue in hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis study / O efeito da reflexologia podal sobre a fadiga em pacientes em hemodiálise: um estudo de metanálise

Objetivo: analizar el efecto de la reflexología podal sobre la fatiga en pacientes en hemodiálisis, combinando los resultados de estudios independientes sobre este tema. Método: estudio de metaanálisis. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en siete bases de datos. La calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos se evaluó mediante las herramientas propuestas por el Joanna Briggs Institute. Para el metaanálisis se utilizó el programa Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v3. Resultados: en el metaanálisis se incluyeron ocho estudios. El resultado de la diferencia de medias estandarizada del metaanálisis = 1,580 (Intervalo de Confianza de 95% = 1,075 - 2,085 p = 0,000). El resultado del análisis de subgrupos realizado sobre la base de la diferencia de medias estandarizada en el número de sesiones de reflexología podal = 1,478 (Intervalo de Confianza de 95% = 1,210 - 1,747, p = 0,000). Conclusión: se concluyó que la reflexología podal puede utilizarse para reducir la fatiga en pacientes en hemodiálisis. En los estudios investigados no se proporcionó información sobre los posibles efectos secundarios y negativos de la reflexología podal.

Objective: this meta-analysis study analyzed the effect of foot reflexology on fatigue in hemodialysis patients by combining the results of independent studies on this subject. Method: meta-analysis study. A literature search was conducted in seven databases. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using tools proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v3 was used for meta-analysis. Results: eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. The result of the meta-analysis standardized mean difference = 1.580 (95% Confidence Interval = 1.075 - 2.085 p = 0.000). The result of the subgroup analysis performed based on the number of foot reflexology sessions standardized mean difference = 1,478 (95% Confidence Interval = 1,210 - 1,747, p = 0.000). Conclusion: it was concluded that foot reflexology can be used to reduce fatigue in hemodialysis patients. No information was provided in the investigated studies about the possible side effects and negative effects of foot reflexology.

Objetivo: analisar o efeito da reflexologia podal sobre a fadiga em pacientes em hemodiálise, combinando os resultados de estudos independentes sobre este assunto. Método: estudo de metanálise. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica em sete bases de dados. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada por meio de ferramentas propostas pelo Joanna Briggs Institute. Para a metanálise, foi utilizado o Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v3. Resultados: oito estudos foram incluídos na metanálise. O resultado da diferença média padronizada da metanálise = 1,580 (Intervalo de Confiança de 95% = 1,075 - 2,085 p = 0,000). O resultado da análise de subgrupo realizada com base na diferença média padronizada do número de sessões de reflexologia podal = 1,478 (Intervalo de Confiança de 95% = 1,210 - 1,747, p = 0,000). Conclusão: a reflexologia podal pode ser utilizada para reduzir a fadiga em pacientes em hemodiálise. Não foram fornecidas informações nos estudos investigados sobre os possíveis efeitos colaterais e negativos da reflexologia podal.

Effectiveness of Foot Reflex Therapy in Post-Operative Pain among Patients Subjected to Major Abdominal Surgery

Most patients experience post–operative pain and it is unavoidable. It is the duty of the nurses to ensure that patients' pain is assessed and managed effectively when they are at the hospital. Foot reflex therapy is one effective way nurses can adopt to manage the patient with pain after surgery. We wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of foot reflex therapy on post-operative pain in patients who are subjected to major abdominal surgery. METHODSThis is a descriptive randomized control study that was conducted at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital, among 360 patients who underwent major abdominal surgery. They were equally divided into two groups as control and study groups and the results were analyzed statistically. RESULTSMajority of the patients in the study group showed a positive effect on pain control during 4th and 5th [ (Mean: 1.27 with SD: 1.12) (Mean: 0.03with SD: 0.32) at p < 0.001] post-operative day following foot reflex therapy. CONCLUSIONSThe existing pain and the post-operative pain can be managed by nurses, patients, their care takers or families together, whenever appropriate, in a multidisciplinary manner. Foot reflex therapy is one such alternative complementary therapy which the nurses can adopt to implement the techniques independently.

