O uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos na agricultura, seus impactos na saúde do trabalhador rural e a consequente responsabilidade civil no Brasil / The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture, its impacts on rural worker's health and the consequent

Esta pesquisa buscou compreender os impactos gerados na saúde do trabalhador rural pelo uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos e os desafios para a responsabilização no Brasil. Contrapôs-se o discurso produtivista, utilizado para ampliar cada vez mais a quantidade e variedade de agrotóxicos utilizados, e o discurso em torno da segurança e soberania alimentar e nutricional, que busca alternativas ao modelo produtivo hegemônico. Para tanto, com uma abordagem qualitativa guiada pela dialética, utilizaram-se pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, além de análises indiretas de dados acerca do uso e da contaminação por agrotóxicos e análises jurisprudenciais acerca da responsabilidade civil decorrente de sua má utilização. Inferiu-se que há casos de responsabilização na jurisprudência brasileira, mas que, pela natureza do dano e pela dificuldade de estabelecer o nexo causal, ela ocorre em caráter excepcional. Como consequência, revelou-se a necessidade de avançar no estudo da responsabilidade e do risco da atividade, de maneira a proteger a saúde humana, em especial a do trabalhador rural, afetado diariamente pelos impactos dos insumos químicos que é obrigado ou, no mínimo, instado a manipular.

This research sought to understand the impacts generated in the health of rural workers due to the indiscriminate use of pesticides and the challenges related to accountability in Brazil. The discourse of productivism, used to progressively increase the amount and the varieties of approved pesticides, is opposed to the discourse on food and nutritional security and sovereignty, which seeks alternatives to the hegemonic productive model. To this end, with a qualitative approach oriented by dialectics, a bibliographic and documentary research were used, as well as indirect analysis of data on the use and contamination by pesticides and jurisprudential analysis of civil liability arising from their misuse. It was inferred that there are cases of liability in Brazilian jurisprudence, but that, due to the nature of the damage and the difficulty of establishing the causal link, it occurs on an exceptional basis. As a consequence, the need to advance in the study of liability and activity risk was revealed, in order to protect human health, especially that of the rural worker, affected daily by the impacts of the chemical inputs that he is forced or, at least, urged to handle.

Inter-relação entre direito e alimentação: percepções de consumidores sobre seus direitos / Interrelations between law and food: consumer perceptions of their rights

A concretização do direito à alimentação saudável implica a necessidade de pesquisas acerca de mecanismos que favoreçam a construção de uma cultura apta a reforçar a adoção de atitudes positivas em prol dessa conquista. A presente pesquisa analisou o conhecimento acerca de direitos fundamentais/consumeristas, identificando aspectos relacionados às práticas alimentares cotidianas do consumidor de alimentos em restaurantes de um mercado público. Tratou-se de pesquisa qualitativa, com notas de observação em diário de campo e roteiro de entrevista. Na análise das narrativas, foi produzido o mapa analítico que entrelaçou as falas dos participantes com as categorias mais relevantes: direitos e alimentação; disponibilidade de informações; exigência de informações pelo consumidor; desistência do consumo devido às condições do local. Observou-se que os entrevistados apresentaram desconhecimento sobre os direitos relacionados à alimentação. Tempo, preço, sabor, praticidade e higiene foram valores destacados nas narrativas, porém, não se mostrou compromisso em publicizar dados importantes sobre produtos e serviços oferecidos nos restaurantes. A compreensão dos resultados aponta a necessidade de uma educação em direito à segurança alimentar e nutricional na cadeia de produção e comercialização de alimentos, uma vez que a alimentação precisa ser pensada de modo multidimensional.

The realization of the right to healthy eating implies the need for research on mechanisms that favor the construction of a culture capable of reinforcing the adoption of positive attitudes in favor of this achievement. This research analyzed the knowledge about fundamental rights/consumers, identifying aspects related to the daily eating practices of the food consumer in restaurants in a public market. It is a qualitative research, with observation notes in a field diary and an interview script. In the analysis of the narratives, an analytical map was produced that intertwined the speeches of the participants (3 men and 2 women) with the most relevant categories: rights and food; availability of information; consumer demand for information; consumer demand for information; withdrawal from consumption due to local conditions. It was observed that with regard to knowledge of law related to food, the interviewees showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the narratives, but there is no commitment to publicize important data about products and showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the narratives, but there is no commitment to publicize important data about products and services offered in restaurants. Understanding the results shows the need for education in the right to food and nutrition security in the food production and marketing chain, since food needs to be thought of in a multidimensional way.

Derecho a la alimentación: ¿Qué dicen las constituciones de América y el Caribe?

