Razão de mortalidade hospitalar padronizada: limites e potencialidades do indicador para a avaliação do desempenho hospitalar no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil / Hospital standardized mortality ratio: limits and potential of the indicator for assessing hospital performance in the Brazilian Unified National Health System / Razón de mortalidad hospitalaria estandarizada: límites y potencialidades del indicador para la evaluación del desempeño hospitalario en el Sistema Único de Salud, Brasil

Resumo: Análises comparativas, baseadas em indicadores de desempenho clínico, para monitorar a qualidade da assistência hospitalar vêm sendo realizadas há décadas em vários países, com destaque para a razão de mortalidade hospitalar padronizada (RMHP). No Brasil, ainda são escassos os estudos e a adoção de instrumentos metodológicos que permitam análises regulares do desempenho das instituições. O objetivo deste artigo foi explorar o uso da RMHP para a comparação do desempenho dos hospitais remunerados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O Sistema de Informações Hospitalares foi a fonte de dados sobre as internações de adultos realizadas no Brasil entre 2017 e 2019. A abordagem metodológica para estimar a RMHP foi adaptada aos dados disponíveis e incluiu as causas de internação (diagnóstico principal) responsáveis por 80% dos óbitos. O número de óbitos esperados foi estimado por um modelo de regressão logística que incluiu variáveis preditoras amplamente descritas na literatura. A análise foi realizada em duas etapas: (i) nível da internação e (ii) nível do hospital. O modelo final de ajuste de risco apresentou estatística C de 0,774, valor considerado adequado. Foi observada grande variação da RMHP, especialmente entre os hospitais com pior desempenho (1,54 a 6,77). Houve melhor desempenho dos hospitais privados em relação aos hospitais públicos. Apesar de limites nos dados disponíveis e desafios ainda vislumbrados para a sua utilização mais refinada, a RMHP é aplicável e tem potencial para se tornar um elemento importante na avaliação do desempenho hospitalar no SUS.

Abstract: Comparative analyses based on clinical performance indicators to monitor the quality of hospital care have been carried out for decades in several countries, most notably the hospital standardized mortality ratio (HSMR). In Brazil, studies and the adoption of methodological tools that allow regular analysis of the performance of institutions are still scarce. This study aimed to assess the use of HSMR to compare the performance of hospitals funded by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). The Hospital Information System was the source of data on adult hospitalizations in Brazil from 2017 to 2019. The methodological approach to estimate HSMR was adapted to the available data and included the causes of hospitalization (main diagnosis) responsible for 80% of deaths. The number of expected deaths was estimated using a logistic regression model that included predictor variables widely described in the literature. The analysis was conducted in two stages: (i) hospitalization level and (ii) hospital level. The final risk adjustment model showed a C-statistic of 0.774, which is considered adequate. The variation in HSMR was wide, especially among the worst-performing hospitals (1.54 to 6.77). Private hospitals performed better than public hospitals. Although the limits of the available data and the challenges still face its more refined use, HSMR is applicable and has the potential to become an important tool for assessing hospital performance in the SUS.

Resumen: Durante décadas se han realizado en varios países análisis comparativos basados en indicadores de desempeño clínico para monitorear la calidad de la atención hospitalaria, con énfasis en la razón de mortalidad hospitalaria estandarizada (RMHE). En Brasil, aún son escasos los estudios y la adopción de instrumentos metodológicos que permitan análisis regulares del desempeño de las instituciones. El objetivo fue explorar el uso de la RMHE para comparar el desempeño de los hospitales remunerados por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). El Sistema de Información Hospitalaria fue la fuente de datos sobre las hospitalizaciones de adultos realizadas en Brasil entre el 2017 y el 2019. El enfoque metodológico para estimar la RMHE se adaptó a los datos disponibles e incluyó las causas de hospitalización (diagnóstico principal) responsables del 80% de las muertes. El número de muertes esperadas se estimó mediante un modelo de regresión logística que incluyó variables predictoras ampliamente descritas en la literatura. El análisis se realizó en dos etapas: (i) nivel de la hospitalización y (ii) nivel del hospital. El modelo final de ajuste de riesgo presentó una estadística C de 0,774, valor considerado adecuado. Se observó una gran variación en la RMHE, especialmente entre los hospitales con peor desempeño (1,54 a 6,77). Hubo un mejor desempeño de los hospitales privados en comparación con los hospitales públicos. A pesar de las limitaciones de los datos disponibles y de los desafíos aún previstos para su uso más refinado, la RMHE es aplicable y tiene el potencial de convertirse en un elemento importante en la evaluación del desempeño hospitalario en el SUS.