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Fatigue, Stress and Serum Cortisol Levels in Women with Multiple Sclerosis

Fatigue, stress, and increased cortisol are common problems experienced by MS patients. Given that there is little research in Iran and abroad on the effects of foot reflexology, the present study explored the impact of foot reflexology on fatigue, stress, and serum cortisol levels in women with multiple sclerosis. MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial study, conducted among 60 women with multiple sclerosis referred to Multiple Sclerosis Society of Yazd. Sampling was initially performed by targeted sampling method based on entry and exit criteria and then 60 samples were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control using a random number table. The foot reflexology was performed for the intervention group and simple food massage was performed for the control group for 4 weeks, 3 times a week for 15 minutes for each foot. The data were collected using Fatigue Severity Scale, Stress Symptom Index, and the Demographic Information Form, and analysed using the chi-square test, independent samples t-test, and two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with SPSS software (Version 18). ResultsThe mean serum levels of cortisol and fatigue showed a significant decrease at different times in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.00001). The mean stress scores in the intervention group were significant in the pre-test-post-test and pre-test-follow-up phases (P <0.00001) but not significant in the post-test phase with one-month follow-up (P = 0.074). ConclusionsThe results of the study suggested that foot reflexology has a long-term effect on fatigue and cortisol serum levels and a short-term effect on stress in women with multiple sclerosis

Análisis crítico de la teoría del reflejo desde la propuesta teórica de la subjetividad / Critical analysis of reflex theory from the theoretical proposal of subjectivity

Resumen En el siguiente artículo se discuten algunas ideas acerca del tratamiento de la categoría de reflejo a partir de su sobredimensionamiento e introducción desde la filosofía. De esta manera, se pretende realizar el abordaje de sus implicaciones y consecuencias en el desarrollo de la psicología histórico cultural. Las reflexiones teóricas que favorecen este análisis crítico se sustentan en la necesidad de nuevos abordajes, que toman como referente la propuesta teórica sobre la subjetividad desarrollada por González Rey desde una perspectiva compleja. En este sentido se analiza el valor heurístico de nuevos constructos teóricos, como los sentidos subjetivos y las configuraciones subjetivas orientados a trascender las limitaciones del reflejo como referente universal en el estudio de los procesos psicológicos.

Abstract This paper discusses some ideas about the category of reflex starting from its over dimensioning and introduction from philosophy. Thus, we intend to approach its implications and consequences in the development of historical cultural psychology. The theoretical reflections that favor this critical analysis are based on the need for new approaches that take into account the theoretical proposal on subjectivity developed by González Rey from a complex perspective. In this sense, the heuristic value of new theoretical constructs is analyzed, such as the subjective senses and the subjective configurations oriented to transcend the limitations of the reflex as a universal reference in the study of psychological processes.

Foot Reflexology Therapy for Non-Specific Low Back Pain Condition: A Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Non-specific low back pain is one of the most common physical ailments affecting millions of people worldwide. This condition constitutes a significant public health problem and was listed as a prevalent health complaint in most societies. Even though there are many anecdotal claims for reflexology in the treatment of various conditions such as a migraine, arthritis and multiple sclerosis, but very little clinical evidence exist for reflexology on the management of low back pain per se.Objectives: This study aim to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology therapy as an adjunctive treatment to the Malaysian low back pain standard care in relieving pain and promoting health-related quality of life among people with non-specific low back pain. Methods and analysis: This is parallel randomized controlled trial with pre and post-treatment study design. The study setting for the intervention located at Penawar Reflexology Center, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Total of 100 people with non-specific low back pain will be allocated into one of two groups, using a randomization computer program of Research Randomizer. The control group will receive low back pain standard care, while the intervention group will receive standard care plus eight sessions of foot reflexology therapy. The pain intensity and health-related quality of life scores will be measured using visual analog scale and Euro-quality of life scale respectively in both groups.Measurements: Outcome measures will be undertaken at pre-intervention (week 1), post-intervention (week 6) and follow-up (week 10).Conclusion: This will be the first trial to compare the foot reflexology therapy with control group among people who medically diagnosed with non-specific low back pain in Malaysia. The result of this study will contribute to better management of this population especially for Malaysia healthcare setting.Trial registration: The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of University Sultan Zainal Abidin (UHREC/2016/2/011). The study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, with the ID number of NCT02887430

