Analysis of neonatal mortality risk factors in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies / Análise dos fatores de risco na mortalidade neonatal no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos observacionais

Abstract Objective: To identify, using a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, which risk factors are significantly associated with neonatal mortality in Brazil, and to build a comprehensive national analysis on neonatal mortality. Sources: This review included observational studies on neonatal mortality, performed between 2000 and 2018 in Brazilian cities. The MEDLINE, Elsevier, Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO, and OpenGrey databases were used. For the qualitative analysis, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used. For the quantitative analysis, the natural logarithms of the risk measures and their confidence intervals were used, as well as the DerSimonian and Laird method as a random effects model, and the Mantel-Haenszel model for heterogeneity estimation. A confidence level of 95% was considered. Summary of findings: The qualitative analysis resulted in six studies of low and four studies of intermediate-low bias risk. The following exposure factors were significant: absence of partner, maternal age ≥35 years, male gender, multiple gestation, inadequate and absent prenatal care, presence of complications during pregnancy, congenital malformation in the assessed pregnancy, Apgar < 7 at the fifth minute, low and very low birth weight, gestational age ≤ 37 weeks, and caesarean delivery. Conclusion: The most significant risk factors presented in this study are modifiable, allowing aiming at a real reduction in neonatal deaths, which remain high in the country.

Resumo: Objetivo: Identificar, através de uma revisão sistemática e da metanálise de estudos observacionais, quais fatores de risco associam-se significativamente com a mortalidade neonatal no Brasil e construir uma análise nacional abrangente sobre a mortalidade neonatal. Fontes: Foram avaliados os estudos observacionais sobre mortalidade neonatal realizados entre 2000 e 2018 em cidades brasileiras. Usaram-se as bases MEDLINE, Elsevier, Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO e OpenGrey. Para a análise qualitativa, foi usada a Escala Newcastle-Ottawa. Para a análise quantitativa, foram utilizados os logaritmos naturais das medidas de risco e de seus intervalos de confiança, o método de DerSimonian e Laird como modelo de efeitos aleatórios e o modelo de Mantel-Haenszel para estimativa da heterogeneidade. Considerou-se nível de confiança de 95%. Resumo dos achados: A análise qualitativa resultou em seis estudos de baixo e quatro estudos de intermediário-baixo risco de viés. Foram significativos os seguintes fatores de exposição: ausência de companheiro, idade materna ≥ 35 anos, sexo masculino, gestação múltipla, pré-natal inadequado e ausente, presença de intercorrências durante a gestação, de malformação congênita na gestação em estudo, Apgar < 7 no quinto minuto, baixo e muito baixo peso ao nascer, idade gestacional ≤ 37 semanas e parto cesariano. Conclusão: Os fatores de risco mais significativos apresentados neste estudo são modificáveis, o que possibilita almejar uma redução real das mortes neonatais, que ainda permanecem elevadas no país.

Comparison of Interferon-γ Release Assays and the Tuberculin Skin Test for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systematic Review / 결핵

BACKGROUND: It remains uncertain if interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) are superior to the tuberculin skin test (TST) for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in immunosuppressed populations including people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the performance of IGRAs and the TST in people with HIV with active TB or LTBI in low and high prevalence TB countries. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE database from 1966 through to January 2017 for studies that compared results of the TST with either the commercial QuantiFERON-TB Gold in Tube (QFTGT) assay or previous assay versions, the T-SPOT.TB assay or in-house IGRAs. Data were summarized by TB prevalence. Tests for concordance and differences in proportions were undertaken as appropriate. The variation in study methodology was appraised. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies including 4,856 HIV subjects met the search criteria. Fourteen studies compared the tests in subjects with LTBI in low TB prevalence settings. The QFTGT had a similar rate of reactivity to the TST, although the first-generation version of that assay was reactive more commonly. IGRAs were more frequently positive than the TST in HIV infected subjects with active TB. There was considerable study methodology and population heterogeneity, and generally low concordance between tests. Both the TST and IGRAs were affected by CD4 T-cell immunodeficiency. CONCLUSION: Our review of comparative data does not provide robust evidence to support the assertion that the IGRAs are superior to the TST when used in HIV infected subjects to diagnose either active TB or LTBI.