RESUMEN Introducción: Numerosos países de América y el Caribe cuentan con el derecho constitucional a la Alimentación. Chile no cuenta con este derecho constitucionalizado. Objetivo: Describir comparativamente cómo se encuentra explícito el derecho a la alimentación (DA) en la Constitución de los países de América y el Caribe, generando insumos para aquellos países que no cuentan con este derecho explícito, como en Chile. Fuentes de datos: Esta búsqueda se realizó en las plataformas: Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN-CELAC), Derecho a la Alimentación en el Mundo (FAO) y Constitute Project que presenta las constituciones del mundo. Método de revisión: Se realizó una revisión todas las constituciones disponibles de los países independientes de América y el Caribe y de países con territorios dependientes y departamentos de ultramar en la Región. Posteriormente, en aquellos países que presentan el DA de forma explícita en su texto constitucional, se realizó una revisión sobre las características generales del texto constitucional y de los conceptos asociados a la definición del DA, sugeridos por la FAO. La revisión se llevó a cabo entre los meses de junio y septiembre de 2020. Resultados: Del total de los países revisados (n= 42), solo el 40,5% presentó el DA explícito en su texto constitucional. La seguridad alimentaria es el concepto que aparece con mayor frecuencia. Conclusión: La mayor parte de las constituciones acompañan el DA con características de seguridad alimentaria, disponibilidad y accesibilidad, e incluyen alguna forma de judicialización, conceptos que deberían ser incorporadas la nueva Carta Magna de Chile.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Many American and Caribbean countries consider the right to food as constitutional right. Chile does not have this explicit right in the Constitution. Objective: To describe comparatively how the right to food is explicit in the constitutions of American and Caribbean countries, generating inputs for those countries that do not have this constitutional right, such as the case of Chile. Data sources: This research was carried out on platforms: Food and Nutritional Security (SAN-CELAC), Right to Food in the World (FAO) and Constitute Project which presents constitutions of the world. Revision method: A revision was made of all available constitutions of American and independent Caribbean countries, dependent territories and overseas departments in the Region. Subsequently, in those countries which explicitly consider the right to food in constitutional texts, a review of general characteristics and right to food-associated concepts, suggested by FAO, was carried out. The review was carried out between June and September 2020. Results: Of the total of countries reviewed (n= 42), 40.5% presented the right to food in constitutional text. The most frequently associated concept was food security. Conclusion: Most of the revised constitutions accompany the right to food with food safety, availability and accessibility characteristics, and include kinds of judicialization, concepts that should be incorporated into the new Magna Carta of Chile.

Assessment of the realisation of the right to adequate food in the Blue Crane Route (Eastern Cape, South Africa)

Objectives: To assess whether the right to adequate food (RtF) is realised by children and primary caregivers and what actions are required to fully realise this right. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was undertaken using a mixed-methods approach. Setting and subjects: Rural and urban primary caregivers of children (one to five years old) were recruited if they had resided in the Blue Crane Route (Eastern Cape) for at least six months. Purposefully selected key informants (KIs) involved in nutrition and food security, health or governance participated in in-depth interviews.Outcome measures: Primary caregivers responded to interviewer-administered questionnaires (IAQ) (N = 161), which investigated various indicators supporting the realisation of the RtF. Statistical analysis of quantitative data examined relationships between urban and rural participants. Significance was considered at p < 0.05. In-depth interviews with key informants (KIs) examined the perceptions of 11 prominent community leaders. Qualitative data were coded deductively and common themes identified. Results: Based on the IAQ, half (51%) of the caregivers had experienced risk of, or food insecurity in the past month. Common themes indicative of suboptimal realisation of the RtF included insufficient employment opportunities, inadequate policies and programme implementation, and inadequate agrarian practices, while the child support grant partially supported the realisation of the RtF. Caregivers felt disempowered by a sense of inability to realise the right themselves without government assistance but KIs suggested that caregivers needed to take responsibility. Conclusion: The RtF of children and their caregivers is not fully realised in the Blue Crane Route. Concerted, multidisciplinary approaches using a rights-based approach to implement policies and programmes are needed, together with the empowerment of the community with necessary skills and resources to further the realisation of the RtF.