Efectividad de la reflexología podal en pacientes con artrosis cervical / Effectiveness of podal reflexology in patients with cervical osteoarthritis

Se realizó una intervención terapéutica en 118 pacientes con artrosis cervical, atendidos en el Servicio de Rehabilitación Integral del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2013 hasta diciembre de 2014, para evaluar la efectividad de la reflexología podal como modalidad de tratamiento. La muestra fue dividida en 2 grupos (de estudio y control), de 54 integrantes cada uno, pareados por edad y sexo. En ambos grupos, el mayor número de afectados superó los 50 años de edad; asimismo, poco más de dos tercios de los individuos seleccionados mejoraron a los 7 días de evolución y en tan solo 3 sesiones de tratamiento, hasta la resolución definitiva a los 21 días (9 sesiones). Se registró una reacción adversa y se concluyó que esta terapia garantiza una mejoría significativa de los síntomas, de ahí su elevada efectividad, sin consumo excesivo de tiempo

A therapeutic intervention in 118 patients with cervical osteoarthritis was carried out. They were assisted in the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Service of Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from July, 2013 to December, 2014, to evaluate the effectiveness of podal reflexology as a treatment modality. The sample was divided in 2 groups (study group and control group), of 54 members each, paired by age and sex. In both groups, the highest number of affected patients were over 50 years; also, a little more than two thirds of the selected individuals improved at 7 days of the clinical course and with only 3 treatment sessions, until the definitive resolution at 21 days (9 sessions). An adverse effect was registered and it was concluded that this therapy guarantees a significant improvement of symptoms, so its high effectiveness, without excessive consumption of time

Efeito da reflexologia podal sobre a integridade tissular dos pés de pessoas que apresentam "Risco de Integridade da Pele Prejudicada": um ensaio randomizado / Effect of foot reflexology on tissue integrity of feet of people with "Risk For Impaired Skin Integrity": a randomized trial