Orientación sexual y trastorno de ansiedad social: una revisión sistematica / Sexual orientation and social anxiety disorder: a systematic review

Introduction: People with non-heterosexual sexual orientation frequently face stigma-discrimination complex. Beside, persons who meet criteria for social anxiety disorder (SAD) present annoying symptoms in social situations when they could be evaluated or may be the victims of teasing or rejection. However, there is no systematic review showing the magnitude of this association. Objective: To review the association between sexual orientation and social anxiety disorder in observational studies during the last twenty years. Method: It was performed a systematic review in the Virtual Health Library, Medline, PsycArticles and Scopus. Key words were homosexuality, sexual orientation, sexual behavior, social anxiety disorder, social phobia, mental disorders and mental health. The search was limited to published studies involving adults between January 1997 and December 2016. A qualitative analysis of the studies was performed and Odds Ratios (ORs) were calculated, ifthey were not reported. Results: Revision included five studies that showed a statistically significant association between non-heterosexual orientations, in particular bisexuality, and SAD, OR between 1.9 and 3.5,95% CI 1.0-11.4. Conclusions: Nonheterosexual orientations are associated with SAD. It is important to consider counseling in people who meet criteria for SAD and the role played by the stigma-discrimination complex by counseling. More studies addressing this relationship from social and cultural perspective are needed in Latin America.

Introducción: Las personas con orientación sexual no heterosexual afrontan frecuentemente el complejo estigma-discriminación. Por su parte, las personas que reúnen criterios para trastorno de ansiedad social (TAS) presentan síntomas molestos en situaciones sociales en las que son evaluados o pueden ser víctimas de burlas o rechazo. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con una revisión sistemática que presente la magnitud de esa asociación. Objetivo: Revisar la asociación entre orientación sexual y trastorno de ansiedad social en estudios observacionales durante los últimos veinte años. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Medline, PsycArticles y Scopus. Se usaron como palabras claves 'homosexualidad', orientación sexual, comportamiento sexual, trastorno de ansiedad social, fobia social, trastornos mentales y salud mental. La búsqueda se limitó a estudios publicados con la participación de adultos entre enero de 1997 y diciembre de 2016. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo de los estudios y se calcularon razones de disparidad (OR) si fueron informadas. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco investigaciones que mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre orientaciones no heterosexuales, en particular bisexualidad, y el TAS, OR entre 1,9 y 3,5; IC 95% 1,0-11,4. Conclusiones: Las orientaciones sexuales no heterosexuales se asocian a TAS. Es importante considerar la orientación en personas que reúnan criterios para TAS y el papel que juega el complejo estigma-discriminación por orientación. Se necesitan estudios en América Latina que aborden esta relación desde una perspectiva social y cultural.

Indicadores do uso de medicamentos na atenção primária de saúde: uma revisão sistemática / Drug use indicators in primary health care: a systematic review / Indicadores del uso de medicamentos en la atención primaria de salud: una revisión sistemática