Effect of Perioperative Use of Oral Triidothyronine for Infants Undergoing Complex Congenital Cardiac Surgeries Under Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Double?Blinded Randomised Controlled Study

Background: Thyroid hormone metabolism disrupts after cardiopulmonary bypass both in adults and pediatric patients. This is known as Euthyroid sick syndrome, and it is more evident in pediatric patients who were undergoing complex cardiac surgeries compared to adults. This decrease in serum T3 levels increases the incidence of low cardiac output, requirement of inotropes, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective was to compare the mean Vasoactive?inotropic score (VIS) at 72 hours postoperatively between T3 and Placebo groups. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients were screened, and 88 patients were included in the study. Triidothyronine 1 mic/kg 10 doses 8th hourly was given orally postoperatively to cases and sugar sachets to controls. The blood samples for analysis of FT3, FT4, and TSH were taken every 24 hours postoperatively, and baseline values were taken after induction. Mean VIS scores, ejection Fraction (EF), Left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOT VTi), hemodynamics and partial pressure of oxygen/ fraction of inspired oxygen(PaO2/ FiO2) were recorded daily. Results: The Mean VIS scores at 72 Hours postoperatively were significantly less in the T3 group (5.49 ± 6.2) compared to the Placebo group (13.6 ± 11.7).The PaO2/FiO2 ratios were comparatively more in the T3 group than the Placebo group.The serum levels of FT3 FT4 were significantly higher in the T3?supplemented group than the Placebo group.TheVIS scores were significantly lower from48 hours postoperatively in children < 6 months of age. Conclusion: In this study, we observed that supplementing T3 postoperatively decreases the ionotropic requirement from 72 hours postoperatively. This is more useful in children <6 months of age undergoing complex cardiac surgeries.

Translation and Validation of the Boston Technical Performance Score in a Developing Country

Abstract Introduction: The Technical Performance Score (TPS) was developed and subsequently refined at the Boston Children's Hospital. Our objective was to translate and validate its application in a developing country. Methods: The score was translated into the Portuguese language and approved by the TPS authors. Subsequently, we studied 1,030 surgeries from June 2018 to October 2020. TPS could not be assigned in 58 surgeries, and these were excluded. Surgical risk score was evaluated using Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery (or RACHS-1). The impact of TPS on outcomes was studied using multivariable linear and logistic regression adjusting for important perioperative covariates. Results: Median age and weight were 2.2 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.5-13) years and 10.8 (IQR = 5.6-40) kilograms, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 6.58% (n=64), and postoperative complications occurred in 19.7% (n=192) of the cases. TPS was categorized as 1 in 359 cases (37%), 2 in 464 (47.7%), and 3 in 149 (15.3%). Multivariable analysis identified TPS class 3 as a predictor of longer hospital stay (coefficient: 6.6; standard error: 2.2; P=0.003), higher number of complications (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3; P=0.01), and higher mortality (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7; P=0.004). Conclusion: TPS translated into the Portuguese language was validated and showed to be able to predict higher mortality, complication rate, and prolonged postoperative hospital stay in a high-volume Latin-American congenital heart surgery program. TPS is generalizable and can be used as an outcome assessment tool in resource diverse settings.

Estimación del riesgo en cirugía cardíaca en el "mundo real": ArgenSCORE ajustado al centro / Cardiovascular Surgery Risk Assessment in the "Real World": ArgenSCORE Adjusted by Center