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da reflexologia podal sobre a integridade tissular dos pés de pessoas que apresentam o diagnóstico de enfermagem "Risco de Integridade da Pele Prejudicada". Tratou-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado e mascarado, desenvolvido em um ambulatório de especialidades de Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo. Dada a suscetibilidade para o diagnóstico de enfermagem mencionado, a população deste estudo foi constituída por pessoas com diabetes mellitus. No pré-teste (T0), foram coletadas as variáveis de caracterização, avaliado o resultado de enfermagem "Integridade Tissular: pele e mucosas" e seus indicadores relacionados aos pés de pessoas com diabetes mellitus (acompanhados por suas definições), estabelecido o diagnóstico de enfermagem "Risco de integridade da pele prejudicada", aplicada a Escala de Acurácia de Diagnóstico de Enfermagem (versão 2) e preenchido o Instrumento de avaliação dos critérios de elegibilidade. Os participantes elegíveis foram alocados em Grupo Intervenção e Grupo Controle. O Grupo intervenção recebeu, além das informações de rotina do serviço, 16 sessões de reflexologia podal, já o Grupo Controle recebeu apenas as informações de rotina do serviço. O pós-teste (T1) e o pós-teste (T2) ocorreram após o alcance da implementação de 12 e de 16 sessões de reflexologia podal, respectivamente, e consistiu na avaliação do resultado de enfermagem "Integridade Tissular: pele e mucosas" e de seus indicadores relacionados aos pés de pessoas com diabetes mellitus (acompanhados por suas definições). A amostra final do estudo foi composta por 78 participantes, sendo 40 do Grupo Intervenção e 38 do Grupo Controle. No pós-teste (T1) e no pós-teste (T2), ao se comparar os grupos, houve diferença nos escores do resultado de enfermagem "Integridade Tissular: pele e mucosas" (T1 e T2: valor p <0,001) e dos indicadores: Temperatura da pele (T1 e T2: valor p < 0,001), Hidratação (T1 e T2: valor p < 0,001), Textura (T1 e T2: valor p < 0,001), Perfusão tecidual (T1: Valor p = 0,008; T2: Valor p = 0,001), Distribuição de pelos na pele (T1: valor p = 0,039; T2: valor p = 0,031), Descamação da pele (T1 e T2: valor p < 0,001) e Edema (T1 e T2: valor p < 0,001). Ademais, ao se comparar o pós-teste (T1) e o pós-teste (T2) com o pré-teste (T0), o Grupo Intervenção apresentou melhora nos escores desses indicadores, enquanto o Grupo Controle apresentou piora ou manutenção dos mesmos. Nos demais indicadores - Sensibilidade, Elasticidade, Espessura, Integridade da pele, Pigmentação anormal, Lesões de pele, Tecido cicatricial, Crostas na pele, Eritema, Palidez, Necrose, Endurecimento e Varizes - diante da ausência de diferenças entre os grupos no pós-teste (T1) e no pós-teste (T2), não foi evidenciado efeito da terapia. Ao se comparar, contudo, o pós-teste (T1) e o pós-teste (T2) com o pré-teste (T0), nos indicadores "Sensibilidade", "Elasticidade", "Endurecimento" e "Varizes", o Grupo Intervenção apresentou melhora nos escores, enquanto o Grupo Controle apresentou piora nos escores do indicador "Elasticidade" e manutenção dos escores dos demais indicadores. O tamanho do efeito da intervenção sobre a integridade tissular dos pés dos participantes foi de grande magnitude tanto no pós-teste (T1) (ES = 1,370) quanto no pós-teste (T2) (ES = 1,538), o que sugere a manutenção do efeito de 12 sessões com 16 sessões da terapia. A guisa de conclusão, ao evidenciar os efeitos da reflexologia podal sobre a integridade tissular dos pés de pessoas com "Risco de Integridade da Pele Prejudica", esta investigação aprofundou os conhecimentos acerca da terapia e de sua utilização como uma possível estratégia de assistência à saúde. Ao mesmo tempo, a utilização de definições conceituais e definições e magnitudes operacionais no processo de avaliação dos efeitos da intervenção testada contribuíram para maior fidedignidade dos achados, visto que o emprego de tais definições auxiliam na diminuição de interpretações subjetivas acerca dos indicadores do resultado de enfermagem "Integridade Tissular: pele e mucosas"

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of foot reflexology on the tissue integrity of the feet of people with the nursing diagnosis "Risk For Impaired Skin Integrity". This was a randomized, controlled and masked trial, developed in an outpatient clinic of specialties at Ribeirão Preto, State of Sao Paulo. Given the susceptibility to the nursing diagnosis mentioned, the population of this study consisted of people with diabetes mellitus. In the pre-test (T0) were collected the characterization variables, evaluated the result of nursing "Tissue Integrity: skin and mucous membranes" and their indicators related to the feet of people with diabetes mellitus (accompanied by their definitions), established the diagnosis of nursing "Risk For Impaired Skin Integrity", applied the Nursing Diagnosis Accuracy Scale (version 2) and completed the evaluation instrument of the eligibility criteria. Eligible participants were divided into Intervention Group and Control Group. The Intervention Group received, in addition to the service routine information, 16 sessions of foot reflexology, since the Control Group received only routine information service. The post-test (T1) and the post-test (T2) occurred after the scope of the implementation of 12 and 16 sessions of foot reflexology, respectively, and consisted of the evaluation of nursing outcome "Tissue Integrity: skin and mucous membranes" and their indicators related to the feet of people with diabetes mellitus (accompanied by their definitions). The final sample consisted of 78 participants, 40 of the Intervention Group and 38 of the Control Group. In the post-test (T1) and post-test (T2), when comparing the groups, there were differences in the scores of nursing outcome "Tissue Integrity: skin and mucous membranes" (T1 and T2: p < 0.001) and indicators: Skin temperature (T1 and T2: p < 0.001) Hydratation (T1 and T2: p < 0.001), Texture (T1 and T2: p < 0.001), Tissue Perfusion (T1: p value = 0.008; T2: p value = 0.001), Hair growth on skin (T1: p = 0.039; T2: p = 0.031), Skin scaling (T1 and T2: p <0.001) and Edema (T1 and T2: value p < 0.001). In addition, when comparing the post-test (T1) and the post-test (T2) with pretest (T0), the Intervention Group showed improvement in the scores of these indicators, while the Control Group worsened or maintenance. In the other indicators - Sensation, Elasticity, Thickness, Skin integrity, Abnormal pigmentation, Skin lesions, Scar tissue, Skin flaking, Erythema, Blanching, Necrosis, Induration and Varicose veins - in the absence of differences between the groups in the post- test (T1) and post-test (T2) was not observed effect of therapy. By comparison, however, the post-test (T1) and the post-test (T2) with pretest (T0), the indicators "Sensation", "Elasticity", "Induration" and "Varicose veins", the Intervention Group showed improvement in scores, while the Control Group showed worse in score of "Elasticity" and maintenance of the others. The effect size of the intervention on the tissue integrity of the feet of the participants was of great magnitude in both the post-test (T1) (ES = 1,370) and the post-test (T2) (ES = 1.538), suggesting maintenance of therapy effect of 12 sessions with 16 sessions. Concludes that, by highlight the effects of foot reflexology on the tissue integrity of the feet of people with "Risk For Impaired Skin Integrity", this research deepened knowledge about the therapy and its use as a possible health care strategy. At the same time, the use of conceptual definitions and definitions and operational magnitudes in the evaluation of the effects of the tested intervention contributed to greater reliability of the findings, since the use of such definitions help in the reduction of subjective interpretations of the nursing outcome indicators "Tissue Integrity: skin and mucous membranes"