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o uso racional de medicamentos na atenção primária em saúde (APS) a partir dos indicadores preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Métodos Foi feita uma revisão sistemática da literatura com base na recomendação PRISMA para sintetizar evidências relacionadas à utilização dos indicadores de uso de medicamentos na APS no período de 2011 a 2016. As seguintes bases foram consultadas: PudMed, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Portal de Periódicos CAPES, utilizando as palavras-chave "Organização Mundial da Saúde", "indicadores", "uso de medicamentos" e "uso racional de medicamentos" em português e inglês. Foram incluídos artigos originais sobre estudos na APS que utilizassem pelo menos um dos três conjuntos de indicadores (prescrição, serviço ou assistência). Resultados Foram incluídas 16 publicações, sendo 56,2% estudos prospectivos, 37,5% de nível local, 62,5% com amostragem por conveniência, 56,2% com duração de até 6 meses e 43,8% provenientes do Brasil. Os indicadores mais utilizados foram os da prescrição (87,5%), seguidos dos indicadores sobre o serviço (37,5%) e assistência (31,3%). Nenhum dos cenários relatados nos estudos atendeu plenamente as recomendações da OMS. As intervenções mais sugeridas para resolver os problemas de uso racional de medicamentos incluíram educação continuada para prescrição racional (56,3%), uso da lista de medicamentos essenciais atualizada, incluindo o nome genérico dos medicamentos e atendendo as necessidades da população (31,3%), e implementação de protocolos clínicos para padronizar condutas terapêuticas (31,3%). Conclusões Os indicadores da OMS revelaram práticas irracionais de uso de medicamentos na APS em diversos países.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the rational use of medicines in the context of primary health care (PHC) according to the indicators recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Method A systematic review of the literature was performed following PRISMA guidelines to synthesize the evidence produced by the application of drug use indicators in PHC in the period from 2011 to 2016. The following databases were searched: PudMed, SciELO and Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library/BIREME, and Portal de Periódicos CAPES, using the keywords "World Health Organization," "indicators," "drug utilization," and "rational use of drugs" in Portuguese and English. Original articles describing studies performed at the PHC level, using at least one of the three sets of indicators (prescription, service-related, or health care) were included. Results Of the 16 studies included, 56.2% were prospective, 37.5% were developed at a local level, 62.5% employed convenience sampling, 56.2% lasted up to 6 months, and 43.8% were performed in Brazil. Prescription indicators were used most (87.5%), followed by service-related indicators (37.5%) and health care indicators (31.3%). None of the scenarios described in the articles fully met the WHO recommendations. The most frequent interventions suggested to resolve the problems related to the rational use of medications included continuing education for rational prescription (56.3%), use of updated lists of essential medicines, including generic drug names and reflecting the needs of the population (31.3%), and implementation of clinical protocols to standardize therapeutic management (31.3%). Conclusions Application of the WHO indicators revealed irrational practices of drug use in PHC in several countries.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el uso racional de medicamentos en la atención primaria de salud teniendo en cuenta los indicadores recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Métodos Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía con base en la recomendación PRISMA para recopilar evidencia relativa a la utilización de indicadores de uso de medicamentos en la atención primaria entre el 2011 y el 2016. Se hicieron búsquedas en las bases PudMed, SciELO, Google Académico, la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) y el Portal de Periódicos CAPES con los términos clave "Organización Mundial de la Salud", "indicadores", "uso de medicamentos" y "uso racional de medicamentos", tanto en portugués como en inglés. Se incluyeron artículos originales sobre estudios en la atención primaria que usaban al menos uno de los tres conjuntos de indicadores (prescripción, servicio o asistencia). Resultados Se incluyeron 16 publicaciones: 56,2% eran estudios prospectivos, 37,5% eran del ámbito local, 62,5% usaron muestreo por conveniencia, 56,2% tuvieron una duración máxima de seis meses y 43,8% procedían de Brasil. Los indicadores más utilizados fueron los de la prescripción (87,5%), seguidos de los de servicio (37,5%) y asistencia (31,3%). Ninguno de los escenarios descriptos en los estudios cumplía plenamente las recomendaciones de la OMS. Para resolver los problemas de uso racional de medicamentos se plantearon sobre todo intervenciones sobre educación continua en materia de prescripción racional (56,3%), uso de la lista actualizada de medicamentos esenciales (31,3%) —que incluyera el nombre genérico y atendiera a las necesidades de la población— y aplicación de protocolos clínicos para estandarizar las conductas terapéuticas (31,3%). Conclusiones Los indicadores de la OMS revelaron prácticas irracionales de consumo de medicamentos en atención primaria de salud en varios países.

Transient elastography versus hepatic venous pressure gradient for diagnosing portal hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Transient elastography (TE) has been proposed as a promising noninvasive alternative to hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) for detecting portal hypertension (PH). However, previous studies have yielded conflicting results. We gathered evidence from literature on the clinical usefulness of TE versus HVPG for assessing PH. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review by searching databases for relevant literature evaluating the clinical usefulness of non-invasive TE for assessing PH in patients with cirrhosis. A literature search in Ovid Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library was performed for all studies published prior to December 30, 2015. RESULTS: Eight studies (1,356 patients) met our inclusion criteria. For the detection of PH (HVPG ≥6 mmHg), the summary sensitivity and specificity were 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86-0.90) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.67-0.81), respectively. Regarding clinically significant PH (HVPG ≥10 mmHg), the summary sensitivity and specificity were 0.85 (95% CI 0.63-0.97) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.50-0.93), respectively. The overall correlation estimate of TE and HVPG was large (0.75, 95% CI: 0.65; 0.82, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: TE showed high accuracy and correlation for detecting the severity of PH. Therefore, TE shows promise as a reliable and non-invasive procedure for the evaluation of PH that should be integrated into clinical practice.

Systematic Review of Treatment for Trapped Thrombus in Patent Foramen Ovale

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Trapped thrombus in patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a rare complication of pulmonary embolism that may lead to tragic clinical events. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal treatment for different clinical situations in patients with trapped thrombus in a PFO by conducting a literature review. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A PubMed database search was conducted from 1991 through 2015, and 194 patients (185 articles) with trapped thrombus in a PFO were identified. Patient characteristics, paradoxical embolic events, and factors affecting 60-day mortality were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Among all patients, 112 (57.7%) were treated with surgery, 28 with thrombolysis, and 54 with anticoagulation alone. Dyspnea (79.4%), chest pain (33.0%), and syncope (17.5%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Pretreatment embolism was found in 37.6% of cases, and stroke (24.7%) was the most common event. Surgery was associated with fewer post-treatment embolic events than were other treatment options (p=0.044). In the multivariate analysis, initial shock or arrest, and thrombolysis were independent predictors of 60-day mortality. Thrombolysis was related with higher 60-day mortality compared with surgery in patients who had no initial shock or arrest. CONCLUSION: This systematic review showed that surgery was associated with a lower overall incidence of post-treatment embolic events and a lower 60-day mortality in patients with trapped thrombus in a PFO. In patients without initial shock or arrest, thrombolysis was related with a higher 60-day mortality compared with surgery.

