Estudo longitudinal de famílias / Longitudinal study of families / Estudio longitudinal de familias

Introdução: O desenvolvimento da família é influenciado por diversos fatores de sua organização interna e de ordem ambiental, social, cultural, econômica e política. Em contexto de pobreza os riscos são maiores. Fatores de proteção, como boa organização familiar e rede social de apoio podem diminuir as consequências negativas da pobreza. São escassas as pesquisas longitudinais sobre vulnerabilidade e resiliência nas famílias. Objetivo: Este artigo descreve o desenvolvimento de três famílias ao longo de 15 anos, estudadas por meio de entrevistas em casa, parte de uma coorte populacional de um bairro de Porto Alegre (RS). Buscaram-se associações entre a qualidade das relações nessas famílias e sua saúde física e mental, especialmente a do filho, foco da pesquisa. Métodos: Selecionaram-se no arquivo da pesquisa as três primeiras famílias (do total de 148) das quais se tinham os resultados completos das cinco visitas realizadas aos quatro meses e aos dois, quatro, nove e 15 anos de um filho. Realizou-se análise qualitativa dos registros em busca de categorias para compreender a vida e as relações interpessoais nas famílias. O estudo foi realizado em conjunto por duas pesquisadoras, médicas especialistas em desenvolvimento humano. As categorias identificadas na análise e estudadas nas cinco etapas foram: configuração familiar, situação socioeconômica, situações traumáticas, saúde física, saúde relacional e mental, evolução cognitiva e escolar do filho. Resultados: As três famílias, todas de classe C, com filhos sem problemas de saúde física, tiveram evolução suficientemente boa, apesar de todas enfrentarem múltiplos problemas, inclusive separações e mortes precoces. A relação com o sistema de saúde e escola era boa e similar para as três. A jovem com menos problemas de saúde mental foi aquela que sofreu perdas mais importantes: morte dos pais. Tinha uma estrutura familiar multigeracional sólida desde a primeira infância, com relações interpessoais predominantemente colaborativas e amorosas. Conclusões: O artigo busca avançar na compreensão da resiliência nas famílias em situações de vulnerabilidade. Concluímos que essas três famílias, uma delas mais que as outras, foram suficientemente saudáveis na tarefa de educar seus filhos sem desenvolverem problemas mentais graves. Propomos que o bom desenvolvimento se associa com a adequação e amorosidade dos cuidados com a etapa do ciclo vital, mesmo enfrentando situações problemáticas. Essas qualidades precisam estar associadas à estabilidade socioeconômica básica e a bons serviços de saúde e escola.

Introduction: Family development is influenced by it's internal organization and environmental factors, socioeconomic, cultural and political. In poor contexts there are more risks to development. Protection factors like good family organization and social network may decrease the risks. Longitudinal research about vulnerability and resilience in families is scarse. Objective: This article describes the development of three families over 15 years through interviews at home. The families were part of a populational cohort of a neighborhood in Porto Alegre (RS). We looked for links between the quality of relationships and the physical and mental health of these families, especially of the child focus of the research. Methods: We selected in the research archives the first three families (of a total of 148) for which we had full results of the five interviews at four months and two, four, nine and fifteen years of a child. We did a qualitative analysis of the records looking for parameters to understand the life and interpersonal relationships of these families. This study was done by two researchers, both experts in Human Development. The categories identified in the analysis of the five phases were: family structure, socioeconomic situation, traumatic experiences, physical, mental and relational health and cognitive evolution of the child. Results: All three families belonged to economical class C. The children were in good physical health and had sufficiently good general development, having faced multiple problems, including parental separation and early parental death. The relationship with the health and school systems was good in all of them. The youth with less mental health problems was the one who suffered the heaviest loss: early death of both parents. Her family had strong multigenerational ties since her early days, with predominant collaborative and loving relationships. Conclusions: This article aims to contribute to the comprehension of resilience in families in the context of vulnerability. We can say that these three families were healthy enough in the task of bringing up children without any serious mental health problem. We suggest that healthy development is associated with loving interfamily relationships adequate to each phase of development, notwithstanding dramatic events. This needs to be supported by basic economic stability and adequate school and health systems.

