COVID-19 en pediatría: aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos, inmunopatogenia, diágnóstico y tratamiento / COVID-19 in Pediatrics: clinical and epidemiological aspects, immunopathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró desde el 11 de marzo de 2020 la infección por el coronavirus denominado SARS-CoV-2, como una pandemia, existente desde finales de 2019 en la provincia china de Wuhan. La enfermedad producida por este coronavirus se denomina COVID-19, entidad que ha mostrado una baja morbilidad y mortalidad en pediatría. Objetivo: Examinar factores epidemiológicos, sintomatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad en la edad pediátrica. Métodos: Se revisó la literatura utilizando la base de datos PubMed para identificar artículos publicados hasta el 30 de abril 2020, informes, series de casos y datos de laboratorio. Resultados: La edad de presentación con mayor frecuencia ocurrió en los pacientes mayores de 5 años con 2,5 por ciento de casos graves, acompañados de fiebre, tos, congestión nasal, disnea, vómitos y diarreas como síntomas más frecuentes. Los datos de laboratorio indican una media de conteo leucocitario entre 6,1 y 6,8 × 105, linfopenia con rango entre 2,5 y 40 por ciento, y aumento de las enzimas alaniltranferasa y creatininfosfoquinasa, además del marcador antiinflamatorio proteína C reactiva, este último con concentraciones entre el 17 y 62,5 por ciento. La transmisión vertical no ha sido verificada. El tratamiento utilizado con mayor frecuencia es Lopinavir/ ritonavir e interferón. La radiografía de tórax fue normal entre el 20 y el 66 %. No se registran fallecidos en las seis series revisadas. Consideraciones finales: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pediatría evoluciona con un pronóstico favorable, pero se necesitan más investigaciones para un mejor conocimiento de la entidad(AU)

Introduction: The World Health Organization declared as a pandemic the infection by the coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 on March 11th, 2020 that emerged in the last days of 2019 in the Chinese province of Wuhan. The disease produced by this coronavirus it is called COVID-19 and it is an entity that has shown low morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients. Objective: To examine epidemiological factors, symptomatology, diagnostic and treatment of the disease in pediatric ages. Methods: It was reviewed literature using PubMed database to identify articles published until April 30th, 2020, and also reports, series of cases and laboratory data. Results: The most frequent onset age was in patients older that 5 years, having 2,5% of seriously ill patients with fever, cough, nasal congestion, dyspnoea, vomiting and diarrhea as the most frequent symptoms. Laboratory data indicated a mean of leukocyte count between 6,1 and 6,8 x 105, lymphopenia with a range between 2,5 and 40 percent, and an increase of alaniltranferase and creatininfosfoquinase enzymes, in addition to the C reactive protein anti-inflammatory marker with concentrations between 17 and 62,5 percent. Vertical transmission has not been verified. The most frequently used treatment is Lopinavir/ ritonavir and interferon. Chest X-ray was normal in the 20 to 66 percent of the cases. No deaths were recorded in the six series of cases reviewed. Final considerations: The infection by SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric ages evolves with a favorable prognosis but more researches on the topic are needed for a best knowledge of this entity(AU)

COVID-19 en pediatría: aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos, inmunopatogenia, diágnóstico y tratamiento / COVID-19 in Pediatrics: clinical and epidemiological aspects, immunopathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró desde el 11 de marzo de 2020 la infección por el coronavirus denominado SARS-CoV-2, como una pandemia, existente desde finales de 2019 en la provincia china de Wuhan. La enfermedad producida por este coronavirus se denomina COVID-19, entidad que ha mostrado una baja morbilidad y mortalidad en pediatría. Objetivo: Examinar factores epidemiológicos, sintomatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad en la edad pediátrica. Métodos: Se revisó la literatura utilizando la base de datos PubMed para identificar artículos publicados hasta el 30 de abril 2020, informes, series de casos y datos de laboratorio. Resultados: La edad de presentación con mayor frecuencia ocurrió en los pacientes mayores de 5 años con 2,5 por ciento de casos graves, acompañados de fiebre, tos, congestión nasal, disnea, vómitos y diarreas como síntomas más frecuentes. Los datos de laboratorio indican una media de conteo leucocitario entre 6,1 y 6,8 × 105, linfopenia con rango entre 2,5 y 40 por ciento, y aumento de las enzimas alaniltranferasa y creatininfosfoquinasa, además del marcador antiinflamatorio proteína C reactiva, este último con concentraciones entre el 17 y 62,5 por ciento. La transmisión vertical no ha sido verificada. El tratamiento utilizado con mayor frecuencia es Lopinavir/ ritonavir e interferón. La radiografía de tórax fue normal entre el 20 y el 66 por ciento. No se registran fallecidos en las seis series revisadas. Consideraciones finales: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pediatría evoluciona con un pronóstico favorable, pero se necesitan más investigaciones para un mejor conocimiento de la entidad(AU)