Agriculture, food, and nutrition interventions that facilitate sustainable food production and impact health: an overview of systematic reviews / Intervenciones agropecuarias, alimentarias y nutricionales que favorecen la producción sostenible de alimentos e inciden en la salud: síntesis de revisiones sistemáticas

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify the agriculture, food, and nutrition security interventions that facilitate sustainable food production and have a positive impact on health. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations through a comprehensive search of 17 databases and 10 websites. The search employed a pre-defined protocol with clear inclusion criteria. Both grey and peer-reviewed literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between 1 January 1997 and November 2013 were included. To classify as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and include measures of health impact. Results Fifteen systematic reviews and seven economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. All interventions had some impact on health or on risk factors for health outcomes, except those related to genetically modified foods. Impact on health inequalities was rarely measured. All interventions with economic evaluations were very cost-effective, had cost savings, or net benefits. In addition to impacting health (inclusive social development), all interventions had the potential to impact on inclusive economic development, and some, on environmental sustainability, though these effects were rarely assessed. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of interventions with expected positive health impacts but with concurrent, rigorous evaluation. Possible impact on health inequalities needs to be considered and measured by future primary studies and systematic reviews, as does impact of interventions on all dimensions of sustainable development.

RESUMEN Objetivos Definir las intervenciones agropecuarias, alimentarias y relativas a la seguridad nutricional que favorecen la producción sostenible de alimentos y tienen efectos positivos sobre la salud. Métodos Se utilizaron métodos de revisión sistemática para sintetizar los datos obtenidos de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas mediante una búsqueda amplia en 17 bases de datos y 10 sitios web conforme a un protocolo predefinido que constaba de criterios de inclusión claros. La búsqueda incluyó tanto bibliografía gris como arbitrada publicada en inglés, español y portugués entre el 1 de enero de 1997 y 1 de noviembre del 2013. Se consideraron “sostenibles” las intervenciones que tuvieron efectos positivos en al menos dos dimensiones del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible y que evaluaron los efectos sobre la salud. Resultados Cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión 15 revisiones sistemáticas y 7 evaluaciones económicas. Todas las intervenciones tuvieron algún efecto sobre la salud o sobre los factores de riesgo de algunos resultados en materia de salud, a excepción de aquellas relacionadas con los alimentos transgénicos. Muy pocos estudios determinaron el efecto de las intervenciones sobre las desigualdades en materia de salud. Todas las intervenciones sometidas a evaluaciones económicas fueron muy eficaces en función de los costos, redujeron los costos o lograron beneficios netos. Además de incidir en la salud (en la dimensión “desarrollo social inclusivo”), todas las intervenciones podrían influir en la dimensión “desarrollo económico inclusivo” y algunas sobre la dimensión “sostenibilidad ambiental”, aunque estos efectos fueron evaluados en muy pocas revisiones sistemáticas. Conclusiones La ejecución cuidadosa de las intervenciones cuya aplicación prevé efectos positivos para la salud debe acompañarse de una evaluación rigurosa. Es preciso tener en cuenta y evaluar, mediante futuros estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas, tanto los posibles efectos sobre las desigualdades en materia de salud como las repercusiones de las intervenciones en todas las dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible.

Energy interventions that facilitate sustainable development and impact health: an overview of systematic reviews / Intervenciones en materia de energía que facilitan el desarrollo sostenible y tienen un impacto positivo en la salud: visión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas

ABSTRACT Objective To inform policy by providing an overview of systematic reviews on interventions that facilitate sustainable energy use and have a positive impact on health. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations through a comprehensive search of 13 databases and nine websites based on a pre-defined protocol, including clear inclusion criteria. Both grey and peer-reviewed literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese during the 17 years from January 1997 – January 2014 was included. To classify as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and include measures of health impact. Results Five systematic reviews and one economic evaluation met the inclusion criteria. The most promising interventions that impacted health were electricity for lighting and other uses (developing countries); improved stoves for cooking and health and/or cleaner fuels for cooking (developing countries); and household energy efficiency measures (developed countries). These interventions also had potential environmental and economic impacts. Their cost-effectiveness is not known, nor is their impact on health inequalities. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of interventions where the impacts are likely to be positive but their implementation needs to be rigorously evaluated, including possible adverse impacts. Care needs to be taken not to exacerbate health inequalities and to consider context, human behavior and cultural factors so that the potential health benefits are realized in real-life implementation. Possible impact on health inequalities needs to be considered and measured in future primary studies and systematic reviews.