Derecho a la alimentación y COVID-19: Estudio cualitativo de percepciones de actores clave en Chile

RESUMEN La pandemia por COVID-19 y las medidas sanitarias para su control han afectado la alimentación de las personas, lo que probablemente lleve a cifras elevadas de malnutrición en todas sus formas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las percepciones de un grupo de actores clave sobre el aseguramiento del derecho a la alimentación en contexto de pandemia en Chile. El presente es un estudio cualitativo realizado en Chile. Los/as entrevistados fueron seleccionados/as por conveniencia y con una visión transdisciplinaria. Se realizaron 26 entrevistas semiestructuradas online, durante septiembre y octubre de 2020. El análisis de los datos se realizó utilizando un enfoque inductivo y un análisis temático, organizando la información en el software Atlas.ti 9.0. Los discursos de las y los participantes permitieron obtener 4 temas: 1. Seguridad alimentaria en tiempos de pandemia, 2. Apreciación de las estrategias alimentarias gubernamentales, 3. Respuesta comunitaria a la pandemia y 4. Otras miradas para el enfrentamiento de la pandemia. Se concluye que el acceso a los alimentos es la dimensión del derecho a la alimentación más afectada en el país en pandemia. Se reconocen estrategias estatales para mantener la alimentación de la población, sin embargo, estas se perciben como insuficientes. Por otro lado, se destaca la relevancia de la organización comunitaria. Se hace necesario realizar un seguimiento sobre las acciones tomadas para garantizar el derecho a la alimentación en el país y conocer la experiencia de otros países de América Latina y el Caribe para prepararse para futuras crisis.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic and the sanitary measures to control it have affected people's diets, which is likely to lead to high rates of malnutrition in all its forms. The objective of this study was to describe the perceptions of a group of key actors on the assurance of the right to food in the context of a pandemic. This was a qualitative study conducted in Chile. The interviewees were selected by convenience with a transdisciplinary approach. We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews online, during September and October 2020. Data analysis was carried out using an inductive approach and a thematic analysis. We organized information using Atlas.ti 9.0 software. From the participants' narratives, we obtained 4 themes: 1. Food security in times of pandemic, 2. Appreciation of government food strategies, 3. Community response to the pandemic and 4. Other perspectives for facing the pandemic. We concluded that access to food is the dimension of the right to food most affected during the pandemic. State strategies are recognized as maintaining the population's nutrition; however, these are perceived as insufficient. On the other hand, the relevance of community organization stands out. It is necessary to monitor the actions taken to guarantee the right to food in the country and learn about the experience of other Latin American and Caribbean countries to prepare for future crises.

Medición de la seguridad alimentaria en estudiantes de la licenciatura en nutrición de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza en el año 2018 / Measurement of food security in nutrition students of the National University of La Matanza in 2018

RESUMEN Introducción: la seguridad alimentaria existe cuando todas las personas tienen en todo momento acceso físico y económico a suficientes alimentos inocuos y nutritivos para satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias y sus preferencias en cuanto a los alimentos para llevar una vida activa y sana. Garantizar la seguridad alimentaria hace referencia específicamente a satisfacer un derecho básico: el derecho humano a la alimentación. Objetivo: correlacionar el grado de seguridad alimentaria con la capacidad económica de los hogares de los alumnos de la carrera de nutrición de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (UNLAM), La Matanza 2018 Materiales y método: diseño descriptivo transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta que incluyó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de la Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA) propuesta por FAO. También se midió la capacidad económica de los hogares de los estudiantes con el índice CAPECO utilizado por el INDEC. Resultados: solo el 36% de los hogares de la muestra presenta seguridad alimentaria. El 63,7% de los estudiantes evaluados (n=369) padece alguna situación de inseguridad alimentaria en su hogar. Se observa relación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y la capacidad económica en los hogares (p=0.0013). El lugar de residencia se relaciona con la seguridad alimentaria (p=0.04). Los estudiantes que viven en La Matanza presentan los mayores porcentajes de inseguridad alimentaria (67,7%) seguido de quienes viven en otras zonas del Gran Buenos Aires (62,2%). Entre quienes viven en CABA no hay hogares con capacidad económica baja ni muy baja y la inseguridad alimentaria tiende a ser más leve además de inferior (45,5%). Conclusiones: Resulta alarmante el elevado porcentaje de estudiantes de Nutrición que presentan dificultades en sus hogares para asegurar una alimentación adecuada a través de esta medición. Se debería monitorear en el tiempo este indicador dentro de la carrera comparar también con otras carreras de la Universidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: food security exists when all people have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food at all times to meet their nutritional needs and food preferences in order to lead an active and healthy life. Ensuring food security refers specifically to satisfying a basic right: the human right to food. Objective: to relate the degree of food safety with the economic capacity among students attending the nutrition career at National University of La Matanza, (UNLaM), La Matanza, 2018. Materials and Method: transversal descriptive design. A survey was applied that included the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA) proposed by FAO. The economic capacity of the students' homes was also measured with the CAPECO index used by INDEC. Results: only 36% of households in the sample have food security. 63.7% of the students evaluated (n = 369) suffer from food insecurity in their homes. There is a relationship between food insecurity and economic capacity in households (p=0.0013). The place of residence is related to food security (p=0.04). Students living in La Matanza have the highest percentages of food insecurity (67.7%) followed by those living in other areas of Greater Buenos Aires (62.2%). Among those living in CABA there are no households with low or very low economic capacity and food insecurity tends to be milder as well as lower (45.5%). Conclusions: the high percentage of Nutrition students who have difficulties in their homes to ensure adequate food through this measurement is alarming. This indicator should be monitored over time within the career and it should also be compared with other careers of the University.