Introducción: El desarrollo de la familia es influenciado por su organización interna y factores ambientales, sociales, culturales, económicos y políticos. En contextos pobres los riesgos son mayores. Factores de protección como buena organización familiar y red social de apoyo pueden disminuir las consecuencias negativas de la pobreza. Son pocas las investigaciones longitudinales de vulnerabilidad y resiliencia de las familias. Objetivo: Este artículo describe el estudio del desarrollo de tres familias a lo largo de 15 años, a través de entrevistas en domicilio, parte de una cohorte poblacional de un barrio de Porto Alegre (RS). Se buscaron correlaciones entre la calidad de las relaciones de esas familias y su salud física y mental, especialmente la del hijo foco de la investigación. Métodos: Fueron seleccionadas en el archivo de la investigación las tres primeras familias (de un total de 148) de las cuales se tenían los resultados completos de las cinco visitas realizadas, a los 4 meses, y a los 2, 4, 9, y 15 años de un hijo. Fue realizado un análisis cualitativo de los registros en busca de categorías para comprender la vida y las relaciones interpersonales en las familias. El estudio fue hecho en conjunto por dos investigadoras, médicas especialistas en desarrollo humano. Las categorías identificadas en el análisis y estudiadas en las cinco etapas fueron: configuración familiar, situación socioeconómica, situaciones traumáticas, salud física, salud relacional y mental, evolución cognitiva y escolar del hijo. Resultados: Las tres familias, todas de clase C, con hijos sin problemas de salud física, tuvieron evolución suficientemente buena, a pesar de que todas enfrentaron múltiples problemas, incluso separaciones y muertes precoces. La relación con el sistema de salud y escuela era buena y similar para las tres. La joven con menos problemas de salud mental fue aquella que sufrió las mayores pérdidas: muerte de los padres. Tenía una estructura familiar multigeneracional sólida desde la primera infancia, con relaciones interpersonales predominantemente colaborativas y amorosas. Conclusiones: El artículo pretende avanzar en la comprensión de la resiliencia en las familias en situaciones de vulnerabilidad. Concluimos que esas tres familias, una de ellas más que las otras, fueron suficientemente saludables en la tarea de educar a sus hijos sin que desarrollaran problemas mentales graves. Proponemos que el buen desarrollo se asocia con el amor y adecuación de los cuidados a la etapa del ciclo vital, aun enfrentando situaciones problemáticas. Esas calidades necesitan estar asociadas a la estabilidad socioeconómica básica y buenos servicios de salud y escuela.

Assessing the impact of a physician resiliency and wellness program to physician burnout levels in a pediatric department of a tertiary hospital: A pilot study of the I-CARE program

@#<p><strong>Background:</strong> Physician burnout is a growing problem worldwide. Several interventions aimed at lowering burnout rates among physicians have been implemented. To date, there is no established structured program to combat burnout in the Philippine General Hospital. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the I-CARE program, a physician resilience and wellness program which adapted the different components of the international programs for the Philippine setting.</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the effectiveness of the I-CARE program in reducing medical residents' burnout level.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> After key components of the I-CARE program were identified, the program was implemented in 2 phases. The first phase involved training of consultants to hone their facilitation skills. The second phase was a before-and-after study of the I-CARE program. The participants' burnout level was measured before and after the program using the Maslach Burnout Inventory.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The I-CARE program was implemented in the Department of Pediatrics from March to August 2020. There was no significant change in the overall burnout levels of 59 pediatric residents after the I-CARE implementation (p=0.32). This may be due to several challenges encountered during the implementation, such as time constraints, the increased workload caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the lack of physical meetings due to the restrictions of the pandemic. However, the feedback of the administrators, facilitators and residents was generally positive. All the interviewed participants recommended the continuation of the I-CARE program in the Department of Pediatrics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The I-CARE program shows potential in promoting mental health and emotional wellness among physicians in training.</p>

Resiliencia. Diferencias entre estudiantes universitarios y jóvenes trabajadores / Resiliene. Differences between Graduate Students and Young Workers / Resiliência. Diferencias entre estudantes universitários e jovens trabalhadores

Resumen Objetivo. Comparar los niveles de resiliencia entre jóvenes universitarios y jóvenes trabajadores, e identificar posibles relaciones de dicha variable con la edad de los participantes. Método. La muestra, de tipo incidental, estuvo conformada por 188 jóvenes, cuya edad oscilaba entre los 18 y los 27 años. Al momento del estudio, 138 cursaban una carrera profesional universitaria y 50 eran trabajadores. Para medir la variable del estudio se utilizó la Escala de Resiliencia traducida y adaptada al español. Resultados. El principal hallazgo es que los jóvenes universitarios obtienen puntajes significativamente mayores que los trabajadores, tanto en el total de la prueba de resiliencia (t (186) = -3.98, p = 0.000, d = 0.65) como en las dos dimensiones que la componen, Competencia personal (t (186) = -4.45, p = 0.000, d = 0.73) y Aceptación de sí mismo y de la vida (t (186) = -2.23, p = 0.026, d = 0.36). Conclusión. Un mayor nivel de estudios, en el caso universitario, es un factor protector ante la adversidad (mayor resiliencia).

