The post-organic cowboy: A biopolitical response of daily resistance to the dispossession of land in Meta (Colombia) / El vaquero post-orgánico: una respuesta biopolítica de resistencias cotidianas ante el despojo de tierras en el meta (colombia)

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de entender las dinámicas en las que se piensa e interviene el territorio para llevar a la población al desplazamiento y despojo vía armada o administrativa se efectuaron 87 entrevistas a líderes sociales entre 2019-2021 que permitieron realizar un análisis histórico de procesos asociados a la ocupación de tierras en el departamento del Meta, bajo la relación Monstruo-Monstruosidad asociada a la tecnología desde los métodos mecánicos del Estado y/o los métodos bioinformáticos del mercado". Los resultados exponen un territorio que inicia desde el cuerpo, como un espacio biopolítico y bioeconómico de confrontación. Lo anterior es analizado a través de las metáforas del vaquero-romántico, la devoradora-de-Hombres, la tierra-del-futuro y el vaquero-post-orgánico, exponiendo un pensamiento nómada con un espíritu de resistencia intelectual y de emancipación histórica. Se concluye que el carácter semiológico de la vida cotidiana con la tecnología permite el empoderamiento, la visibilización y la reconfiguración político-económica del territorio.

ABSTRACT In order to understand the dynamics in which the territory is thought of and interfered with, to lead to the displacement and dispossession of the population by armed or administrative means, 87 interviews with social leaders between 2019-2021 were carried out to allow for a historical analysis of processes associated with the occupation of lands in the department of Meta, under the Monster-Monstrosity relationship associated with technology from the mechanical methods of the State and / or the bioinformatics methods of the market. The results expose a territory that begins in the body, as a biopolitical and bioeconomic space of confrontation. The above is analyzed through the metaphors of the romantic cowboy, the man-eater, the land-of-the-future, and the post-organic cowboy, exposing a nomadic thought with a spirit of intellectual resistance and historical emancipation. It is concluded that the semiological character of daily life with technology allows for the empowerment, the visibility, and the political-economic reconfiguration of the territory

Analysis of the Coordinated Development of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry and Regional Economy in the Central and Western Regions / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for the coordinated development of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy in the central and western regions of China. METHODS： With reference to China High-tech Industry Statistical Yearbook in 2011-2017 and China Statistical Yearbook in 2011-2017， relevant data of 14 provinces （municipatities， automous regions） in the central and western regions during 2010-2016 were collected， and a comprehensive evaluation index system and coupling coordination model of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy were constructed， and the coupling coordinated relationship between pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy in the central and western regions of China were analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： During 2010-2016， the comprehensive development level of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and the regional economy in the central and western was on the rise， but the growth rate was relatively slow； the provinces in the central region were better than the western provinces. There were obvious coupling characteristics between the pharmaceutical manufacturing system and the regional economic system， and the coupling coordination degree had an obvious upward trend in 2010-2016. Although there were fluctuations during the period， the fluctuation degree was small and the overall trend was rising. Among them， pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy of Shanxi， Guangxi， Yunnan and Xinjiang had the same degree of coupling and coordination， which showed that the coupling coordination degree of them were greatly affected by the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry； Inner Mongolia， Jiangxi， Henan， Hubei， Chongqing， Sichuan， Shaanxi and Gansu had same coupling coordination degree and fluctuation course of regional economic development， which showed that the coupling coordination degree of them was greatly influenced by the development of regional economy； Anhui and Hunan had same coupling coordination degree with the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy. The development of their pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy were on the rise， which showed that they were both in the rising stage of development. The mutual promotion of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy showed that their coupling coordination was also improving. It is suggested to speed up the adjustment of industrial structure， promote the industrial transfer； pay attention to talent education， improve the talent reserve mechanism； increase the investment in fixed assets， improve infrastructure construction in central and western regions； increase the per capita disposable income of residents， promote the development of regional econorny，so as to premote the coordinated development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy.