RESUMEN Objetivo Fundamentar la política con una visión panorámica de las revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones que facilitan el uso de energía sostenible y tienen un impacto positivo en la salud. Métodos Se usaron métodos de revisión sistemática para sintetizar los datos probatorios de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas mediante una amplia búsqueda en 13 bases de datos y nueve sitios web, sobre la base de un protocolo predefinido, que incluyó criterios de inclusión claros. Se incluyó tanto la bibliografía “gris” como la arbitrada, publicada en inglés, español y portugués durante 17 años, de enero de 1997 a enero del 2014. Para ser consideradas “sostenibles,” las intervenciones debían estar orientadas a lograr una repercusión positiva en al menos dos dimensiones del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible e incluir mediciones de la repercusión en la salud. Resultados Cinco revisiones sistemáticas y una evaluación económica cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Las intervenciones más prometedoras en cuanto al impacto en la salud en esta visión panorámica fueron: la introducción de la electricidad para alumbrado y otros usos (países en desarrollo); las cocinas o estufas mejoradas más saludables o los combustibles más limpios para cocinar (países en desarrollo), y las medidas de eficiencia energética en los hogares (países desarrollados). Estas intervenciones también pueden tener repercusiones ambientales y económicas. No se conoce su costoeficacia ni su efecto en las desigualdades en la salud. Conclusiones Hoy es necesaria la ejecución cuidadosa de las intervenciones cuya repercusión pueda ser positiva pero cuya ejecución debe ser rigurosamente evaluada, incluidas las posibles repercusiones adversas. Se debe tener cuidado de no exacerbar las desigualdades en la salud y tomar en cuenta el contexto, el comportamiento humano y los factores culturales, de modo que los posibles beneficios para la salud se concreten en la ejecución en la vida real. En los futuros estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas se deben considerar y cuantificar las desigualdades en la salud.

The new United Nations approach to sustainable development post-2015: Findings from four overviews of systematic reviews on interventions for sustainable development and health / El nuevo enfoque de las Naciones Unidas sobre el desarrollo sostenible después del 2015: Resultados de cuatro sinopsis de revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones relacionadas con el desarrollo sostenible y la salud

ABSTRACT Objective To identify reported interventions that facilitate sustainable development and have had a positive impact on health in four areas: sustainable food production; sustainable energy use; sustainable jobs (“decent work”); and prevention of toxic exposure to chemicals. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations. A comprehensive search was conducted of at least 14 databases and 8 websites for each of the four overviews, using pre-defined protocols, including clear inclusion criteria. To qualify as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim (explicitly or implicitly) to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and had to include measures of health impact. Results In total, 47 systematic reviews and 10 economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. The most promising interventions, such as agricultural policies, were identified for each of the four topics. While the evidence for the interventions is not strong because of the limited number of studies, there is no evidence of a definite negative impact on health. The only possible exception is that of taxes and subsidies—though this intervention also has the potential to be pro-equity with higher relative impacts for lower income groups. Conclusions The evidence found for effective interventions is useful for guiding countries toward the best options for non-health sector interventions that can positively impact health. This overviews shows that intersectoral work benefits every sector involved.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar las intervenciones notificadas que facilitan el desarrollo sostenible y han tenido un impacto positivo en la salud en cuatro áreas: producción sostenible de alimentos, uso sostenible de la energía, trabajo sostenible (“trabajo digno”), y prevención de la exposición a productos químicos tóxicos. Métodos Se usaron métodos de revisión sistemática para sintetizar la evidencia de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas. Sobre la base de protocolos predefinidos, incluidos criterios de inclusión claros, se realizó una búsqueda en al menos 14 bases de datos y ocho sitios web para cada una de las cuatro sinopsis de revisiones sistemáticas. Para ser consideradas “sostenibles,” las intervenciones debían estar dirigidas (explícita o implícitamente) a lograr efectos positivos en al menos dos dimensiones del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible e incluir mediciones de la repercusión en la salud. Resultados En total, 47 revisiones sistemáticas y 10 evaluaciones económicas cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se identificaron las intervenciones más prometedoras, como las políticas agrícolas, para cada uno de los cuatro temas. Si bien la evidencia sobre las intervenciones no es sólida debido al número limitado de estudios, no hay indicios de un impacto negativo concreto en la salud. La única posible excepción se relaciona con los impuestos y subsidios, aunque esta intervención también tiene el potencial de favorecer la equidad con una repercusión relativa mayor en los grupos de menores ingresos. Conclusiones La evidencia sobre intervenciones eficaces es útil para guiar a los países hacia las mejores opciones de intervención en sectores que no son de salud pero cuya repercusión también será positiva en el de la salud. Estas sinopsis indican que el trabajo intersectorial beneficia a todos los sectores implicados.