Abstract Objective. To compare the levels of resilience between university and young workers, as well as between men and women, and to identify possible relationships of this variable with the age of the participants. Method. This was a correlational study with transversal-correlational design. The sample was incidental and was made up of 188 people between 18 to 27 years old. At the time of the study, 138 of the participants were pursuing an undergraduate major in the university and 50 of them were workers. To measure the study variable, the Resilience Scale was used in its translated and adapted version to Spanish. Results. The main finding is that university students obtain significantly higher scores than workers, both in the total resilience test (t(186)=-3.98, p = 0.000, d=0.65) and in the two dimensions that compose it, Personal competence (t(186)=-4.45, p=0.000, d=0.73) and Acceptance of self and life (t(186)=-2.23, p=0.026, d=0.36) Conclusion. The general conclusion indicates that having a higher level of education, university, is a protective factor in the face of adversity (greater resilience).

Resumo Escopo. Comparar os níveis de resiliência entre jovens universitários e jovens trabalhadores, e identificar possíveis relações desta variável com a idade dos participantes. Metodologia. A amostra, do tipo incidental, esteve conformada por 188 jovens, com idade que oscilava entre os 18 e os 27 anos. Ao momento do estudo, 138 cursavam uma carreira profissional universitária e 50 eram trabalhadores. Para medir a variável do estudo foi utilizada a Escada de Resiliência traduzida e adaptada ao espanhol Resultados. A principal descoberta é que os jovens universitários obtêm pontuações significativamente maiores que os trabalhadores, tanto no total da prova de resiliência (t (186) = -3.98, p = 0.000, d = 0.65) como nas duas dimensões que a compõem, Competência pessoal (t (186) = -4.45, p = 0.000, d = 0.73) e Aceitação de si mesmo e da vida t (186) = -2.23, p = 0.026, d = 0.36). Conclusão. Um maior nível de estudos, no caso universitário, é um fator protetor ante a adversidade (maior resiliência).

Memoria traumática: estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas e inadaptativas / Traumatic Memories: Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping Strategies

Resumen En este artículo se analiza la relación existente entre los recuerdos traumáticos y las posibles estrategias para hacerles frente. Los recuerdos traumáticos son difíciles de integrar en la biografía de las personas afectadas y pueden interferir de forma significativa en su funcionamiento social, académico y profesional. Se distingue psicopatológicamente entre los recuerdos normales y los recuerdos traumáticos. Asimismo se analizan las estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas, tales como la evitación cognitiva, la exposición terapéutica a los recuerdos traumáticos o la capacidad de perdón. Pero también hay un afrontamiento inadaptativo (nostalgia, sentimientos de odio y de venganza o conductas autodestructivas) que puede dar cuenta de las dificultades de recuperación en algunos pacientes. Por último, se examinan las estrategias de regulación emocional cognitiva y el papel de la resiliencia y del crecimiento postraumático para afrontar los recuerdos traumáticos. Se comentan las implicaciones de este estudio para investigaciones futuras en esta área.

Abstract In this paper the relationship between traumatic memories and coping skills to deal with them is analyzed. Traumatic memories are difficult to be integrated into the survivor's life story and can significantly interfere with social, educational and occupational functioning. From a psychopathological point of view, a distinction between normal and traumatic memories is made. Adaptive coping skills to deal with traumatic memories, such as cognitive avoidance, therapeutic exposure to traumatic memories or forgiveness, are analyzed. But there is also maladaptive coping, such as nostalgia, hate and revenge feelings or self-destructive behaviors, which should be taken into account to explain the difficulties of recovery in some patients. Finally, the cognitive emotion regulation strategies and the role of resiliency and post-traumatic growth in some patients to cope with traumatic memories are examined. Implications of this study for future research in this field are commented upon.

Mediating Effect of Ego-Resiliency in the Relationship between Growth Mindset and Pregnancy Stress

PURPOSE: This study investigates the effect of pregnant women's growth mindset on the stress of pregnancy through ego-resilience. METHODS: The subjects included 551 pregnant women in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire; statistical, frequency, correlation, and structural equation analyses were performed using SPSS21 and M-plus 7.0. RESULTS: First, pregnant women's growth mindset had a direct effect on pregnancy stress. Second, the mediating pathway that influenced pregnancy stress through the ego-resilience of growth mindset was significant. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that it is important to devise and practice a method to improve the growth mindset of pregnant women, enhance ego-resilience, and reduce the negative effects of stress by reducing pregnancy stress.