Introduction: The World Health Organization declared as a pandemic the infection by the coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 on March 11th, 2020 that emerged in the last days of 2019 in the Chinese province of Wuhan. The disease produced by this coronavirus it is called COVID-19 and it is an entity that has shown low morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients. Objective: To examine epidemiological factors, symptomatology, diagnostic and treatment of the disease in pediatric ages. Methods: It was reviewed literature using PubMed database to identify articles published until April 30th, 2020, and also reports, series of cases and laboratory data. Results: The most frequent onset age was in patients older that 5 years, having 2,5 percent of seriously ill patients with fever, cough, nasal congestion, dyspnoea, vomiting and diarrhea as the most frequent symptoms. Laboratory data indicated a mean of leukocyte count between 6,1 and 6,8 x 105, lymphopenia with a range between 2,5 and 40 percent, and an increase of alaniltranferase and creatininfosfoquinase enzymes, in addition to the C reactive protein anti-inflammatory marker with concentrations between 17 and 62,5 percent. Vertical transmission has not been verified. The most frequently used treatment is Lopinavir/ ritonavir and interferon. Chest X-ray was normal in the 20 to 66 percent of the cases. No deaths were recorded in the six series of cases reviewed. Final considerations: The infection by SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric ages evolves with a favorable prognosis but more researches on the topic are needed for a best knowledge of this entity(AU)

Antiretroviral manufacturers and the challenge of universal access to drugs through the Brazilian National STD/AIDS Program / As empresas produtoras de anti-retrovirais e o desafio do acesso universal aos medicamentos do Programa Nacional de DST e AIDS

This article describes the antiretroviral (ARV) manufacturing market in Brazil and contextualizes the challenges for the public policy of supplying ARVs through the National STD/AIDS Program. Increasing expenditure on these drugs is the main source of uncertainty for the policy's future. Brazil's domestic scenario is one of growing external dependence, both for the finished drugs and the active ingredients. Experience in the National Program has shown that it is the state's role to provide public goods, which presupposes ensuring mutual compatibility between company interests and social interests. This balance is currently at stake in Brazil, since structural changes in the market have raised challenges for the National Program's sustainability, requiring new public policy instruments in defense of the collective interest. The article drew on a literature review, using bibliographic indexing sources, systematic organization of primary data, government publications, relevant legislation, research reports, and articles recommended by experts from the field.

O artigo descreve as características do mercado produtor de anti-retrovirais no Brasil e situa os desafios para a política pública de provisão de medicamentos no Programa Nacional de DST e AIDS (PN-DST/AIDS). A elevação expressiva das despesas com esses medicamentos é a principal fonte de incerteza sobre a política. O cenário nacional é de crescente dependência externa, tanto no segmento de medicamentos quanto no de princípios ativos. A experiência do PN-DST/AIDS demonstrou que cabe ao Estado nacional a provisão de bens públicos, o que pressupõe a compatibilização entre interesses empresariais e sociais. Esse equilíbrio está sendo desafiado no Brasil visto que as mudanças estruturais no mercado trouxeram desafios à sustentabilidade do programa, exigindo novos instrumentos de política pública em defesa do interesse coletivo. Para a confecção do artigo empreendeu-se revisão da literatura usando-se fontes de indexação bibliográfica, sistematização de dados primários, publicações de órgãos públicos, legislações pertinentes, relatórios de pesquisa e artigos indicados por especialistas da área.