RESUMEN Introducción: El ArgenSCORE tiene una versión original (I) desarrollada en 1999 sobre una población con mortalidad del 8% y una versión II (recalibración del modelo en 2007) sobre una población con una mortalidad del 4%. Evaluamos en el registro CONAREC XVI la hipótesis de que el ArgenSCORE II podría estimar mejor el riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en los centros con baja mortalidad; en cambio, el ArgenSCORE I estimaría mejor la mortalidad en los centros con alta mortalidad. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 2548 pacientes de 44 centros del registro prospectivo y multicéntrico en cirugía cardíaca, CONAREC XVI. En cada centro se evaluó la mortalidad media observada (MO) y se calculó la mortalidad estimada media (ME) aplicando ambas versiones del ArgenSCORE. Se calculó la relación MO/ME de cada centro para los dos modelos y se evaluó si había diferencias significativas mediante el test Z. Resultados: La mortalidad intrahospitalaria del registro fue del 7,69%. El 75% de los centros (33/44) presentaban una mortalidad mayor del 6%. En centros con mortalidad menor del 6%, al aplicar el ArgenSCORE II, la relación MO/ME mostró valores cercanos a 1 y sin diferencias significativas. En centros con mortalidad mayor del 6%, el ArgenSCORE II subestima significativamente el riesgo. En cambio, cuando se aplica en estos centros el ArgenSCORE I, la relación MO/ME es cercana a 1 (sin diferencias significativas). Conclusiones: En centros con mortalidad menor del 6%, es recomendable utilizar el ArgenSCORE II-recalibrado; en centros con mortalidad mayor del 6%, tiene mejor desempeño el ArgenSCORE I-original.

ABSTRACT Background: The ArgenSCORE I was developed in 1999 on a population with 8% mortality. The ArgenSCORE II emerged after recalibrating the original model in 2007 on a validation population with 4% mortality. Using the CONAREC XVI registry, we evaluated the hypothesis that the ArgenSCORE II could better predict the risk of in-hospital mortality in centers with low mortality, whereas the ArgenSCORE I could better predict mortality in centers with high mortality. Methods: A total of 2548 patients from 44 centers of the prospective and multicenter cardiac surgery CONAREC XVI registry, were analyzed. Mean observed mortality (OM) and mean expected mortality (EM) were estimated applying both versions of the ArgenSCORE. The OM/EM ratio was calculated in each center for both models and the Z test was used to evaluate significant differences. Results: In-hospital mortality was 7.69% for the entire registry. In 75% of the centers (33/44) mortality was >6%. In centers with mortality <6%, the OM/EM ratio was close to 1 after applying the ArgenSCORE II, without significant differences. In centers with mortality >6%, the ArgenSCORE II significantly underestimated the risk. On the contrary, when the ArgenSCORE I was applied in these centers, the OM/EM ratio was close to 1, without significant differences. Conclusions: The recalibrated ArgenSCORE II is recommended in centers with mortality <6%, while in those with mortality >6% the original ArgenSCORE I has better performance.

Risk assessment of unintention injury among preschool children in Shunyi District of Beijing / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current situation and associated factors of unintentional injury among preschool children in Shunyi District, and to provide reference for the development of unintentional injury intervention measures.@*Methods@#Three kindergartens in Shunyi district were selected through stratified cluster sampling method, and all the parents were surveyed online by self-designed questionnaire.@*Results@#The proportion of low, medium and high risk assessment of unintentional injury in preschool children were 59.5%, 37.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Risk of unintentional injury increased significantly with age and grade(χ 2=12.35, 12.70, P<0.05). The risk of unintentional injury in inter-generational care (3.7%) was higher than that in parental care(2.4%). The higher the education level of the primary caretaker and family income, the higher level of unintentional injury risk(χ 2=11.23, 14.10, P<0.05).There were significant differences in the risk for burning, poisoning, other accidental injury, prevention of accidental injury and total score of unintentional injury among children of different ages and classes(F=8.26，5.61，4.95，6.15，7.86；9.88，8.39，4.25，6.27，7.55，P<0.05). There was statistical significance in burning risk between boys and girls(t=-4.27, P<0.05). There was statistical significance in unintentional injury prevention between children of different residence(t=9.11, P<0.05). There were significant differences in behavior supervision among risk among children of different ages and grades(P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that education level of primary caregivers (college:B=-2.66, 95%CI=-4.69--0.63; bachelor degree or higher:B=-3.80, 95%CI=-5.90--1.70), annual family income (B=-2.82, 95%CI=-4.80--0.84) were associated with unintentional injury risk of preschool children(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Health education of unintentional injury prevention among preschool children should focus on the primary caretaker with low education and low family income, which is crucial for prevention of children s injury.