Nivel de resiliencia en familiares de personas hospitalizadas en cuidados intensivos y factores asociados / Resilience level in family members of hospitalized people in intensive care and associated factors

RESUMEN Ingresar a una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos es una experiencia difícil, que involucra no solo riesgo vital de la persona, sino que también una crisis en su entorno familiar. Objetivo: Medir el nivel de resiliencia de los familiares responsables de personas hospitalizadas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción y sus factores asociados. Material y método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo-correlacional, con una muestra de 117 familiares. Instrumentos: Se utilizó un cuestionario de variables sociodemográficas y de datos clínicos, Apgar familiar y la Escala de resiliencia "SV-RES", los que fueron aplicados a familiares responsables del cuidado de personas hospitalizadas. Resultados: Se evidencia que los familiares presentan un alto nivel de resiliencia. Dentro de los factores que influyen en una baja resiliencia se encuentran: redes, afectividad y generatividad, aspectos a fortalecer en una intervención planificada de enfermería. Las variables sociodemográficas no se relacionaron con el nivel de resiliencia obtenido, a diferencia de la funcionalidad familiar que podría potenciar respuestas resilientes, contribuyendo a la efectividad del cuidado de enfermería. Conclusión: El nivel de resiliencia obtenido es alto. Los factores con menor puntaje son Redes y Afectividad. La funcionalidad familiar tendría una relación significativa con resiliencia. Podemos inferir que la afectividad y una adecuada percepción de la funcionalidad familiar potenciarían la resiliencia en los familiares de personas hospitalizadas en cuidados intensivos.

ABSTRACT Being admitted to an Intensive Care Unit is a difficult experience, involving not only vital risk for the individual, but also a crisis in their family environment. Objective: To measure the level of resilience of family members responsible for people admitted to Intensive Care Unit at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital in Concepción, Chile and its associated factors. Material and method: Cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study, with a sample of 117 relatives. Instruments: A questionnaire of sociodemographic variables and clinical data, Family Apgar and the Resilience Scale "SV-RES" were used, which were applied to relatives responsible for the care of hospitalized people. Results: It is evident that family members have a high level of resilience. Among the factors that influence low resilience are: networks, affectivity and generativity, which are aspects to strengthen in a planned nursing intervention. The sociodemographic variables were not related to the level of resilience obtained, unlike family functionality, which could enhance resilient responses, contributing to the effectiveness of nursing care. Conclusion: The level of resilience obtained is high. The factors with the lowest score are Networks and Affectivity. Family functionality may have a significant relationship with Resilience. We can infer that affectivity and an adequate perception of family functionality would enhance resilience in the relatives of people hospitalized in intensive care.

Los jóvenes en favelas de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: de la vulnerabilidad social a las oportunidades para el desarrollo humano / Youths in the shantytowns (favelas) of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil: from social vulnerability to opportunities for human development

Resumen Desde una reflexión acerca de las condiciones de vida en la realidad compleja y dinámica de las favelas de Rio de Janeiro y, de las principales dificultades generadas para el desarrollo humano de la juventud en este contexto, analizamos la función de protección social que asumen los proyectos educativos al proporcionar nuevas oportunidades de vida. En este articulo analizamos la relación entre las variables exclusión social, pobreza y violencia, integradas en la categoría vulnerabilidad social y las variables relacionadas a las oportunidades para el desarrollo humano integradas en la categoría resiliéncia. Los proyectos socioeducativos se constituyen en importante factor de resiliéncia capaz de influir en el desarrollo subjetivo de los jóvenes e impactar en la mejora de la calidad de vida en la favela. El reconocimiento social y el vinculo de confianza establecido con educadores y otros jóvenes en situación similar estimula el esfuerzo por desarrollar cambios de actitud y la construcción de nuevas posibilidades de vida a despecho de la vulnerabilidad. La oportunidad de vivenciar relaciones interpersonales, vínculos afectivos y lazos sociales positivos promueve cambios en la visión de mundo de los jóvenes y despierta el deseo de cambiar sus condiciones de vida y proyectos de futuro.

Abstract Based on a review of living conditions in the complex and dynamic reality of the shantytowns (“favelas”) of Rio de Janeiro and the main difficulties facing the human development of youths in this context, we analyze the social protection function involved in educational projects that offer new opportunities for life. In this article we analyze the relationship between the variables of social exclusion, poverty and violence, jointly grouped in the social vulnerability category, and the variables related to opportunities for human development grouped in the resilience category. The socio-educational projects constitute an important factor of resilience, able to influence the subjective development of young people and impact the improvement in the quality of life in the favelas. The social recognition and the relationship of trust established with educators and other youths in similar situations foster efforts to develop changes in attitude and to build new possibilities of life in spite of social vulnerability. The opportunity to experience interpersonal relationships, emotional bonds and positive social interaction can promote changes in the world view of youths and elicit a desire to change their living conditions and enhance their projects for the future.

