SUCCESSFUL HYSTEROSCOPY GUIDED SUCTION & EVACUATION OF PRODUCT OF CONCEPTION ALONG WITH REMOVAL OF UTERINE SEPTUM IN SAME SITTING

Objective To report a case of early pregnancy loss with septate uterus, successfully managed by hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception along with removal of uterine septum in same sitting. Case report. Tertiary care hospital. One woman with early pregnancy loss with septate Design Setting Patient uterus. Hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception along with removal of uterine septum Intervention in same sitting. Hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception followed by septum removal with Result hysteroscopic scissor was performed, with minimal blood loss, in same sitting. Products of conception were sent for pathologic examination. There were no intra-operative or postoperative complications. Even though the role of septum as a Conclusion contributing factor to miscarriage in not certain, early pregnancy loss may be seen in patients with septate uterus. Blind removal of POCs with dilatation & curettage, may be complicated with retained products of conception (RPOC) or intrauterine adhesion formation, which can lead to adverse fertility outcomes in the future. Also removal of septum, which may or may not be the cause, is often performed before further pregnancy. This requires another admission & exposure to anaesthesia, along with added cost. Hysteroscopy guided resection of POC with septum removal in same sitting has been associated with complete tissue removal under vision, less damage to surrounding endometrium, cost effective combination of two surgical procedures & earlier time to conception compared with 2 sitting procedure (dilation and curettage than septum removal). Thus, hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of POC & septum removal in same sitting can be considered as an alternative surgical technique for management of early pregnancy loss in patients diagnosed with septate uterus. This case report demonstrates the successful application of hysteroscopic procedure in a case of early pregnancy loss with septate uterus.

Clinical characteristics of 16 cases of acquired uterine arteriovenous malformation / 中国综合临床

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of acquired uterine arteriovenous malformation (UAVM).Methods:The clinical data of 16 patients with diagnosis of UAVM from January 2014 to March 2021 in Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University were enrolled in this retrospective study. The general data of patients were observed and analyzed: age, pregnancy and childbirth, etc. Auxiliary examinations: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), B-ultrasound, CT angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance (MRI), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), lesion diameter, resistance index (RI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), treatment and postoperative pathology.Result:Among the 16 patients, hCG was negative in 10 cases and positive in 6 cases. The first abnormal bleeding time was (43.4±36.4) days and (16.0±9.0) days, respectively. The rehospitalization time was (63.3±54.4) days and (48.3±54.0) days. Six patients with massive bleeding were HCG negative. Ultrasound in 16 cases showed mixed echo light mass with rich blood flow in the uterine cavity, and magnetic resonance examination in 14 cases also showed abnormal signals in the uterine cavity or uterine wall. Mass staining was seen in 6 cases by DSA, vein development in advance, contrast medium overflow was seen in 2 cases, and the conclusion of CTA was consistent with DSA in 5 cases. Uterine artery embolization was performed in 5 cases, including 2 cases of massive bleeding, emergency bilateral uterine artery embolization and 3 cases of preventive embolization. Hysteroscopy was performed in 4 cases after embolization, and balloon compression was performed in 1 case because there was no obvious tissue in the uterine cavity. Hysteroscopy were performed in 10 cases without UAE. Mifepristone combined with misoprostol was used in 1 case. Among the 15 patients treated by surgery, 14 cases showed degenerative trophoblasts or villi. During the follow-up, one patient after uterine artery embolization complained of decreased menstruation, and ultrasound considered the possibility of intrauterine adhesion.Conclusion:After termination of pregnancy, imaging examination should be strengthened to guard against the occurrence of UAVM. Once diagnosed, medical intervention should be started as soon as possible to reduce bleeding. There is no standardized treatment for UAVM related to pregnancy. Comprehensive consideration should be given to the clinical manifestations, bleeding situation, lesion location and fertility requirements of the patients.