Construcción del concepto de salud mental positiva: revisión sistemática / Evolution of the concept of positive mental health: a systematic review

RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar los modelos teóricos que han fundamentado las investigaciones empíricas sobre salud mental positiva desde el momento en que aparece el concepto en el campo de la salud hasta la actualidad. Métodos Se realizó un proceso sistemático de búsqueda de literatura, publicada en las bases de datos PubMed, Ebsco (Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Fuente Académica, MasterFILE premier, MedicLatina, Medline y Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection), Science Direct, Psicodoc, Springer Link, Taylor and Francys, Wiley Online Library, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), Redalyc, Scielo, Ovid, Embase y Proquest (Psychology Journals, Nursing and Allied Health Source, Health and Medical Complete y Social Science Journals). Se utilizó como criterio de búsqueda el descriptor “salud mental positiva”. Resultados De los 51 estudios consultados, 84% presentan un enfoque cuantitativo y también 84% están publicados en inglés y fueron realizados entre los años 2000 y 2014. Se identificaron cinco categorías en la utilización del concepto salud mental positiva: la ausencia de enfermedad como indicador de salud mental positiva, el modelo de Jahoda, el desarrollo de la escala de Lluch, la utilización del concepto de bienestar como sinónimo de salud mental positiva y un reciente interés por diseñar escalas de medición. Conclusiones La salud mental positiva no debe ser entendida como la antinomia del trastorno mental, la ausencia de enfermedad o la simple suma de atributos personales. Es importante avanzar en el desarrollo de modelos conceptuales que servirán como fundamento para el abordaje de la salud mental desde un enfoque centrado en la promoción de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective Characterize the theoretical models that have underpinned empirical research on the concept of positive mental health from the time it first emerged in the field of health up to the present. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EBSCO (including Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Academic Source, MasterFILE Premier, MedicLatina, MEDLINE, and the Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection), Science Direct, Psicodoc, Springer Link, Taylor & Francis, Wiley Online Library, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Redalyc, SciELO, Ovid, Embase, and ProQuest (including Health and Medical Complete, the Nursing and Allied Health Source, Psychology Journals, and Social Science Journals). The search criterion was the descriptor “positive mental health.” Results Of 51 studies consulted, 84% used a quantitative approach; 84% were published in English; and the same percentage were conducted between 2000 and 2014. The concept of positive mental health has been applied in essentially five different ways: as the absence of disease; as the subject of the Jahoda model; as a combination of factors on the Lluch scale; as a synonym of well-being; and as part of more complex scales of measurement. Conclusions Positive mental health should not be viewed as the opposite of a mental disorder, the absence of disease, or the sum of a given set of personal conditions. It is important to move forward in the development of conceptual models that will serve as a basis for approaching mental health from the perspective of health promotion.

Systematic Review of Acupuncture plus Rehabilitation for Post-Stroke Spasm / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To systematically review the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture plus rehabilitation in treating post-stroke spasm and to summarize the commonly-used acupoints.Method The randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized trials of acupuncture plus rehabilitation for post-stroke spasm published from January 1 of 2005 to December 31 of 2014 in China were retrieved from CNKI, WanFang database, and VIP database, etc. by using computer. The eligible studies were recruited for review. Result Totally 15 studies were enrolled. The Meta-analysis showed that the most commonly used acupoints in acupuncture treatment for post-stroke spasm were Quchi (LI 11), Jianyu (LI 15), Hegu (LI 4), Tianjing (TE 10), Waiguan (TE 5), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Chize (LU 5), and so on. Compared to the controls, acupuncture plus rehabilitation had significantly better effective rate [OR=3.13, 95%CI (2.00,4.89),P<0.00001], recovery rate [OR=2.42, 95%CI (1.53,3.83),P=0.0002], MAS score [MD=﹣0.48, 95%CI (﹣0.62,﹣0.35),P<0.00001], FMA score [MD=5.58, 95%CI (4.96,6.20),P<0.00001], and NDS score [SMD=﹣0.68,95%CI (﹣0.91,﹣0.44),P<0.00001].Conclusion Acupuncture plus rehabilitation can effectively mitigate the post-stroke spasm and is worth promoting in clinic; more high-quality researches are expected as the quality of the currently recruited trials is not so satisfactory.