Taller de salud mental: programa psicoeducativo dirigido a comunidad de adultos jubilados de una institución de gendarmería / Mental health workshop: psychoeducative program to a retired people in a gendarmerie institution

El grupo objetivo al cual está dirigido el presente programa psicoeducativo de salud mental corresponde a una comunidad de adultos mayores jubilados de Gendarmería de Chile. Mediante la generación de un diagnóstico participativo por parte de los integrantes de la comunidad, se constató la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas para la superación de problemas de la vida, lo que se enmarca en la promoción de la resiliencia. La realización del taller de salud mental constó de once sesiones. Primero, se abarcaron los cambios fisiológicos y patológicos del envejecimiento, para luego trabajar en conjunto la resiliencia en la adultez. Al inicio de las sesiones educativas, se aplicó la escala de resiliencia de SV-RES 60 de Saavedra y Villalta (2008), validada en nuestro país, con el fin de conocer los niveles basales de resiliencia. Luego de finalizadas las intervenciones, se realizó una nueva toma, para así poder evaluar el impacto de estas en los participantes. Se constató un aumento del nivel de resiliencia desde un 49.8% a un 75.1%, lo que se traduce en un ascenso desde un nivel promedio a un nivel alto, evidenciando la efectividad de la metodología aplicada.

The target group for this psychoeducative program in mental health is a community of elderly retired Gendarmerie of Chile. Through a participatory diagnosis with the participants, it could be possible to identify necessities about working and creating tools to resolve problems of life, in the framework of the resiliency. This workshop in mental health takes eleven sessions. At the first time, it includes physiological and pathological changes in the aging, and in the second part, the program includes working together in the resiliency. At the beginning of the sessions, it was applicated the Saavedra and Villata's resiliency scale SV-RES 60, which is validated in Chile, with the objective to know the baseline of resiliency of the group. When the workshop was finished, it was taken in a second opportunity the same scale to evaluate the impact of the sessions in the participants. It was verified an increment of the resiliency levels since the first time with a 49,8%, to a 75,1% in the finish, which it could be traduced in a increase to an average level of resiliency to a high level of resiliency, making evident the effectiveness of the methodology.

Right wire in orthodontics: a review

Quality of orthodontic wire such as stiffness, hardness, resiliency, elasticity and working range are important determinants of the effectivenes of tooth movement. Commonly used types of orthodontic arch wire:1) stainless steel(ss) wire, 2) conventional nickel- titanium (NiTi)alloy wire,3) improved super elastic NiTi- alloy wire( also called low hysteresis(LH)wire), and titanium molybdenum alloy(TMA) wire.

Climate Change Resilience and Public Education in Response to Hydrologic Extremes in Singapore.

Aims: In February and March 2014, more than 300,000 households were affected by water rationing in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and the surrounding State of Selangor. Further south, reservoir levels in Singapore were dropping, prompting the government to raise the water conservation rhetoric, but falling short of implementing water rationing schemes. The region experienced a dry spell that was unprecedented in the last 30 years. Preparedness for storms has been the "talk of the town" since the 2001, 2006 and 2007 extreme high precipitation events in the southern parts of the peninsula and in Singapore resulted in costly flood damage. While resilience has been a concept used frequently in climate change adaptation, it is derived from ecology, where it refers to the capacity of the system to respond to a disturbance and resist the impact or recover from the damage of the disturbance. This paper examines the case of Singapore as an urban area in responding to a similar extreme hydrologic phenomenon by examining the climate change resilience of the small city-state, with a view to recommending some considerations in designing climate change adaptation strategies. Place of Study: Singapore and peninsular Malaysia. Methodology: The paper reviews the rainfall extremes statistics covering the last 30 years for Singapore and then takes a hydrologic event-based case study approach to more closely examine the impact of record storms and the drought of March 2014 to discuss aspects of resilience that can serve as lessons for tropical cities in future adaptation to a climate-changing world. Results: Extreme rainfall events have become more frequent in Singapore over the past 30 years, while February, 2014 was the driest February since 1869. February, 2014 also had the lowest recorded daily relative humidity at 74.5%. Tropical cyclones are not expected to hit Singapore because of its location near the equator, yet Typhoon Vamei made history by delivering 210 mm of rain on 27 December, 2001. Between 19 and 20 December, 2007 Singapore received 366 mm of rain and within the same week another storm deposited 140 mm of rain in a 24 hour period. While there were some environmental and health impacts related to the February 2014 drought, including low dissolved oxygen levels in water and a localized fish kill, as well as reports of greater human respiratory problems, Singapore was able to weather the drought by requesting voluntary conservation measures, prudent reservoir management, and increasing the output of NEWater and desalinized water. Recent extreme rainfall events have produced localized flooding, but Singapore has progressively pursued a program of improved drainage, stream naturalization, and implementation of Low Impact Development (LID) technology to reduce flood-prone areas from 3,200 ha in the 1970’s to 36 ha today. Conclusion: We do not suggest that all countries need to have NEWater or desalinated water to solve drought problems. We do suggest that in managing rainfall related hazards, droughts and extremes have been treated rather independently. Based on the case study of extremes presented for Singapore we propose the importance of establishing a three-step preparedness program for extremes that includes Preparation (vulnerability and risk identification, adaptive capacity building, and monitoring), Response (information dissemination and relief action), and Recovery.