Malformación arteriovenosa posterior a la retención de productos de la concepción / Arteriovenous malformation after retention of products of conception

Resumen OBJETIVO: Plantear un procedimiento para pacientes con retención de restos corioplacentarios y riesgo de formación de fístulas arteriovenosas que sea efectivo, seguro y ambulatorio. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo, de pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Gea González de enero a mayo de 2022. Se empleó un equipo de Bettocchi, de flujo continuo de 5 mm, lente cilíndrico de 2.9 mm y 30°. En casos específicos se programó un procedimiento quirúrgico con resectoscopio Richard Wolf Princess, con diámetro exterior de 7 mm, sistema óptico de 2.7 mm, dirección visual de 30°. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 642 expedientes de los que se obtuvo una serie de 31 casos que se incluyeron conforme a la clasificación de Gutenberg, con biopsia por protocolo posaborto y resección con Grasper para los tipos 0 y 1; dos pacientes se enviaron a Urgencias por sangrado abundante para aspiración mecánica endouterina inmediata; dos pacientes se catalogaron con tipo 3; en la primera se optó por el tratamiento médico con metotrexato con lo que se consiguió la resolución completa y la segunda finalizó el embarazo con histerectomía laparoscópica. CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes con imágenes ecográficas sugerentes de retención de restos corioplacentarios o malformación arteriovenosa, los procedimientos con visión directa evitan las complicaciones inmediatas y futuras. El diagnóstico mediante la clasificación de Gutenberg permite definir el tipo de acceso con extracción en frío con pinza Grasper para los tipos 0 y 1, o la aplicación de una prueba farmacológica con metotrexato y resección histeroscópica para los tipos 2 y 3 en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To propose an effective, safe and outpatient procedure for patients with retained chorioplacental remnants and risk of arteriovenous fistula formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective case series study of patients attended at the Gea González Hospital from January to May 2022. A Bettocchi equipment was used, 5 mm continuous flow, 2.9 mm cylindrical lens and 30°. In specific cases a surgical procedure was scheduled with a Richard Wolf Princess resectoscope, 7 mm outer diameter, 2.7 mm optical system, 30° visual direction. RESULTS: We reviewed 642 files from which we obtained a series of 31 cases that were included according to the Gutenberg classification, with biopsy by postabortion protocol and resection with Grasper for types 0 and 1; two patients were sent to the ER for heavy bleeding for immediate MVA; two patients were categorized as type 3; in the first one we opted for medical treatment with methotrexate with which we achieved complete resolution and the second one ended the pregnancy with laparoscopic hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ultrasound images suggestive of retained chorioplacental debris or arteriovenous malformation, direct vision procedures avoid immediate and future complications. Diagnosis by Gutenberg classification allows to define the type of access with cold extraction with Grasper forceps for types 0 and 1, or the application of a pharmacological test with methotrexate and hysteroscopic resection for types 2 and 3 in hemodynamically stable patients.

Hypervascular retained products of conception: dilemma of diagnosis and management

Retained products of conception (RPOC) are a partial retention of placental tissue after dilation and curettage (D&C) procedures or vaginal deliveries. Ultrasound scan reports sometimes mention the presence of increased endometrial / sub‐endometrial vascularity in the context of retained products of conception. This raises the possibility of serious intra‐operative haemorrhage because of the possibility of arterio‐venous malformation. The aim of this article is to discuss the diagnosis and management options of retained products of conception (RPOC) with increased vascularity where simple dilatation and curettage may lead to life threatening haemorrhage and endanger the life of the patient and to enlighten the importance of evaluation of vascularity in all cases of RPOC prior to dilatation and curettage in order to avoid the dreaded complication of massive haemorrhage.

Correlation of grayscale combined with color doppler sonography from histopathology in predicting retained products of conception / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background@#Retained products of conception can be troublesome complications following miscarriages. Ultrasound has a significant impact in their diagnosis and with the advent of color doppler sonography can improve the assessment. @*Objective@#The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of grayscale combined with color Doppler ultrasound findings and correlate with histopathology in predicting retained products of conception in a maternity hospital. @*Methods@#This was a cross sectional prospective study of 109 patients who underwent transvaginal grayscale ultrasound with color Doppler to evaluate the presence of retained products of conception. Resistance index(RI) is measured in Pulsed doppler to assess the impedance of blood flow. The standard criterion was the histopathologic reports obtained during completion curettage. @*Results@#Histopathologic results validated the presence of immature placental tissues in 93 (85%) patients and decidua in 16 (15%). Endometrial mass was greater with positive histopath results (p<0.05). Endometrial mass had a sensitivity of 83.9% in detecting retained products of conception. Thickened endometrium was detected in 71.4 % of women with positive histopath results, but only in 28.6% with negative histopath results. Color flow was confirmed in 85% with positive histopathology results. @*Conclusion@#The combination of an endometrial mass with vascular pattern had the highest positive predictive value in determining retained products of conception.