O efeito da função orçamentária alocativa na redução da desigualdade de renda no Brasil: uma análise dos gastos em educação e saúde no período de 1995 a 2012 / El efecto de la función asignativa en la reducción de la desigualdad de ingresos en Brasil: un análisis del gasto en educación y salud 1995-2012 / The effect of allocation function in budgeting to reduce income inequality in Brazil: an analysis of spending on education and health from 1995 to 2012

Resumo A desigualdade de renda é apontada como um dos grandes problemas da sociedade atual. A fim de reverter o cenário desigual, o Estado pode atuar utilizando a função orçamentária alocativa. Este estudo buscou identificar os impactos da função alocativa do orçamento sobre a desigualdade de renda, para as unidades federativas brasileiras no período de 1995 a 2012. Foram considerados como proxy da função alocativa os gastos com educação e saúde, enquanto foram utilizados como proxy da desigualdade de renda o coeficiente de Gini, o coeficiente de Theil, a proporção entre os 10% mais ricos e os 40% mais pobres, e a proporção entre os 20% mais ricos e os 20% mais pobres. A relação funcional entre os dois conjuntos de variáveis foi explorada a partir da análise de dados em painel e da regressão tobit em painel. Considerando-se os gastos agregados em educação e saúde de estados e municípios no período, concluiu-se que as unidades da federação que investiram mais em saúde conseguiram reduzir as desigualdades de renda com maior intensidade, ocorrendo efeito oposto com as despesas com ensino. Quando os gastos em saúde e ensino foram desagregados em várias rubricas, concluiu-se que as unidades da federação com maior volume de gastos nas seguintes subfunções (2o nível da função): atenção básica, assistência hospitalar, suporte profilático e ambulatorial, e educação infantil conseguiram reduzir as desigualdades de renda com maior intensidade.

Resumen La desigualdad de ingresos se ve como un problema importante de la sociedad contemporánea. Con el fin de revertir la situación desigual, el Estado puede actuar mediante la función asignativa de presupuesto. Este estudio trata de identificar los impactos de la función de la asignación de recursos del presupuesto en la desigualdad de ingresos para los estados de Brasil 1995 a 2012. Fueron considerados como un indicador de la función asignativa el gasto en educación y salud, mientras que se utilizaron como apoderado la desigualdad de ingresos el coeficiente de Gini, el coeficiente de Theil, la relación entre el 10% más rico y el 40% más pobre, y la relación entre el 20% más rico y el 20% más pobre. La relación funcional entre los dos conjuntos de variables se exploró a partir del análisis de datos de panel y el panel de regresión Tobit. Teniendo en cuenta los gastos agregados sobre la educación y la salud de los estados y municipios en el período, se concluyó que las Unidades de la Federación que han invertido más en salud han logrado reducir la desigualdad de ingresos con mayor intensidad, que se producen efecto contrario con el costo de la educación. Cuando el gasto en salud y educación ha sido dividido en varias secciones, se concluyó que las unidades de la federación con mayor volumen de gasto en la siguientes subfunciones (segundo nivel de función): atención primaria, atención hospitalaria, asistencia preventiva y la atención ambulatoria, y educación de la primera infancia han logrado reducir la desigualdad de ingresos con mayor intensidad.

Abstract Income inequality is seen as a major problem of contemporary society. In order to reverse inequality the state can use allocation function in budgeting. This study sought to identify the impacts of allocation function in budgeting on income inequality for Brazilian states from 1995 to 2012. Spending on education and health was considered as an allocative function proxy, while the Gini coefficient, the Theil coefficient, was used as a proxy for income inequality. This found the ratio between the richest 10% and the poorest 40%, and the ratio between the richest 20% and poorest 20%. The functional relationship between the two sets of variables was explored in the analysis of panel data and tobit regression. Considering aggregate expenditure on education and health of states and municipalities in the period, it was concluded that federative units that invested more in health have been better at reducing income inequality, with the opposite effect occurring for the cost of education. When spending on health and education are broken down into several sections, it can be seen that the federation units with higher volume of spending in the following sub-functions (2nd level of function) — Primary health care, hospital and outpatient care, prophylactic and therapeutic support and early childhood education — have made greater gains in reducing income inequality.