Responsividade da escala de avaliação funcional do sentar e levantar do solo para distrofia muscular de Duchenne (FES-DMD - D4), no período de um ano / Responsiveness of Functional Scale for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - sitting and standing from the ground (FES-DMD - D4) - one year follow

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a responsividade da escala de avaliação funcional para pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne (FES-DMD-D4), sentar e levantar do solo, no período de um ano. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, longitudinal e retrospectivo. Foi estudada, utilizando o software FES-DMDDATA, uma amostra com 25 pacientes na atividade sentar no solo e 28 pacientes para a atividade levantar do solo. As avaliações ocorreram a cada três meses no período de um ano. Para análise estatística da capacidade de resposta foram utilizados índices de tamanho de efeito, como, effect size (ES) e Standardized Response Mean (SRM). RESULTADOS: A responsividade da atividade de sentar no solo foi considerada baixa a moderada em intervalos de três meses (ES de 0.28 a 0.54 e SRM de 0.38 a 0.71), moderada a alta em intervalos de seis meses (ES de 0.69 a 1.07 e SRM de 0.86 a 1.19), alta em intervalos de nove meses (ES de 1.3 a 1.17 e SRM de 1.26 a 1.55) e doze meses (ES de 1.9 e SRM de 1.72). Na atividade levantar do solo, a responsividade variou em baixa, moderada e alta em intervalos de três meses (ES de 0.21 a 0.33 e SRM de 0.45 a 0.83), baixa a alta em intervalos de seis meses (ES de 0.46 a 0.59 e SRM de 0.73 a 0.97), moderada a alta em intervalos de nove meses (ES de 0.76 a 0.88 e SRM de 1.03 a 1.22) e alta em doze meses (ES de 1.14 e SRM de 1.25). CONCLUSÃO: Para detectar alterações clinicamente significativas e consistentes nas atividades funcionais sentar e levantar do solo recomendamos a utilização da FES-DMD-D4 em intervalos a partir de seis meses, pois foi neste período de tempo que a capacidade de resposta variou de moderada a alta.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate responsiveness of functional scale for Duchenne muscular dystrophy - sitting and standing from the ground (FES-DMD - D4) in three months evaluation intervals in a one year follow up. METHODS: Observational, longitudinal and retrospective study. It was studied, using FESDMD- DATA software, films of sample of 25 patients performing sitting on the activity of soil and 28 patients performing the activity of from the ground. The evaluations were performed every three months within one year. The analysis for statistical responsiveness of the instrument we use effect size (ES) and Standardized Response Mean (SRM) tests. RESULTS: The responsiveness of the activity of sitting on the ground was considered low to moderate every three months (ES 0.28 to 0.54 and 0.38 to 0.71 SRM), moderate to high in intervals of six months (ES 0.69 the 1.07 and the 1.19 0.86 SRM), High at intervals of nine months (1,3 ES of the 1.17 and the 1.55 1.26 SRM), and twelve months (ES SRM 1.9 and 1.72). In raising from the ground activity, the responsiveness varied at low, moderate and high in intervals of three months (ES 0.21 to 0.33 and 0.45 to 0.83 SRM), low to high in intervals of six months (ES 0.46 to 0.59 and 0.73 to 0.97 SRM), moderate to high at intervals of nine months (ES 0.76 to 0.88 and 1.03 to 1.22 SRM ) and high in twelve months (ES 1.14 and SRM 1.25). CONCLUSION: To detect clinically significant changes and consistent in functional activities of sitting and standing from the ground we recommend using the FES-DMD-D4 at intervals from six months because it was at this time that the responsiveness was moderate to high.

N-Acetyl Cysteine in the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive compulsive and related disorders are a collection of debilitating psychiatric disorders in which the role of glutamate dysfunction in the underpinning neurobiology is becoming well established. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a glutamate modulator with promising therapeutic effect. This paper presents a systematic review of clinical trials and case reports exploring the use of NAC for these disorders. A further objective was to detail the methodology of current clinical trials being conducted in the area. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library Database were searched for human clinical trials or case reports investigating NAC in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or obsessive compulsive related disorders. Researchers with known involvement in NAC studies were contacted for any unpublished data. RESULTS: Four clinical trials and five case reports/series were identified. Study durations were commonly 12-weeks, using 2,400-3,000 mg/day of NAC. Overall, NAC demonstrates activity in reducing the severity of symptoms, with a good tolerability profile and minimal adverse effects. Currently there are three ongoing randomized controlled trials using NAC for OCD (two adults and one pediatric), and one for excoriation. CONCLUSION: Encouraging results have been demonstrated from the few pilot studies that have been conducted. These results are detailed, in addition to a discussion of future potential research.