Nuevo abordaje de la salud considerando la resiliencia / New approach to health considering the resilience

Resumen Este es un artículo de reflexión en torno al concepto de salud, su evolución y consideraciones actuales desde el modelo de la psicología positiva, haciendo especial énfasis en el concepto de Resiliencia, entendida como la capacidad humana para enfrentar, sobreponerse y ser fortalecido o transformado por experiencias de adversidad. Los trabajos sobre la resiliencia apuntan a darles respuesta a estas preguntas: ¿Cómo desarrollar la resiliencia, lograr salir adelante frente a situaciones adversas, traumatismos o amenazas graves y desarrollarse armoniosa y positivamente? Las conclusiones hoy permiten establecer que la resiliencia no es una característica absoluta, ni se adquiere para siempre, más bien es el resultado de un proceso dinámico, con variaciones en función de la naturaleza del trauma, el contexto y la etapa de la vida en que ocurre. El objetivo de la discusión fue reivindicar en el abordaje de la salud ese sujeto dotado de potencialidades para la superación de la adversidad, y desde la psicología, con qué herramientas cuenta para dicha reivindicación. Se concluye que la resiliencia se sustenta en la interacción entre la persona y el entorno, lo cual permite que nunca sea absoluta ni terminantemente estable, razón por la cual el enfoque se debe complementar con el de riesgo con el fin de fomentar un desarrollo sano. La necesidad de considerar esta epistemología del desarrollo humano atiende a las particularidades del contexto y plantea la responsabilidad multidisciplinaria de promoción de la salud y la calidad de vida.

Abstract The following is a reflection article about of the concept of health, its evolution and current considerations based in the positive psychology model, with particular emphasis on the concept of resilience, defined as the human capacity to face, overcome and be strengthened or transformed by experiences of adversity. Resilience studies point to give answers to these questions: How to develop resilience, achieve its way through adversity, trauma, or serious threats and develop harmonious and positively? Today conclusions establish that resilience is not an absolute characteristic, nor is acquired forever, but rather the result of a dynamic process, with variations depending on the nature of the trauma, the context and stage of the life where it happens. The aim of the discussion was the claim in addressing health, the subject endowed with potential for overcoming adversity and from psychology, with what tools account for such a claim. We conclude that resilience is based on the interaction between the person and the environment, allowing never be absolute or absolutely stable, reason why the approach should be complemented with the concept of risk in order to promote healthy development. The need to consider this epistemology of human development attends to the particularities of context and suggests multidisciplinary responsibility to promote health and quality of life.

Caracterización del avance teórico, investigativo y/o de intervención en resiliencia desde el ámbito de las universidades en Colombia / Characterization of the research, the intervention and the theoretical advances in resiliency in the universities in Colombia

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación realizada con el fin de caracterizar los avances teóricos, investigativos y/o de intervención en resiliencia desde el ámbito de las universidades en Colombia. Para conseguir este objetivo se analizaron 74 documentos procedentes de 14 universidades colombianas. El abordaje realizado permitió describir las investigaciones, reflexiones e intervenciones realizadas en las universidades colombianas, considerando dos categorías: a) identificación de documentos y b) análisis de contenido. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y posteriormente interpretativo, a partir de los cuales se llegó a conclusiones y propuestas particulares para cada categoría y generales en torno a la resiliencia. Una novedad de las investigaciones estudiadas reside en las problemáticas abordadas.

This article presents the results of the research carried out in order to characterize research, the intervention and the theoretical advances in resiliency in the universities in Colombia. With the aim to achieve this objective were analyzed 74 documents from 14 Colombian universities. This research allowed describe the investigations, reflections and interventions the Colombian universities in resiliency taking in to account the following categories: a. identification of documents. b. content analysis. These categories were used for a descriptive and interpretive analysis the documents and achieving individual and general conclusions on resiliency. A novelty of this research study was the studies issues.