"Esto de 'alternativo' no tiene nada". La construcción de la razonabilidad del uso de una medicina no-convencional desde la perspectiva de sus usuarios em Buenos Aires, Argentina / "This is not 'alternative' at all". The construction of the rationality of the use of non-conventional medicine from the perspective of its users in Buenos Aires, Argentina / "Isso não tem nada de 'alternativo'": a construção da racionalidade do uso de medicina não convencional na perspectiva de seus usuários em Buenos Aires, Argentina

El artículo explora un aspecto del campo médico no-convencional (Ciudad de Buenos Aires): la construcción colectiva de narrativas que justifican la elección y uso de una terapia particular (reflexología) en términos de una acción razonable y válida sobre la base de su inscripción en un supuesto sentido común compartido, más allá de la adhesión al ideario alternativo. El artículo se sustenta en una investigación de tesis doctoral, de enfoque interpretativo y cualitativo, a través de entrevistas en profundidad a usuarios de esta terapia. Los resultados enfocan la centralidad de tres ejes temáticos donde esta narrativa de la razonabilidad emerge: el que se sustenta en la experiencia de los "otros significativos", bajo la retórica de la recomendación y la prueba; el relacionado con definiciones específicas de "lo real", desde las cuales la terapia se visualiza como eficaz; y otro que convalida la terapia distinguiéndola de otras opciones consideradas alteridades radicales. Se concluye que este tipo de narrativa es una de las expresiones posibles de los procesos de aculturación y asimilación que atraviesan estas terapias en contextos occidentales, posibilitando su aceptación desde amplios sectores de la sociedad más allá de la adhesión al sistema de creencias alternativo.

The study explores one aspect of non-conventional medical field (Buenos Aires): the social construction of narratives justifying the choice and use of a particular alternative therapy (reflexology) in terms of a reasonable and valid action, beyond alternative notions. The study is based on interpretive and qualitative approach, through in-depth interviews with users of this therapy. The results focus on the centrality of three themes which this narrative of reasonableness arises: (a) the experience of the "significant others", under the rhetoric of recommendation and proof; (b) specific definitions of "medical reality" from which therapy is seen as effective; and (c) one that validates therapy distinguished from other options considered radical otherness. It is proposed that this type of narrative is one of the possible expressions of acculturation and assimilation processes that cross these therapies in Western contexts, enabling acceptance from many sectors of society beyond adherence to alternative belief system.