Efetividade do direito à alimentação: o que a produção científica nas áreas do direito e da saúde coletiva possibilitam compreender? / Effectiveness of the right to food: what does scientific production in the areas of law and public health make it possible to understand?

A alimentação é um direito humano fundamental, de cunho social e político, cabendo ao Estado garantir sua efetividade e executar medidas de combate à omissão a quaisquer violações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender como a efetividade do direito à alimentação é abordada pela literatura científica, tanto na área do direito quanto na da saúde coletiva. Tratou-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado por meio de análise de conteúdo lexical da produção científica nas áreas escolhidas, utilizando-se o software Iramuteq. Concluiu-se que existe uma diferença significativa na abordagem da efetividade do direito à alimentação por pesquisadores do direito e da saúde coletiva. Ainda há muito a se avançar na pesquisa e análise sobre a efetividade desse direito em termos concretos e no alcançar na vida de todos os brasileiros.

The right to food is a fundamental human right, of a social and political nature, and it is up to the State to guarantee its effectiveness and implement measures to combat the omission of any violations. The objective of the present study was to understand how the effectiveness of the right to food is addressed in the scientific literature both in the area of law and of public health. This was a study with qualitative approach conducted through a lexical content analysis of scientific production in the chosen areas, using the Iramuteq software. It was concluded that there is a significant difference in the approach regarding the effectiveness of the right to food by researchers of both areas. There is still much to advance in the research and analysis on the effectiveness of this right in concrete terms and in reaching the life of all Brazilians.

Un balance de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en Venezuela 2000-2020 / A balance of food and nutrition security in Venezuela. 2000-2020

Venezuela está atravesando procesos de decrecimiento económico lo que profundiza la crisis alimentaria y aumenta la violencia. Venezuela está viviendo la mayor crisis institucional, social, económica, política, moral, cultural de su historia, lo que incluye la pérdida de su capital humano por motivos de la emigración masiva y forzosa habida en los últimos años y también por la violencia, inseguridad ciudadana, por el incremento de la desigualdad social y la destrucción del Estado de Derecho. La crisis venezolana es una crisis de carácter multidimensional, la más profunda, compleja y larga de su historia moderna cuyas causas tienen que ver con la erosión continua de la institucionalidad, la pérdida progresiva de los valores democráticos, con el desdibujamiento del Estado y con el auge de un populismo autocrático que viola constantemente los principales derechos humanos. Ello sucede sin que en el país haya habido desastres naturales o conflictos bélicos. Los diversos programas sociales dirigidos a la soberanía alimentaria implementados durante las dos últimas décadas estuvieron atados a la volatilidad de los precios petroleros. Por otra parte, presentan un descuido extremo en cuanto a la calidad institucional de su gestión, se caracterizan por una acrecentada tendencia hacia la inefectividad y un agravamiento de la desprofesionalización de la administración pública. Ausencia de planificación y de evaluación desnudan las grandes y graves limitaciones de la gran mayoría de estos programas. Hoy en día el país está sumido en una crisis humanitaria compleja que ya lleva 5 años sin perspectivas claras de progreso(AU)

enezuela is going through a process of economic decline, which is deepening the food crisis and increasing violence. Venezuela is experiencing the greatest institutional, social, economic, political, moral and cultural crisis in its history, which includes the loss of its human capital due to massive and forced emigration in recent years, as well as violence, citizen insecurity, increased social inequality and the destruction of the rule of law. The Venezuelan crisis is a multidimensional crisis, the deepest, most complex and longest in its modern history, the causes of which have to do with the continuous erosion of institutions, the progressive loss of democratic values, the blurring of the state and the rise of an autocratic populism that constantly violates the main human rights. This is happening without any natural disasters or armed conflicts in the country. The various social programs aimed at food sovereignty implemented over the last two decades have been tied to the volatility of oil prices. On the other hand, they show extreme neglect in terms of the institutional quality of their management and are characterized by an increased tendency towards ineffectiveness and a worsening of the de-professionalization of public administration. The absence of planning and evaluation reveal the great and serious limitations of the vast majority of these programs. The country is currently in the midst of a complex humanitarian crisis that has been going on for five years with no clear prospects for progress(AU)