Construcción de un indicador líder compuesto para el Maule / Construction of a composite leading indicator for Maule

En términos generales, la investigación tiene como objetivo crear un indicador económico para el Maule que permita anticiparse al devenir de su ciclo económico, en consideración de sus principales actividades productivas. En específico, se pretende someter a pruebas estadísticas de significancia y validez a las principales series económicas de la región, de manera tal de seleccionar, por un lado, una serie de referencia de la actividad económica y, por otro, las series componentes del indicador. La metodología utilizada es aquella aplicada por la Nacional Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) en la creación de este tipo de indicadores para los países integrantes de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Como resultado de la investigación se logra seleccionar y validar empíricamente como serie de referencia para el Maule, al Índice de Actividad Económica Regional (INACER), y a las siguientes series componentes del indicador; ocupados, cesantes, buscan trabajo por primera vez, inactivos, edificación aprobada total obras nuevas y total de exportaciones. Con tales series, se construye un indicador predictivo del comportamiento económico para la región, denominado Índice Líder Compuesto para el Maule (ILCM).

Overall, the research aims to create an economic indicator for the Maule that allows anticipate the evolution of the economic cycle, in consideration of its main productive activities. Specifically, it aims to test statistical significance and validity to the main economic series in the region, so as to select the one hand, a number of reference of economic activity and other components series indicator. The methodology used is that applied by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in the creation of this type of indicators for the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). As a result of the research is done select and validate empirically as reference series for the Maule, the Regional Economic Activity Index (INACER), and the following components of the indicator series; employed, unemployed, seeking work for the first time, inactive, all new approved building works Total exports. With such series, a predictive indicator of economic performance for the region, called for the Maule Composite Index (ILCM) Leader is built.

Study on the Impact of Regional Economy on Structure of Total Health Expenditure / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To explore the impact of regional economy on structure of total health expenditure. Methods: According to the panel data of China from 2002 to 2011, the partial least-squares regression method was used to build the relationship model of regional economy and total health expenditure construction. Results: Per capital GDP, the proportion of the tertiary industry, financial revenue per capita and urban residents disposable income have negative correlation with resident individual health expenditure, while the Engel coefficient has positive relationship with them. Conclusion: Optimizing industrial structure and raising the income of residents are the key factors of optimizing the structure of total health expenditure.

Preço pago pelo consumidor de carne bovina nas diferentes regiões econômicas do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Price paid by beef meat consumers from different economic regions of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

O Estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresenta inúmeras diferenças no aspecto geográfico-econômico-ambiental. No presente trabalho, considera-se a divisão regional proposta por ALONSO et al. (1994), a qual apresenta o Estado dividido em três regiões: metade sul, metade norte e nordeste. Na metade sul, a economia é baseada no setor primário, tendo a pecuária, como principal produto. A metade norte tem sua economia baseada na agricultura e a região nordeste caracteriza-se pela presença de vários setores industriais, com grandes concentrações urbanas. Sabe-se que o consumo é influenciado pela idade, renda, nível de educação, padrão de mobilidade e gosto dos consumidores. O objetivo, neste trabalho, foi verificar o comportamento do preço de diferentes cortes de carne bovina, em nível de consumidor, nas três regiões econômicas do Estado. A pesquisa caracterizou-se por um levantamento mensal em supermercados, durante os anos agrícolas 2006/2007 e 2007/2008, do preço de diferentes cortes de carne bovina em onze cidades. Os menores e os maiores preços da carne bovina verificados nas regiões metade Sul e nordeste, respectivamente, decorrem provavelmente do fato de que uma é a região produtora e a outra principal consumidora. Outro resultado importante é que as maiores variações, no preço dos cortes, ocorreram também nessas regiões. Portanto, num cenário em que a demanda é maior que a oferta, essas regiões parecem ser as primeiras a receberem o impacto nos preços da carne bovina.

The State of Rio Grande do Sul presents various situations considering geographical, economical and environmental aspects. This study considers the regional division suggested by ALONSO et al. (1994): Southern half, Northern Half and Northeast. The primary sector is the base of Southern half economy and livestock production is its main product. The Northern half has crop production as its main economical resource, while the Northeast is characterized by the presence of various industrial sectors and large urban concentration. Consumer preferences are directly influenced by age, income, level of education, patterns of mobility and personal taste. The aim of this study was to verify price behaviour of different beef cuts. The research was done through a monthly data collection in supermarkets, during the periods of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, considering the price of different beef cuts in eleven cities. The lowest and highest prices of beef cuts were verified in the Southern half and in the Northeast, respectively, which is probably due to the fact that one is the main producer and the other is the main consumer. Another important result is that the highest price variation in beef cuts also happened in these regions. Thus, when there is a higher demand than supply, the first to receive these impact on price are these regions.