Evaluation of cesarean delivery rate at tertiary general hospitals based on risk adjustment / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To calculate the standardized cesarean delivery rate by considering the individual characteristics of puerprae, and to evaluate the medical quality of obstetrics in the hospital. Methods Medical records of 69 406 puerprae from January to December in 2016 were collected from 33 tertiary general hospitals in Shanxi province. A logistic regression model was used to construct a maternal risk adjustment model of cesarean delivery, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the model. Results Of the 69 406 puerprae, 30 881 used caesarean delivery, accounting to 44. 37% . The cesarean section rate difference was statistically significant among those of different age, nationality, conditions upon admission, whether to participate in a clinical pathway, fetus number, birth weight and maternal gestational age, as well as the severity of complications (P< 0. 001). According to the logistic model, those of older age, history of cesarean delivery, twins or triplet births, neonatal overweight, malposition, placenta previa, and those with various pregnancy complications tend to use maternal cesarean section surgery, with a goodness-of-fit of 0. 82. With risk adjusted, the ranking of actual cesarean section rate and standardized cesarean section rate varies among the hospitals. Conclusions With the factor of puerprae factor adjusted, the standardized cesarean delivery rate can eliminate risk factors of the puerprae, it is feasible to scientifically evaluate the cesarean delivery rate of the hospital′s obstetric department.

Risk adjustment and its application in refined hospital management and assessment / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective@#To study new ways and tools for assessing the inpatient disease management and improving refined management of the hospital.@*Methods@#By using homepages of medical records of the patients discharged from 21 tertiary general hospitals in a city in 2016, we completed the modeling and predicted value calculation within each DRGs with the Disease Management Intelligent Analytic & Evaluation System (DMIAES System).@*Results@#2 192 predication models were built, to compute the theoretic values of the mortality rate, length of stay, medical fee, medical service fee, and drug cost of each inpatient. Such values were compared with the observed results to gain the O/E index. If O/E is less than 1, it indicates that the inpatient′s disease management is good and better than expected. On the other hand, O/E index greater than 1 indicates poorer disease management than expected and rooms of further improvement. With the help of O/E index, we made multidimensional comparisons assessment and analysis of different hospitals, clinical disciplines, diseases and doctors.@*Conclusions@#The DMIAES System can take risk factors of inpatients′ outcomes into account, assessing the major indicators of inpatient outcomes by means of big data and modelling. This approach proves effective in enabling administrators and doctors to rapidly analyze problems for identifying solutions and enhancing management, thus having great potential in hospital management, supervision and assessment.

Avaliação do desempenho do PIM-2 entre pacientes cardiopatas cirúrgicos e correlação dos resultados com RACHS-1 / Assessment of PIM-2 performance among surgical patients with heart disease and correlation of results with RACHS-1

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) 2 e do Escore de Risco Ajustado para Cirurgia Cardíaca Congênita (RACHS) no pós-operatório de cardiopatas congênitos. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo. Foram coletados dados de prontuário para gerar os escores e predições com as técnicas preconizadas, os dados demográficos e os desfechos. Para estatística, utilizaram-se o teste de Mann-Whitney, o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, a taxa de mortalidade padronizada, a área sobre a curva COR, qui quadrado, regressão de Poisson com variância robusta e teste de Spearman. Resultados: Foram avaliados 263 pacientes, e 72 foram a óbito (27,4%). Estes apresentaram valores de PIM-2 significativamente maiores que os sobreviventes (p < 0,001). Na classificação RACHS-1, a mortalidade foi progressivamente maior, de acordo com a complexidade do procedimento, com aumento de 3,24 vezes na comparação entre os grupos 6 e 2. A área abaixo da curva COR para o PIM-2 foi 0,81 (IC95% 0,75 - 0,87) e, para RACHS-1, de 0,70 (IC95% 0,63 - 0,77). A RACHS apresentou melhor poder de calibração na amostra analisada. Foi encontrada correlação significativamente positiva entre os resultados de ambos os escores (rs = 0,532; p < 0,001). Conclusão: A RACHS apresentou bom poder de calibração, e RACHS-1 e PIM-2 demonstraram bom desempenho quanto à capacidade de discriminação entre sobreviventes e não sobreviventes. Ainda, foi encontrada correlação positiva entre os resultados dos dois escores de risco.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the performance of the Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) 2 and the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS) in the postoperative period of congenital heart disease patients. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were collected from patient records to generate the scores and predictions using recommended techniques, demographic data and outcomes. The Mann-Whitney test, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, standardized mortality rate, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, chi square test, Poisson regression with robust variance and Spearman's test were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 263 patients were evaluated, and 72 died (27.4%). These patients presented significantly higher PIM-2 values than survivors (p < 0.001). In the RACHS-1 classification, mortality was progressively higher according to the complexity of the procedure, with a 3.24-fold increase in the comparison between groups 6 and 2. The area under the ROC curve for PIM-2 was 0.81 (95%CI 0.75 - 0.87), while for RACHS-1, it was 0.70 (95%CI 0.63 - 0.77). The RACHS presented better calibration power in the sample analyzed. A significantly positive correlation was found between the results of both scores (rs = 0.532; p < 0.001). Conclusion: RACHS presented good calibration power, and RACHS-1 and PIM-2 demonstrated good performance with regard to their discriminating capacities between survivors and non-survivors. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the results of the two risk scores.