Análisis de la canasta básica alimentaria de Costa Rica: oportunidades desde la alimentación y nutrición / Analysis of the Costa Rican Basic Food Basket: Opportunities for improving Feeding and Nutrition

Resumen: Introducción: La canasta básica alimentaria (CBA) es un conjunto de alimentos y bebidas, que se elabora a partir del consumo reportado por los costarricenses y considera tres criterios fundamentales: universalidad, aporte energético y porcentaje del gasto. Objetivo: Identificar la congruencia de la estructura de la CBA actual, con el derecho humano a la alimentación de la población costarricense. Metodología: A partir de la estructura de la CBA urbana actual, se compararon las cantidades de alimentos allí sugeridas con las recomendaciones de las Guías Alimentarias para Costa Rica. Se comparó el perfil de energía y nutrientes contra las recomendaciones dietéticas diarias. Se realizó una recreación de las cantidades de alimentos de la CBA para un día. Se realizaron modificaciones para una CBA sugerida con un mejor perfil nutricional y se costeó para comparar el costo de la CBA sugerida con la CBA actual. Resultados y discusión: Se incorporan en la CBA sugerida 21 alimentos, se eliminan seis, se aumenta la cantidad sugerida de dos y se disminuye la cantidad sugerida de uno. Se logra con ello aumentar el aporte de fibra dietética, calcio, magnesio, potasio, zinc, vitaminas C, E y K y reducir la cantidad de azúcar total, azúcar agregada, sodio y colesterol. Con estos cambios, el costo de la CBA sugerida se reduce ligeramente Conclusiones: Se necesita contemplar en la CBA otros aspectos nutricionales, además del aporte energético de los alimentos, como el aporte de los micronutrientes, los cuales son esenciales para la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, que son uno de los principales problemas de salud que aqueja la población en la actualidad. Por lo tanto, la CBA debe ser replanteada para ofrecer un mínimo alimentario congruente, de manera que se estimule y favorezca una alimentación balanceada, variada y adecuada para las necesidades nutricionales de la población en Costa Rica

Abstract: Introduction: The Basic Food Basket (CBA) consists of a list of foods and beverages that represent current food habits in Costa Rica. Criteria for including an item in the CBA are universality, energy and protein contribution and percentage of total expenditure on food. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the inclusion of nutritional criteria can improve the structure of the current CBA, without increasing cost and contribute to a greater congruence with the human right to food. Methodology: The quantities of foods included in the current urban CBA were compared with the Food Guideline recommendations and the nutritional content of foods in the CBA was compared with the daily nutrient recommendations. Suggested modifications were made so that the CBA has a better nutritional profile and its cost calculated to see the impact at the economic level. A recreation of the amounts of CBA food for one day was performed. Results and discussion: 21 additional foods were incorporated into the suggested CBA, six were eliminated, two foods were increased in quantity and in one quantity was decreased. It is possible to increase the contribution of dietary fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, vitamins C, E and K and reduce the contribution of total sugar, added sugar, sodium and cholesterol without increasing cost; in fact the cost of the modified CBA is slightly reduced. Conclusions: It is possible to include additional nutritional criteria such as micronutrient content in the formulation of the CBA without increasing cost. The structure of the CBA should be reviewed to offer a more adequate, balanced, and varied diet that responds to the current nutritional needs of the population in Costa Rica.

Aproximación a la alimentación y nutrición en dos comunidades pobres de Venezuela / Approach to food and nutrition in two poor communities in eastern Venezuela

En los últimos 20 años han ocurrido cambios que han impactado directamente en la calidad de vida y en la alimentación de la población, incrementando la prevalencia de subalimentados debido a la dificultad en la adquisición de alimentos en cantidad y calidad adecuada para cubrir sus necesidades. Se aplicó una encuesta entre los meses de octubre - diciembre de 2019, en 80 hogares, que participaron de manera voluntaria. El 75% de las encuestadas fueron mujeres solteras jefas de hogar, quienes percibieron mensualmente entre 3,2 a 3,8 $ de ingreso. En estos hogares el consumo más frecuente fue de 10 alimentos, entre ellos, sal, azúcar, café, harina de maíz, aceite, margarina y arroz, en menor cantidad, los alimentos fuente de proteínas animal y alimentos ricos en vitaminas y minerales como frutas y vegetales. Además 59,2% de las familias reportaron haber reducido el número de comidas, el tamaño de las raciones y algunos de los adultos dejaron de comer para alimentar a los niños. La mayoría de los entrevistados no pudo cubrir la alimentación y la deficiencia de servicios básicos, contribuyo agravar la situación. Se observó un estado de inseguridad alimentaria, alto desempleo, migración masculina, bajo nivel educativo, CLAP irregulares, alta vulnerabilidad de inseguridad alimentaria, en hogares con jefes de hogar mujeres. Es indispensable rediseñar las políticas sociales y de seguridad alimentaria enfocados a estimular el empleo, la capacitación, mejorar los servicios, el ingreso, la disponibilidad y el acceso a los alimentos, la calidad de vida y la salud de las personas(AU)

