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Objective To analyze the effect of transport and storage conditions on the detection of pathogenic nucleic acid MHV, Reo-3, MNV in laboratory mouse cecal contents samples. Methods MHV, Reo-3 and MNV were mixed with mouse cecal contents and used as reference samples,respectively. They were placed in the lysis buffer of RNA extraction reagent(buffer AVL)or normal saline, and stored at 4℃ and room temperature(22℃-25℃). RNA of these samples was extracted at 1,2,3,7,and 14 days. Then the amount of nucleic acid in samples was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results A greater decrease of the amount of nucleic acid was observed when the samples were placed in normal saline than that kept in buffer AVL. The amount of nucleic acid in samples stored at 4℃ was found to be higher than that stored at 25℃ room temperature. The amount of nucleic acid in the samples which were kept in buffer AVL at 4℃ for 3 days was higher than 50%,still detectable in the samples kept for 7 days,and undetectable at 14 days. Conclusions Mouse cecal content samples are preferably stored in the lysis buffer of RNA extraction reagent and transported at 4℃ for the detection of MHV, Reo-3, and MNV nucleic acid. It is better to complete the detection test within 3 days.
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O crime de estupro tem se evidenciado reiteradamente nos tribunais exclusivamente pela palavra da vítima, sob fundamento de que tais fatos costumam ocorrer na clandestinidade, sem testemunhas presenciais. Relega-se a um plano secundário o princípio in dubio pro reo, ao se admitir que o relato de uma pessoa supostamente ofendida deva prevalecer no confronto com a versão defensiva. Estudos psicossociais, muitas vezes considerados dispensáveis pelos tribunais, precisam ser mais valorizados.
The crime of rape has been repeatedly emphasized in the courts exclusively by the victim's allegations, on the grounds that such acts usually occur in hiding, without face-toface witnesses. The principle in dubio pro reo is relegated to a secondary plan by admitting that the account of a supposedly offended person should prevail in the confrontation with the defensive version. Psychosocial studies, often dismissed by the courts, need to be more valued.
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Objective Through the proficiency validation of testing of mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (Reo3)antibody in laboratory mice, to investigate the capacity of experimental animal quality control laboratories, so as to improve the de-tection capacity.Methods According to the program approved by CNAS, serum samples after calibration were tested for stability and homogeneity, and numbered randomly.The random samples were issued to the participant laboratories with the Standard Operation Procedure( SOP) .The participants must submit the test reports and original records in time.The feed-back results were judged by the concordance rate with the anticipated results.Results 27 laboratories from 17 provinces were enrolled in this evaluation project, all of them submitted detection results on time.Results All the 27 laboratories were marked as pass or excellent, with a pass rate of 100%.ELISA was used in 26 laboratories, and immunofluorescence assay was used in one laboratory.Conclusions The ability for detection of Reo3 antibody in laboratory mice in animal test laboratories is high.The implementation of proficiency testing can reflect the inspection level of quality control laborato-ries.
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El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las consecuencias psicosociales en sujetos privados de la libertad que resultaron inocentes. El marco teórico incluyó los conceptos de psicología jurídica, presunción de inocencia, verdad jurídica, privación de la libertad, efectos de la prisionización y estigmatización social. El instrumento empleado para la recolección de información fue una entrevista semiestructurada, que logró dar cuenta de los efectos psicológicos y sociales de la privación de la libertad en personas que fueron imputadas y que resultaron finalmente inocentes, según la verdad jurídica. Se concluye con la ratificación de las consecuencias psicosociales del hecho de estar privados de la libertad, y con una reflexión acerca de la actuación de los operadores del sistema judicial y la dificultad para detectar los errores.
O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as consequências psicossociais nos sujeitos privados da liberdade que ficaram inocentes. O quadro teórico incluiu os conceitos da psicologia legal, da presunção do inocência, da verdade legal, da privação da liberdade, dos efeitos do encarceramento e da estigmatização social. O instrumento usado para a coleta das informações foi uma entrevista semiestruturada, e evidenciou os efeitos psicológicos e sociais da privação da liberdade nas pessoas que foram imputadas e ficaram inocentes, de acordo com a verdade legal. O artigo conclui com o ratificação das consequências psicossociais do fato de estar privados da liberdade, e com uma reflexão sobre o desempenho dos operadores do sistema judicial e da dificuldade para detectar os erros.
This study was aimed at describing the psychosocial consequences affecting individuals who after having been deprived from their liberty were found innocent. The theoretical frame included concepts such as legal psychology, the presumption of innocence and the in dubio pro-reo, i. e. when in doubt, for the accused principles, judicial truth, deprivation of liberty, and the effects of prisonization and social stigmatization. The instrument used in the gathering of information was a semi-structured interview which succeeded in accounting for the psychological and social consequences of deprivation of liberty for innocent people wrongfully convicted, according to the juridical truth. The study concludes with the ratification of such effects and consequences and the usual difficulty in error detecting and correcting.
Assuntos
Prisões/legislação & jurisprudência , Prisões/métodos , Prisões/tendênciasRESUMO
Several risk factors have been identified of becoming ill of tuberculosis. This article estimates the importance of risk groups associated with tuberculosis within the Metropolitan Region of Chile in 2008. The incidence rate of tuberculosis for the Metropolitan Region was 14.19 per 100.000 inhabitants, being much higher in people with HIV (380,5), in homeless people (218. 7), in convicts (213.4), contacts of tuberculosis patients (104.5) , foreigners (37.5) and in elderly people (32.8). All of these risk groups have a significant association with tuberculosis and their odds ratios ranged from 29 (HIV) to 2.6 (elderly people). In spite of being few cases, the risk of becoming ill of tuberculosis in people belonging to risk groups such as HIV, homeless, convicts and foreigners is higher in comparison with the rest of the population. The elderly people also have a risk higher than the rest of population, representing 18.8 percent of the tuberculosis cases in the region.
Se han identificado diversos factores de riesgo de enfermar de tuberculosis. Este artículo estima la importancia de los grupos de riesgo asociados a tuberculosis dentro de la Región Metropolitana de Chile en 2008. La tasa de incidencia de tuberculosis para la Región Metropolitana fue de 14,19 por cien mil habitantes, siendo mayor en las personas con VIH (380,5), en personas en situación de calle (218,7), reos (213,4), contactos de pacientes con tuberculosis (104,5), en extranjeros (37,5) y en adultos mayores (32,8). Todos ellos con asociación significativa y odds ratio entre 29 (VIH) y 2,6 (adultos mayores). A pesar de ser pocos casos, el riesgo de enfermar de tuberculosis en personas con VIH, personas en situación de calle, reos y extranjeros es elevado en comparación con el resto de la población. También con un riesgo elevado se encuentran los adultos mayores, que representan el 18,8 por ciento de las personas con tuberculosis en la región.