Maltrato infantil y desarrollo: hacia una revisión de los factores de resiliencia / Child abuse and development: towards a review of resilience factors

El estudio de la resiliencia en la problemática del maltrato pretende reflexionar sobre la importancia de enfocarse, no sólo en las graves consecuencias que éste produce, sino también en aquellos recursos infantiles que les permiten a los niños retomar su desarrollo. El presente trabajo se propone elaborar una síntesis teórica acerca de las concepciones de la resiliencia en el ámbito del maltrato infantil y realizar una revisión de los principales factores vinculados a la misma. Específicamente, esta revisión busca explicitar factores internos como externos de resiliencia con los que cuentan los niños maltratados, siguiendo los resultados de investigaciones empíricas y análisis teóricos de más de 40 trabajos sobre la temática, que indagan acerca de este proceso y sus aspectos; tarea que tiene como objetivo brindar bases conceptuales para aquellos profesionales que buscan promover potencialidades en la infancia más vulnerable.

The study of resilience as it applies to the problem of child abuse reflects on the importance of focusing, not only on the grave consequences which this produces, but also on those infantile resources which permit children to reassume their development. This work proposes to elaborate a theoretical synthesis regarding the concepts of resilience within the ambience of child abuse and to review the main factors related. Specifically, this revision seeks to make explicit both internal and external factors of resilience on which the abused child can count, following the results of empirical research and theoretical analysis of more than 40 works on this theme which delve into this process and its aspects - a task whose objective is to offer conceptual bases for those professionals who seek to create potential in the most vulnerable states of infancy.

O estudo da resiliência na problemática do abuso quer reflexionar sobre a importância de se centrar, não só nas graves consequências que este produz, se não também em aqueles recursos das crianças que fazem possível que eles retomem seu desenvolvimento. O presente trabalho propõe elaborar uma síntese teórica sobre as conceições da resiliência no âmbito do abuso de crianças e fazer uma revisão dos principais fatores vinculados a ela. No específico esta revisão procura fazer explícitos fatores internos e externos de resiliência que tem as crianças abusadas, seguindo com os resultados de pesquisas empíricas e análise teórica de mais de 40 trabalhos sobre o tema que falam sobre este processo e seus aspectos; tarefa que tem como escopo dar bases conceituais para aqueles profissionais que procuram promover potencialidades nas crianças mais vulneráveis.

Relación entre capital psicológico y la conducta de compartir conocimiento en el contexto del aprendizaje organizacional / Relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing behavior in the context of organizational learning / Relação entre o capital psicológico e o comportamento de compartir conhecimentos no contexto da aprendizagem organizacional

El propósito de esta investigación fue diseñar un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para identificar las relaciones entre el capital psicológico (optimismo, esperanza, resiliencia y auto-eficacia) y la conducta de compartir conocimiento, en una muestra estratificada por variables sociodemográficas de 137 profesionales empleados de Bogotá. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos: el PCQ (PsyCap Questionnaire), desarrollado por Luthans, Youssef y Avolio (2007a) que mide el capital psicológico, y fue debidamente traducido al español y adaptado lingüística y culturalmente a la población objeto de esta investigación; y la subescala para medir la conducta de compartir conocimiento de Castañeda y Fernández (2008). Los resultados confirmaron las siete hipótesis propuestas y muestran correlaciones positivas significativas entre el capital psicológico, sus cuatro componentes y la conducta de compartir conocimiento. Además, se encontró que el constructo capital psicológico tiene mayor potencial de explicación de la conducta de compartir conocimiento que sus cuatro componentes por separado. La discusión presenta numerosas oportunidades de investigación sobre este tema para el futuro.

The purpose of this research was to design a structural equation model to identify relationships between psychological capital (optimism, hope, resilience and self-efficacy) and knowledge sharing behavior in a sample of 137 professional employees in Bogotá stratified by demographic variables. Two instruments were used: the PCQ (PsyCap Questionnaire), developed by Luthans, Youssef and Avolio (2007a) that measures psychological capital and was duly translated into Spanish and adapted linguistically and culturally to the population under investigation, and the subscale to measure knowledge sharing behavior by Castañeda and Fernández (2008). Results confirmed the seven proposed hypotheses and showed significant positive correlations between psychological capital, its four components and the behavior of knowledge sharing. Furthermore, it was found that the construct of psychological capital has greater potential to explain knowledge sharing behavior than its four separate components. The discussion presents numerous opportunities for research on this topic in the future.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é projetar um modelo de equações estruturais para identificar as relações entre o capital psicológico (otimismo, esperança, resiliência e auto-eficácia) e o comportamento de compartir conhecimentos, em uma amostra estratificada por variáveis ​​sócio-demográficas de 137 empregados profissionais em Bogotá. Utilizaram-se dois instrumentos: o PCQ (Questionário PsyCap), desenvolvido por Luthans, Youssef e Avolio (2007a), que mede o capital psicológico, devidamente traduzido para o espanhol e adaptado lingüística e culturalmente para a população sob pesquisa, e a subescala para medir o comportamento de compartir conhecimentos, de Castañeda e Fernández (2008). Os resultados confirmaram as sete hipóteses propostas e mostram correlações positivas significativas entre o capital psicológico, as suas quatro componentes e o comportamento do compartir de conhecimento. Além disso, descobrimos que a construção da capital psicológico tem maior potencial para explicar o comportamento de compartir conhecimento que os seus quatro componentes separados. A discussão apresenta inúmeras oportunidades para pesquisas sobre este tema.