In the last 20 years there have been changes that have directly impacted the quality of life and the diet of the population, increasing the prevalence of the undernourished due to the difficulty in acquiring food in adequate quantity and quality to meet their needs. A survey was applied between the months of October - December 2019, in 80 households, which participated voluntarily. 75% of the surveys were single women heads of household, who earned between $ 3.2 and $ 3.8 in monthly income. In these households, the most frequent consumption were 10 foods, among them, salt, sugar, coffee, corn flour, oil, margarine, and rice, in less quantity, sources of animal proteins and foods rich in vitamins and minerals such as fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, 59.2% of the families reported having reduced the number of meals, the size of the portions and some of the adults had stopped eating to feed their children. Most of the interviewees could not cover food security and the lack of basic services, contributed to aggravating the situation. A situation of food insecurity, high unemployment, male migration, low educational level, irregular CLAP distribution, high vulnerability of food insecurity, was observed in households with female heads of household. It is essential to redesign social and food security policies focused on stimulating employment, training, improving services, income, availability and access to food, quality of life and people's health(AU)

El derecho a la alimentación y la justicia de género en Venezuela. Indicadores de Progreso / The Right to Food and Gender Justice in Venezuela. Progress Indicators

Se establecieron Indicadores estructurales, de procesos y de resultados, como indicadores de procesos basados en los establecidos en el Protocolo de San Salvador, para el monitoreo del derecho a la alimentación en Venezuela bajo el principio transversal de igualdad y no discriminación: la justicia de género. Al determinar Indicadores estructurales, se estableció que en Venezuela no se contempla el derecho a la alimentación adecuada, bajo una declaración expresa en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y/o las Leyes establecidas para tal fin, debiendo establecerse su declaración expresa bajo el orden jurídico legal del país, así como su vinculación con poblaciones en situación de vulnerabilidad, atendiendo lo concerniente al derecho a la alimentación y la población con justicia de género. Los Indicadores de procesos establecidos determinaron una elevada opacidad estadística en instituciones oficiales y gubernamentales sobre los alcances del establecimiento de las denominadas misiones sociales y programas de ayuda alimentaria, así como el alcance desglosado de los programas por grupos tradicionalmente excluidos como el enfoque de justicia de género. Al determinar indicadores de resultados, no se evidenciaron en los portales oficiales de los entes del Estado, la existencia de estadísticas de tasa de desnutrición de forma general o para distintos sectores poblacionales (niños, niñas, jóvenes, mujeres, adultos mayores, personas con discapacidad, grupos étnicos) sobre la base de la Tasa de desnutrición global. La aplicación de estos indicadores determinaron el no cumplimiento por parte del estado, de la garantía de un derecho a la alimentación adecuada, requiriéndose una profunda transformación estructural y de procesos, bajo la premisa de los derechos humanos, a los fines de poder establecer una significativa y necesaria mejora en los indicadores de resultados, así como generar soluciones para transformar las desigualdades de género, ante la creciente tendencia del establecimiento de una feminización de la pobreza en Venezuela(AU)

Structural, process and result indicators were established, as process indicators based on those established in the Protocol of San Salvador, for monitoring the right to food in Venezuela, under the cross-cutting principle of equality and non-discrimination: gender justice . When determining structural indicators, it was established that in Venezuela the right to adequate food is not contemplated, under an express declaration in the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and / or the Laws established for that purpose, and its express declaration must be established under the legal order of the country, as well as its relationship with populations in vulnerable situations, taking into account the right to food and the population with gender justice. The indicators of established processes determined, a high statistical opacity in official and governmental institutions regarding the scope of the establishment of the so-called social missions and food aid programs, as well as the disaggregated scope of the programs by traditionally excluded groups, such as the gender justice approach. When determining results indicators, the existence of statistics on the malnutrition rate in general or for different population sectors (boys, girls, youth, women, older adults, people with disabilities, ethnic groups) based on the Global Malnutrition Rate, was not evidenced in the official portals of the State entities. The application of these indicators determined the non-compliance by the state with the guarantee of a right to adequate food, requiring a profound structural and process transformation, under the premise of human rights, in order to establish a significant and necessary improvement in the results indicators, as well as generating solutions to transform gender inequalities, given the growing trend of the establishment of a feminization of poverty in Venezuela(AU)