Fístula arteriovenosa uterina-pólipo placentario: tratamiento histeroscópico. Reporte de un caso / Uterine arteriovenous fistula - placental polyps: hysteroscopic treatment, case report

Resumen OBJETIVO: exponer el caso clínico de una paciente con fístula arteriovenosa uterina secundaria a legrado instrumentado, asociada con pólipos placentarios. CASO CLÍNICO: paciente de 29 años de edad, que acudió a consulta médica por deseo de embarazo, obtenido de manera espontánea, que finalizó en aborto por embarazo anembriónico de 8 semanas. El médico tratante efectuó legrado uterino instrumentado. Cinco meses después del evento, la paciente tuvo sangrado uterino anormal (abundante), que requirió hospitalización. El ultrasonido reportó útero con aumento de vascularización en la pared posterior, con sospecha de fístulas arteriovenosas, velocimetría Doppler normal y diástole alta de baja resistencia. El médico le sugirió embolización arterial selectiva. Una vez valorada por el equipo médico, se efectuó la evaluación integral de la patología uterina mediante ultrasonido, en el que se observó una masa intracavitaria con ecos mixtos, sugerentes de retención de restos ovuloplacentarios, comprobados posteriormente con histeroscopia. Durante el procedimiento histeroscópico (efectuado con histeroscopio Hopkins II Karl Storz de 2 mm y "camisa" diagnóstica de 2.8 mm de grosor) se detectó una masa compatible con restos ovuloplacentarios adheridos a la cara posterior del útero. Después de la valoración integral se decidió efectuar la evacuación uterina, por vía histeroscópica, con resectoscopio sin energía. El estudio histopatológico reportó restos ovuloplacentarios con marcados cambios por retención, decidua necrótica y hemorrágica, con inflamación subaguda severa. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente durante el periodo posquirúrgico. La evaluación ultrasonográfica de control no mostró la fístula arteriovenosa uterina (desapareció la imagen en "ovillo").

Abstract OBJECTIVE: We report a case of a patient with arteriovenous fistula secondary to an instrumented uterine curettage, related to presence of placental polyps. CLINICAL CASE: A 29-year-old woman, who went to a doctor's office for a pregnancy protocol, reached spontaneously, but its finalized in abortion for an anembrionrary pregnancy of 8 weeks. The Doctor performed instrumented uterine curettage. Five months after the event, the patient had abnormal (abundant) uterine bleeding, which required hospitalization. Ultrasound with increased vascularization in the posterior wall, with suspected venereal arteries, normal Doppler velocimetry, and low diastole with low resistance. The physician suggested selective arterial embolization. A comprehensive evaluation of the pathology was performed by ultrasound, in which an intracavitary mass was observed with mixed echoes, suggestions of retention of ovuloplacental remains, later verified with hysteroscopy. During the hysteroscopic procedure (with Hopkins II, Karl Storz of 2 mm and a 2.8 mm "diagnostic" shirt), a mass compatible with the ovuloplacental remains attached to the posterior aspect of the uterus was detected. After the integral evaluation, it was decided to perform the uterine evacuation, using hysteroscopy, with a resectoscope without energy. The histopathological study reported ovuloplacental remains with marked changes by retention, necrotic and hemorrhagic decidua, with severe subacute inflammation. The patient progressed satisfactorily during the postoperative period. The ultrasonographic evaluation of control did not show the arteriovenous fistula.

Degenerated Retained Product of Conception Misdiagnosed as Invasive Trophoblastic Disease

Retained products of conception (POC) complicates nearly 1% of all pregnancies, occurring with greater frequency after termination of pregnancy than after vaginal or caesarean delivery. The presenting symptoms of retained products of conception are similar to those of gestational trophoblastic disease and hence accurate differentiation is difficult based on clinical history and physical examination alone. The distinction between these two entities is extremely important as the treatment differs dramatically. These patients often need to be further evaluated with either ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis. Hence, radiologists play a vital role in clinching the diagnosis although at times it may be challenging to differentiate between these two entities. Herein, we discuss a case of degenerated retained products of conception which was initially misdiagnosed as invasive trophoblastic disease in a 41-year-old woman whom last known pregnancy was 10 years ago.