O artigo explora um aspecto do campo da medicina não convencional na cidade de Buenos Aires: a construção coletiva de narrativas que justificam a escolha e o uso de uma terapia particular (reflexologia) em termos de uma ação razoável e válida, baseada em sua inserção em um suposto senso comum, além da adesão a uma ideologia alternativa. O artigo se baseia em pesquisa de tese de doutorado, com abordagem interpretativa e qualitativa por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com usuários desta terapia. Os resultados enfocam a centralidade de três áreas temáticas em que esta narrativa da racionalidade emerge: a que se baseia na experiência dos "outros significativos", sob a retórica da recomendação e a prova; a que se relaciona com as definições específicas de "real", a partir da qual a terapia é considerada eficaz; e uma que valida a terapia, distinguindo-a de outras opções consideradas alteridades radicais. Conclui-se que este tipo de narrativa é uma das possíveis manifestações de processos de aculturação e assimilação que atravessam essas terapias em contextos ocidentais, permitindo sua aceitação por amplos setores da sociedade para além da adesão ao sistema de crenças alternativo.

Life and death of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev / Vida e morte de Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was a Russian innovative neuroscientist, extraordinary in the study, diagnosis, and research in the fields of neurology, psychology, morphology, physiology, and psychiatry. Considering the ample and multifaceted scientific feats, only some are touched in a very brief manner. However, it is necessary to highlight his contributions to neurology, with the description of structures, signs and syndromes, to physiology, including reflexology, which later underpinned behaviorism, to psychology, including objective psychology and suggestion. His accomplishments and legacy remained until the present days. Some comments about the scenery that involved his death are also presented.

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev foi um neurocientista russo inovador, extraordinário no estudo, diagnóstico, e pesquisa nas áreas da neurologia, psicologia, morfologia, fisiologia e psiquiatria. Considerando seus feitos científicos amplos e multifacetados, apenas alguns são tocados de um modo muito abreviado. Entretanto, é necessário realçar suas contribuições à neurologia, com a descrição de estruturas, sinais e síndromes, à fisiologia, compreendendo a reflexologia, que mais tarde fundamentou o behaviorismo, à psicologia, incluindo a psicologia objetiva e a sugestão. Suas realizações e legado se mantiveram até a presente data. Alguns comentários sobre o cenário que envolveu sua morte também são apresentados.

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, Depression, and Sleep in Community-dwelling Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effects of foot reflexology on arthralgia, ankylosis, depression and sleep in community-dwelling elderly women with osteoarthritis. METHODS: The research adopted a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Participants were 47 elderly women: 22 in the experimental group and 25 in the control group. The experimental group received foot reflexology twice a week for 4 weeks. The results were analyzed using chi2-test, t-test, and ANCOVA with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS: The results showed that foot reflexology was statistically significantly effective in reducing arthralgia, ankylosis, and depression and in improving the quality of sleep as evidenced by differences between two groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that foot reflexology is an effective nursing intervention in reducing arthralgia, ankylosis, and depression, and improving the quality of sleep. Therefore, it is necessary to develop foot reflexology as an independent nursing intervention for elderly women with osteoarthritis in community.

Hand reflexology's effect on level of pain among postpartum mothers

@#<p style="text-align: justify;">In every 10 seconds, there is a woman who is giving birth around the globe and what binds them is the pain that goes through with the birthing process. This study aims to determine effects of hand reflexology in reducing postpartum pain as measured by comparing pain level between control and study group after establishing comparability of the two groups based on age, parity, income and work status. Furthermore, this study explores the experiences of mother's postpartum pain after receiving an intervention. The results should give nurses an alternative means in decreasing postpartum pain. This study makes use of a pretest and posttest control group design with a qualitative data on the experience of pain after receiving an intervention obtained through interview among mothers within 24 hours post-delivery. Respondents were randomly selected wherein study groups (n=10) received a minute hand reflexology massage (ROM, pressure, thumb walking) while the control group (n=10) received to intervention. Pain level was measured using a numeric pain scale rating. Chi-square and pooled t-test was used to infer study findings. No significant difference was noted on the demographic profile in terms of age (p-value of 0.31), parity (0.36), income (0.65), and work status (0.61) between the study and control group thus variability of the respondents profile was controlled thereby reducing extraneous variables to affect study findings. Pain decreased significantly before and after in the study group (p value 0.01) but not in the control group (p value 0.21). Likewise, comparing study and control group did show significant result (p value 0.01). Qualitatively, a linear transition emerges from experiencing discomfort to comfort. Quantitatively, this study supports empirical evidence that hand reflexology massage is effective in reducing postpartum pain. Overall, respondents were satisfied and comforted with hand reflexology as an intervention. Further research on its longitudinal effect on relieving postpartum pain needs to be established after receiving an intervention.</p>