El derecho a la alimentación y la feminización de la pobreza en Venezuela / The right to food and feminization of poverty in Venezuela

El Estado no ha utilizado todos los recursos disponibles para garantizar la realización progresiva del derecho a la alimentación. Este incumplimiento sistemático, profundiza la vulnerabilidad del derecho a la alimentación de la nación, agrava la inseguridad alimentaria y la crisis social y económica del país, lo que deriva en la incidencia directa en las mujeres, de situaciones que fomentan la feminización de la pobreza. Este artículo presenta una revisión del subconsumo calórico crónico e inadecuado en mujeres, con énfasis en mujeres embarazadas, el fomento de la existencia de matricentralidad, el aumento en la proporción de hogares con jefaturas de hogar ejercida por mujeres, la desigualdad de ingresos por género, la afectación de la salud reproductiva y aumento sustancial del embarazo precoz y muerte materna, el aumento en la proporción de mujeres económicamente inactivas, el aumento de brecha generacional en la dedicación en exclusividad de los quehaceres del hogar, y la segregación y discriminación laboral. Se evidenció en el país, una tendencia general de mujeres sobrecargadas de trabajo, con una tendencia al aumento de jefaturas del hogar ejercida por mujeres y una tendencia creciente a una feminización de la pobreza. Las observaciones indican que existen más posibilidades de que los hogares encabezados por mujeres sean más pobres y que la feminización de la pobreza acarrea la feminización de las estrategias de supervivencia y la posible continuidad generacional de la pobreza(AU)

The government has not used all available resources to guarantee the progressive realization of the right to food. This systematic breach deepens the vulnerability of the nation's right to food, aggravates food insecurity and the country's social and economic crisis, resulting in the direct impact on women of situations that foster the feminization of poverty. This article presents a review of chronic and inadequate caloric under-consumption in women, with emphasis on pregnant women, the promotion of the existence of matricentrality, the increase in the proportion of households headed by women, and income inequality by gender, the affectation of reproductive health and substantial increase in early pregnancy and maternal death, the increase in the proportion of economically inactive women, the increase in the generation gap in the exclusive dedication of household chores, and segregation and discrimination labor. In the country, there was a general tendency of women overloaded with work, with a tendency to increase the number of heads of households exercised by women and a growing tendency towards the constitution of a feminization of poverty. The observations indicate that there are more possibilities for women-headed households to be poorer and that the feminization of poverty leads to the feminization of survival strategies and the possible generational continuity of poverty(AU)

O indigesto sistema do alimento mercadoria / The indigestible system of food as commodity

A caracterização do alimento enquanto mercadoria surge por meio de um sistema alimentar cada vez mais concentrado e determinado por poucas empresas transnacionais, sendo essa uma das consequências da crise estrutural do capitalismo. Entender como a alimentação está dominada pela lógica privada do capital e como o alimento virou mercadoria é uma das chaves para explicar o atual cenário produtor de doenças e de desigualdades econômicas e sociais. A metodologia utilizada neste artigo partiu da perspectiva teórica marxista determinada pela concepção crítica-dialética e de outras abordagens heterodoxas sobre a fase atual do capitalismo. Propõe-se uma discussão sobre o contexto recente do sistema alimentar global e o processo de massificação do alimento em mercadoria, sobre os traços gerais da dinâmica do capitalismo contemporâneo e sua crise com impactos sobre o sistema alimentar e sobre como esse novo contexto constrange o Estado brasileiro na garantia da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e no Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada, impondo desafios importantes no campo da saúde pública e na garantia de direitos humanos.

The characterization of food as a consumable commodity emerges from a food system which is becoming increasingly concentrated and determined by few multinational corporations. This is one of the consequences of the capitalist structural crisis. Understanding how the production of food is dominated by the logics of private property and how food has become a commodity is essential in explaining the current context, which is leading to more diseases and social-economic inequalities. The methodology used in this article is based on the perspective of Marxist theory, determined by the emergence of dialectical criticism, as well as on heterodox approaches towards the current state of capitalism. This article proposes a discussion about the recent context of the global food system and the process of mass production of food as commodity, the general lines of the contemporary capitalist dynamics and its crisis with the impact on the food system. Moreover, how this new context is restricting Brazil in guaranteeing food and nutrition safety, as well as the Human Right to Adequate Food, thus giving rise to new and notable challenges in the field of public health and in securing human rights to citizens.