Validation of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 in a Single Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Korea

To compare mortality rate, the adjustment of case-mix variables is needed. The Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) 3 score is a widely used case-mix adjustment system of a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU), but there has been no validation study of it in Korea. We aim to validate the PIM3 in a Korean pediatric ICU, and extend the validation of the score from those aged 0–16 to 0–18 years, as patients aged 16–18 years are admitted to pediatric ICU in Korea. A retrospective cohort study of 1,710 patients was conducted in a tertiary pediatric ICU. To validate the score, the discriminatory power was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and calibration was evaluated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit (GOF) test. The observed mortality rate was 8.47%, and the predicted mortality rate was 6.57%. For patients aged < 18 years, the discrimination was acceptable (c-index = 0.76) and the calibration was good, with a χ² of 9.4 in the GOF test (P = 0.313). The observed mortality rate in the hemato-oncological subgroup was high (18.73%), as compared to the predicted mortality rate (7.13%), and the discrimination was unacceptable (c-index = 0.66). In conclusion, the PIM3 performed well in a Korean pediatric ICU. However, the application of the PIM3 to a hemato-oncological subgroup needs to be cautioned. Further studies on the performance of PIM3 in pediatric patients in adult ICUs and pediatric ICUs of primary and secondary hospitals are needed.

Prediction of Health Care Cost Using the Hierarchical Condition Category Risk Adjustment Model / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) model, identify potentially high-cost patients, and examine the effects of adding prior utilization to the risk model using Korean claims data. METHODS: We incorporated 2 years of data from the National Health Insurance Services-National Sample Cohort. Five risk models were used to predict health expenditures: model 1 (age/sex groups), model 2 (the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services-HCC with age/sex groups), model 3 (selected 54 HCCs with age/sex groups), model 4 (bed-days of care plus model 3), and model 5 (medication- days plus model 3). We evaluated model performance using R² at individual level, predictive positive value (PPV) of the top 5% of high-cost patients, and predictive ratio (PR) within subgroups. RESULTS: The suitability of the model, including prior use, bed-days, and medication-days, was better than other models. R² values were 8%, 39%, 37%, 43%, and 57% with model 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. After being removed the extreme values, the corresponding R² values were slightly improved in all models. PPVs were 16.4%, 25.2%, 25.1%, 33.8%, and 53.8%. Total expenditure was underpredicted for the highest expenditure group and overpredicted for the four other groups. PR had a tendency to decrease from younger group to older group in both female and male. CONCLUSION: The risk adjustment models are important in plan payment, reimbursement, profiling, and research. Combined prior use and diagnostic data are more powerful to predict health costs and to identify high-cost patients.