Is Folate Status a Risk Factor for Asthma or Other Allergic Diseases?

PURPOSE: It is controversial whether folate status is a risk factor for the development of asthma or other allergic diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether indirect or direct exposure to folate and impaired folate metabolism, reflected as methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism, would contribute to the development of asthma and other allergic diseases. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched to identify all studies assessing the association between folate status and asthma or other allergic diseases. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of studies and extracted data. The relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated and pooled. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies (16 cohort, 7 case-control, and 3 cross-sectional studies) were identified. Maternal folic acid supplementation was not associated with the development of asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), eczema, and sensitization in the offspring, whereas exposure during early pregnancy was related to wheeze occurrence in the offspring (RR=1.06, 95% CI=[1.02-1.09]). The TT genotype of MTHFR C677T polymorphism was at high risk of asthma (OR=1.41, 95% CI=[1.07-1.86]). CONCLUSIONS: It is indicated that maternal folic acid supplementation during early pregnancy may increase the risk of wheeze in early childhood and that the TT genotype of MTHFR C677T polymorphism impairing folic acid metabolism would be at high risk of asthma development. These results might provide additional information for recommendations regarding forced folate consumption or folic acid supplements during pregnancy based on its well-established benefits for the prevention of congenital malformations. However, currently available evidence is of low quality which is needed to further elucidate.

The prevalence of breastfeeding in prematures with very low birth weight - a systematic review / Prevalência do aleitamento materno em prematuros nascidos com muito baixo peso - uma revisão sistemática

PROBLEM: Due to the difficulty in establishing breast feeding among mothers of premature babies, several studies have been carried out to find out the frequency of this practice. National and international indexes are little known, particularly those related to extremely underweight premature babies. The objective of this study was to do a systematic bibliographic review on the prevalence/ duration of breast feeding among mothers of very low birth weight infants. Six data bases were consulted to search for articles on the subject published from 1997 onwards. From the 78 articles related to the topic, 9 dealt with the prevalence and/or duration of breast feeding among mothers of premature babies born weighing less than 1500 grams. Data were summarized in a table containing detailed information on each research. Some issues came up as essential to the subject of breast feeding among mothers of premature babies such as the concept of breast feeding adopted, the sample, the place and year of the study, the design of the study and the time of data collection. As breast feeding is closely related to cultural and social values from each region and country and the mother's decision, it is difficult to compare prevalence from different contexts/worlds. However, some interventions in the studied population were efficient, showing that breast feeding is necessary, difficult and highly demanding yet possible through simple and intentionally systematized actions.

PROBLEMA: Diante da dificuldade em se estabelecer a prática do aleitamento materno entre os prematuros, vários estudos têm sido desenvolvidos para conhecer com que freqüência essa prática tem sido realizada. Porém, particularmente entre aqueles nascidos com muito baixo peso, os indicadores nacionais e internacionais são pouco conhecidos. OBJETIVO: realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática sobre a prevalência/ duração do aleitamento materno entre os prematuros nascidos com muito baixo peso. METODOLOGIA: Seis bases de dados foram pesquisadas, com busca de artigos publicados a partir de 1997. Dos 78 artigos encontrados sobre a temática, foram selecionados nove estudos que trouxeram a prevalência e/ou duração do aleitamento materno entre os prematuros nascidos com peso inferior a 1500g. A síntese dos dados foi realizada por meio de quadro sinóptico com informações detalhadas de cada pesquisa. RESULTADOS: Algumas questões se sobressaíram como fundamentais na realização de estudos de prevalência de aleitamento materno em prematuros, a saber: o significado do conceito de aleitamento utilizado, a amostra, o local e ano do estudo, o desenho do estudo e momento da coleta de dados. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando a prática do aleitamento materno intimamente ligada aos valores culturais e sociais de cada região ou país, além da decisão materna individual, torna-se difícil a comparação entre as prevalências de locais do mundo tão distintos. Entretanto, algumas intervenções se mostraram eficazes, levando-nos a concluir que a prática do aleitamento materno é extremamente necessária, difícil e trabalhosa na população estudada, mas que é possível a partir de ações simples e intencionalmente sistematizadas.