Effects of Aroma Self-Foot Reflexology Massage on Stress and Immune Responses and Fatigue in Middle-Aged Women in Rural Areas

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of aroma self-foot reflexology massage on stress and immune responses and fatigue in middle-aged women in rural areas. METHODS: The study was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. The participants were 52 middle-aged women from rural areas of which 26 were assigned to the experimental group and 26 to the control group. Data were collected from July to September, 2011 and analyzed using SPSS Win 17.0 version program. The intervention was conducted 3 times a week for six weeks. RESULTS: There were significant differences in reported perceived stress, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and fatigue between the two groups. However, the issue of salivary cortisol and immune response were not significant. CONCLUSION: Aroma self-foot reflexology massage can be utilized as an effective intervention for perceived stress, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and fatigue in middle-aged woman in rural areas.

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Peripheral Neuropathy, Symptom Distress, Anxiety and Depression in Cancer Patients Treated with Oxaliplatin

PURPOSE: This study was done to clarify the effects of foot reflexology on peripheral neuropathy, symptom distress, anxiety and depression in cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was employed. Changes in the variables were evaluated to test the effects of foot reflexology. Participants were cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin (experimental group 14 and control group 17). Peripheral neuropathy, symptom distress, anxiety and depression were measured before and after reflexology. Data were collected from October, 2010 to April, 2011. chi2-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The experimental group who received foot reflexology experienced less peripheral neuropathy and symptom distress than the control group. There was no difference in anxiety and depression between the experimental and control group. CONCLUSION: The foot reflexology program adopted in this study was found to be an effective method to reduce peripheral neuropathy and symptom distress. We recommend foot reflexology for patients with chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy.

Effects of Self-Foot Reflexology on Stress, Fatigue, Skin Temperature and Immune Response in Female Undergraduate Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-foot reflexology on stress (perceived stress, urine cortisol level, and serum cortisol level), fatigue, skin temperature and immune response in female undergraduate students. METHODS: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-post test design. Participants were 60 university students: 30 in the experiment group and 30 in the control group. The period of this study was from April to June 2010. The program was performed for 1 hr a session, three times a week for 6 weeks. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program. RESULTS: The results showed that self-foot reflexology was effective in reducing perceived stress and fatigue, and raised skin temperature in female undergraduate students. But cortisol levels and immune response were not statistically significant different. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that self-foot reflexology is an effective nursing intervention in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and, in improving skin temperature. Therefore, it is recommended that this be used in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention for in female undergraduate students.

Effects of Foot Reflexology on Fatigue, Sleep and Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Electronic database and manual searches were conducted on all published studies reporting the effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep, and pain. Forty four studies were eligible including 15 studies associated with fatigue, 18 with sleep, and 11 with pain. The effects of foot reflexology were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0. The homogeneity and the fail-safe N were calculated. Moreover, a funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: The effects on fatigue, sleep, and pain were not homogeneous and ranged from 0.63 to 5.29, 0.01 to 3.22, and 0.43 to 2.67, respectively. The weighted averages for fatigue, sleep, and pain were 1.43, 1.19, and 1.35, respectively. No publication bias was detected as evaluated by fail-safe N. Foot reflexology had a larger effect on fatigue and sleep and a smaller effect on pain. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis indicates that foot reflexology is a useful nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and to promote sleep. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on outcome variables other than fatigue, sleep and pain.