Teamwork combined with risk management in pediatric nursing / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To study the effect of teamwork combined with risk management in pediatric nursing. Methods A total of 188 pediatric patients were selected as the research objects of this study from February 2013 to December 2014. Among them 92 pediatric patients admitted to the hospital from February to December 2013 were set as the control group,who adopted the traditional routine nursing management mode;another 96 pediatric patients admitted to hospital fromJanuary 2014 to December 2014 were set as the observation group,who accepted teamwork combined with risk management nursing mode. Quality of care,nursing complaints,risk events,team total score and satisfaction index of two group were compared. Results The therapeutic nursing, psychological nursing, health education, nursing quality of life scored 98.02 ± 2.61, 97.27 ± 2.46, 97.16 ± 3.18, 98.21 ± 3.08 in the observation group, which were significantly higher than those of the control group (84.28 ± 1.92, 86.09 ± 1.87, 82.64 ± 2.17, 85.58 ± 2.29) with significant difference (t=6.891-9.426, P<0.01). The risk events ratio, nursing complaints ratios were 2.08% (2/96), 2.08% (2/96) in the observation group, which were lower than those of the control group 10.87% (10/92), 13.04% (12/92), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=6.069,8.187, P<0.05). The total score of team cooperation was 3.86 ± 1.09 in the observation group, and 2.67 ± 1.05 in the control group (t=2.410,P<0.01). The satisfaction degree in the observation group was 51.04% (49/96), which was significantly higher than the control group, 44.57%(41/92),with significant difference (χ2=7.221,P<0.05). Conclusions Applying teamwork combined with risk management nursing mode to pediatrics may improve teamwork and the quality of nursing management and nursing quality,reduce risk events and nursing complaints, ease the poor mental symptoms of families, and improve satisfaction.

Application of Risk Adjustment in Comparison for Outcomes Among Different Surgical Teams in Patients With Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To assess the quality of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in order to provide the decision support for medical quality management. Methods: Clinical information for adult patients who received CABG in our hospital during 2014 was collected. End point events were defined by major complications and mortality within 30 days after the operation. Taking SinoSCORE as risk variables, hierarchical Logistic regression model was conducted to make risk adjustment, Bootstrap method was used for simulation, we obtained RSMCR (risk-standardized major complication rate) and 95%CI. Results: There were 138/3785 (3.65%) patients with single CABG suffered from end point events.The range of un-adjusted end point events was (2.53%-6.09%) among 9 surgical teams (units), pre-operative risk condition was different among 9 units, SinoSCORE showed P<0.05 and with risk adjustment,the range of RSMCRs was(3.12%-4.82%); after Bootstrap simulation, one unit had the upper limit of RSMCR 95%CI(2.85%-3.61%) which was lower than the average and another unit had the lower limit of RSMCR 95%CI (3.81%-5.40%) which was higher than the average, RSMCR in the rest 7 units was similar. Conclusion: We made an objective evaluation for surgery quality in 9 adult care units by risk adjustment method andprovided a decision-making basis for improving medical quality management.

A Study on methods of risk-adjusted capitation fee of risk pooling for outpatient services in basic medical insurance:A case study of Shenzhen City / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective: The main objective of the present study is to develop the risk-adjusted capitation pay-ment standards to compensate health service providers. Methods:Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to an-alyze the insured's enrollment and visit conditions, and the two-part model was conducted to obtain the appropriate compensation standard using data retrieved from information system of social health insurance for the period of 2014 to 2015 in Shenzhen City. Results:The estimated value of total expenditure per insured person per month is 6. 17 yuan. Age,sex,insurance level and with or without chronic disease or catastrophic disease were elicited as risk adjustors. The whole number insured people were divided into 52 groups by this four risk-adjustment factors whereby the rele-vant payment standards for each group was calculated. Conclusions:By adjusting capitation fee on the grounds of risk of disease and expected expense of medical services of the insured, the capitation payment standards can be calculat-ed virtually. This method will promote the process of capitation payment system reform and also lay a solid foundation for further research.

Índice de gravedad para servicios quirúrgicos en un hospital cubano: estudio de revalidación / Severity of illness index for surgical departments in a Cuban hospital: a revalidation study