El derecho a la alimentación: algunos elementos para su análisis / The right to food: some elements for analysis

Este artículo presenta el tema del derecho a la alimentación a partir de cuatro aspectos: a) contenido del derecho, b) obligaciones de los Estados para hacerlo efectivo; c) elementos, vías y recursos para su exigibilidad y justiciabilidad y d) reconocimiento y garantía en el derecho interno venezolano. Se parte de la definición del Primer Relator Especial de Naciones Unidas para el Derecho a la Alimentación, Jean Ziegler; se examinan las obligaciones básicas de los Estados en la materia; se presentan los mecanismos que posibilitan la vigilancia del cumplimiento del Derecho y se muestran las iniciativas normativas venezolanas sobre este derecho llevadas a cabo desde 1999. La revisión documental realizada permite afirmar que: 1) la Constitución de 1999 no reconoce expresamente el derecho a la alimentación; 2) el Estado venezolano se encuentra en mora con los instrumentos internacionales que ha suscrito y ratificado en materia de derecho a la alimentación; 3) la realización del derecho a la alimentación, en Venezuela es una tarea pendiente que requiere de normas, políticas, programas, mecanismos y compromisos que permitan su efectivo cumplimiento(AU)

This article examines the topic of the right to food from four aspects: a) content of the law, b) obligations of the States to make it effective, c) elements, mechanisms and media for his enforceability and justiciability; d) recognition and guarantee in the internal Venezuelan right. It is assumed the definition of the First Special Relator of United Nations for the Law to the Food, Jean Ziegler; the basic obligations of the States: to respect, to protect and to fulfil are examined; it present the mechanisms that make possible the monitoring compliance with of the fulfillment of the Law and shows the normative Venezuelan initiatives on this right that has been carried out from 1999. The documentary revision shows that: 1) The Constitution of 1999 does not recognize expressly the right to the Food. 2) The Venezuelan State is failing with the international instruments that it has signed and ratified about the right to the food, and 3) unfortunately, the accomplishment of the right to the food, in Venezuela, is a hanging task that it needs of procedure, policies, programs, mechanisms and commitments that allow his effective fulfillment(AU)

El derecho a la alimentación como derecho humano / The right to food as a human right

El derecho a la alimentación es incorporado como un derecho humano en el artículo 25 en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, en la cual se reconocen la dignidad y la igualdad inherentes a todas las personas. El objetivo de este trabajo es resumir los principales planteamientos contenidos en los instrumentos internacionales relacionados con ese derecho. Se trata de esclarecer, de acuerdo con esos instrumentos y con las reflexiones que se dan en el marco del sistema internacional de derechos humanos, en qué consiste el derecho a la alimentación adecuada, cuáles son las garantías que lo harán posible, cuáles son las obligaciones de los Estados, qué medidas deben adoptar éstos para que efectivamente se realice y cuáles son los mecanismos para su exigibilidad y justiciabilidad. Se finaliza indicando que, con el fin de garantizar el derecho a la alimentación, se requiere de la participación interinstitucional, intergubernamental, de la academia y la sociedad civil, con énfasis la importancia de erradicar la pobreza extrema y el hambre en el mundo.

The right to adequate food is included as a human right in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in which dignity and equality are recognized as inherent to all people. The objective of the present work is to summarize the main statements contained in the international instruments related to this right. The text tries to clarify -according to such instruments and the derived thoughts in the international human rights system- what is the right to adequate food, what are the guarantees that can make it possible, what are the States commitments, what actions should be taken by them in order to effectively realize it, and what are the mechanisms that allow this right to be enforceable and justiciable. It ends stating that -with the aim to guarantee the right to food- interinstitutional, intergovernmental, academic and social participation are required, emphasizing the importance of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger worldwide.

Derecho a la alimentación / Right to food

En abril de 2009 se conformó en la Asociación Argentina de Dietistas y Nutricionistas Dietistas el Grupo de Estudio sobre Soberanía Alimentaria, constituido por un grupo de licenciadosen nutrición con interés en el tema. Como primer objetivo, el Grupo se propuso estudiar tres temas: “el Derecho a laAlimentación”, “la Producción y Disponibilidad de alimentos enArgentina” y “la Canasta Básica de Alimentos”. En el presente artículo se expone un resumen de los avances en el primer tema mencionado.

In April 2009, was formed in the Argentina Association of Dieticians and Nutritionists Dietitians the Study Group on Food Sovereignty, established by a group of graduates in nutrition with interest in the subject. As a first objective, the Group was to examine three issues: "The Right to Food", "Production and Availability of food in Argentina" and "Basic Food Basket." This article is a summary of progress on the first topic mentioned.