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Sleep, Depression and Skin Temperature of the Female Elderly at Home

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of foot reflexology on sleep, depression and skin temperature of the female elderly at home. METHODS: This research used the non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 45 elders residing at home: 23 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group. The experimental group received 30-minute foot reflexology 8 times for 2 weeks. The results were analyzed using chi2 test, t-test with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: The results showed that foot reflexology was significantly effective in improving the quality of sleep, reducing depression, and raising the temperature of both feet. However, the temperature of both palms was not statistically significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that foot reflexology is an effective nursing intervention in improving the quality of sleep, reducing depression, and raising the temperature of both feet. Therefore, it is recommended to use foot reflexology as a complementary nursing intervention for elderly women at home in community.

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Sleep, Depression and Skin Temperature of the Female Elderly at Home

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of foot reflexology on sleep, depression and skin temperature of the female elderly at home. METHODS: This research used the non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 45 elders residing at home: 23 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group. The experimental group received 30-minute foot reflexology 8 times for 2 weeks. The results were analyzed using chi2 test, t-test with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: The results showed that foot reflexology was significantly effective in improving the quality of sleep, reducing depression, and raising the temperature of both feet. However, the temperature of both palms was not statistically significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that foot reflexology is an effective nursing intervention in improving the quality of sleep, reducing depression, and raising the temperature of both feet. Therefore, it is recommended to use foot reflexology as a complementary nursing intervention for elderly women at home in community.

Análisis reflexivo del cuidado en reflexología y masoterapia centrado en la persona, por parte del profesional de enfermería / Reflexive analysis in reflexology and massotherapy client-centred care, by the nursing profession

Las terapias alternativas y complementarias (TAC) constituyen parte importante de las intervenciones desarrolladas en salud y solicitadas por quienes buscan resolver algún problema, mantener o mejorar su situación de salud y bienestar. El presente estado del arte tiene como propósito dar a conocer el análisis reflexivo del cuidado centrado en la persona e integral que surge de la realización de reflexología y masoterapia por parte del profesional de Enfermería. Primero, se desarrolla una descripción de diversas definiciones existentes en torno a TAC, luego se describe la conexión existente entre el cuidado alternativo y complementario y la ciencia de Enfermería, a continuación se desarrolla el proceso de cuidado en masoterapia y reflexología, posteriormente se exponen a través de una discusión los elementos centrales del cuidado centrado en la persona, pilar esencial de las TAC, y finalmente se establecen las conclusiones e implicancias para la práctica de Enfermería de estas terapias.

Complementary and alternative therapies (CAT) represent a relevant dimension of care in the nursing practice. They are requested by people who seek to resolve a particular health problem or condition, and to improve their wellness and health perception. This article is a state of the art and has the purpose of sharing the reflexive analysis of alternative and complementary person-centered care, which emerges from the practice of massage and reflexology for several years by nurse professionals. Primarily, it describes the various definitions existing for complementary and alternative therapies, and then describes the connection among alternative-complementary care and the nursing science. Afterwards, it develops the nursing process for massage and reflexology, then discusses the main aspects of person-centered care, most important factor in CAT, and finally establishes conclusions and suggestions for the nursing practice towards these therapies.

Effects of Qi Hand Reflexology on Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Physical Resistance to Stress in Inpatients / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the effects of Qi hand reflexology on autonomic nerve activity in patients admitted to hospital. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group and quasi-experimental research with pre/post test design were used and 59 patients on a medical ward were assigned to either the experimental group (32) or the control group (27). The study variables included vital signs, autonomic nerve activities (ALF (absolute low frequency), AHF (absolute high frequency), nLF (normalized low frequency), nHF (normalized high frequency), SDNN (standard deviation of all normal-normal intervals)) and were evaluated using the QECG-3 system. The experimental group was treated with Qi hand reflexology for 10 minutes per day, for 3days. RESULTS: Skin temperature and systolic blood pressure in the experimental decreased with treatment. ALF, AHF and SDNN for the experimental group increased with regulating proportion (nLF: nHF=6:4) and a significant difference between the groups was observed. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that application of Qi hand reflexology for patients in the hospital is effective in regulating the autonomic nervous system activation. Implication of finding should be useful for future research.