A Review on Researches on Resiliency Abroad / 中国临床心理学杂志

Resiliency is individual's capability to cover difficulties and make a good adaptation.This research reviews the researches on resiliency abroad.It summarizes the practical researches of resiliency from 3 aspects: ① The concept of resiliency;②The structure and intension of resiliency;③The measurement of resiliency.On this basis,it raises some questions in resiliency researches and puts forward the future direction.

Comparison of ADL and Symptoms in Elders with Dementia according to Family Resiliency / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify family resiliency, ADL in elders with dementia, and symptom for families with an elder with dementia. METHOD: The participants were 102 people who were caregivers to elders with dementia and who visited the out-patient department at S. hospital for follow up care. Data were collected from August to October 2003 using a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test aided by the SPSS/PC. RESULT: Family resiliency for the whole sample was within normal limits but when the sample was quarter-divided by good and poor family resiliency, based on established cut-off scores, there were differences for some characteristics according to good/poor family resiliency. These differences were for perceived health state of caregivers (t=-2.78, p=.008), economic state of family (t=-3.34, p=.002), and ADL (t=-2.56, p=.014). CONCLUSION: Future research should focus on the way in which family resiliency can be enhanced and on the effects of interventions for those caregivers who report poor family resiliency.

Family Resiliency Facto for the Adaptation of Family who have a Congenital Heart Disease / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships of family strain, perceived social support, family hardiness, and family adaptation and identify the family resiliency factors for the adaptation of families who have a child with congenital heart disease. METHOD: The sample consisted of 90 families who had a child diagnosed with congenital heart disease and completed surgical treatment. Data was collected from parents using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Results from path analyses revealed that family strain had a direct effect on both perceived social support and family hardiness, and an indirect effect on family adaptation. Also, the findings revealed that perceived social support had a direct effect on both family hardiness and family adaptation, and family hardiness had a direct effect on family adaptation. Thus, these results indicated that perceived social support and family hardiness had a mediating effect on family strain. CONCLUSION: Findings provide the evidence for the theoretical and empirical significance of perceived social support and family hardiness as family resiliency factors for family adaptation. Clinical implications of these findings might be discussed in terms of family-centered nursing interventions for the families who have a child with congenital heart disease based on an understanding of family resiliency for adaptation.

Influence of Resiliency Factors on Adaptation in Families of Children with Cancer / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify resiliency factor, to test causal relationship and effect of resiliency factors on adaptation in families of children with cancer. A conceptual framework was constructed based on McCubbin's resiliency model. Hypotheses were tested with empirical data. METHOD: Data were collected using self-report questionnaire from 232 families of children with cancer. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS program and LISREL program for covariance structural analysis. RESULT: Family hardiness and problem-solving coping had significant direct effects on adaptation in families of children with cancer. Social support had significant indirect and total effect on adaptation. Family Schema had significant direct effect on family hardiness and problem-solving coping. Problem-solving communication had a significant direct effect on family hardiness and an indirect effect on family functioning and problem-solving coping. Among the resiliency factors, family hardiness had the greatest effect on adaptation in family of children with cancer. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that nursing interventions to enhance family hardiness, problem-solving coping and social support would result in an increase in adaptation in families of children with cancer. An integrated intervention that emphasizes and promotes resiliency factors should be developed and established for families of children with cancer.

Development of the Resiliency Scale of University Students / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To develop a resiliency scale for university students. Methods: Based on reference research and some similar foreign scales, the resiliency scale for university students, including 6 factors and 31 items, has been developed and its reliabilities and validities has been studied. Results: The ? coefficients of the total and 6 subscales was 0.6383-0.8594; the split-half reliability of the the total and 6 subscales was 0.6334-0.8600. A good construct validity was found by some indexes(?2/df=2.27,RMSEA=0.048,GFI=0.8991,IFI=0.9006) demonstrated by confirmatory factor analysis. The scores of this scale had significant correlations with SCL-90 scale. Conclusion: A good psychometric feature of the scale has been demonstrated.