INTRODUCCIÓN En el contexto de la evaluación de servicios hospitalarios, la incorporación de índices de gravedad permite tener una variable de control esencial para la comparación del desempeño en el tiempo y el espacio a través del llamado ajuste por riesgo. El índice de gravedad para servicios quirúrgicos, se construyó en 1999 y se validó como un índice general para estos servicios. Dieciséis años después el contexto hospitalario ha cambiado y se consideró necesaria una revalidación de este índice de gravedad que avale su utilidad actual. OBJETIVO Evaluar la validez y confiabilidad del índice de gravedad para servicios quirúrgicos, que avale su uso razonable en las condiciones actuales. MÉTODOS Se realizó una investigación descriptiva retrospectiva en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras en el segundo semestre del año 2010. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 511 pacientes egresados de este servicio. Las variables utilizadas fueron las mismas del índice original con sus ponderaciones. Se evaluaron validez conceptual o de constructo, validez de criterio y confiabilidad interevaluadores así como consistencia interna del índice propuesto. RESULTADOS La validez de constructo se expresó en una asociación significativa entre el valor del índice de gravedad para servicios quirúrgicos y el estado al egreso. Se comprobó también correlación significativa, aunque débil, con la estadía hospitalaria. En cuanto a validez de criterio, la correlación entre el índice de gravedad propuesto y el índice de Horn fue de 0,722 (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,677-0,761); mientras que con el índice Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM) la correlación fue de 0,454 (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,388-0,514) con el riesgo de muerte y 0,539 (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,462-0,607) con el riesgo de morbilidad. La consistencia interna mostró α de Cronbach estandarizado de 0,8; la confiabilidad interevaluadores resultó en un coeficiente de confiabilidad de 0,98 para el índice de gravedad para servicios quirúrgicos cuantitativo y un coeficiente de κ ponderado global de 0,87 para el índice de gravedad para servicios quirúrgicos ordinal. CONCLUSIONES La validez y confiabilidad del índice propuesto fue adecuada en todos los aspectos evaluados. El índice de gravedad para servicios quirúrgicos puede utilizarse en el contexto original y es fácilmente adaptable a otros contextos.

INTRODUCTION In the context of the evaluation of hospital services, the incorporation of severity indices allows an essential control variable for performance comparisons in time and space through risk adjustment. The severity index for surgical services was developed in 1999 and validated as a general index for surgical services. Sixteen years later the hospital context is different in many ways and a revalidation was considered necessary to guarantee its current usefulness. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity and reliability of the surgical services severity index to warrant its reasonable use under current conditions. METHODS A descriptive study was carried out in the General Surgery service of the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Clinical Surgical Hospital of Havana, Cuba during the second half of 2010. We reviewed the medical records of 511 patients discharged from this service. Items were the same as the original index as were their weighted values. Conceptual or construct validity, criterion validity and inter-rater reliability as well as internal consistency of the proposed index were evaluated. RESULTS Construct validity was expressed as a significant association between the value of the severity index for surgical services and discharge status. A significant association was also found, although weak, with length of hospital stay. Criterion validity was demonstrated through the correlations between the severity index for surgical services and other similar indices. Regarding criterion validity, the Horn index showed a correlation of 0.722 (95% CI: 0.677-0.761) with our index. With the POSSUM score, correlation was 0.454 (95% CI: 0.388-0.514) with mortality risk and 0.539 (95% CI: 0.462-0.607) with morbidity risk. Internal consistency yielded a standardized Cronbach's alpha of 0.8; inter-rater reliability resulted in a reliability coefficient of 0.98 for the quantitative index and a weighted global Kappa coefficient of 0.87 for the ordinal surgical index of severity for surgical services (IGQ). CONCLUSIONS The validity and reliability of the proposed index was satisfactory in all aspects evaluated. The surgical services severity index may be used in the original context and is easily adaptable to other contexts as well.

Índice de internación ajustado por riesgo en hospitales públicos de Costa Rica / Risk-Adjusted Hospitalization Rate in Public Hospitals in Costa Rica / Índice de internamente ajustado por risco em hospitais públicos na Costa Rica

Resumen La estancia prolongada constituye un importante problema de gestión hospitalaria. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar un índice que identifique los hospitales con una gestión inadecuada de las estancias. El índice de adecuación de estancias se calcula dividiendo las estancias observadas entre las estancias esperadas en cada hospital. Estas últimas se estiman con un modelo de regresión que considera las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes. Se utiliza la base de egresos hospitalarios del seguro público de salud de Costa Rica del 2014. El 43% de los hospitales tiene una inadecuada gestión de las estancias, dado que registran mayores días de hospitalización que los esperados, de acuerdo a lo que le correspondía por la casuística. Se concluye que la información clínico-administrativa del sistema público de Costa Rica permite estimar un índice de adecuación de estancias, para identificar los hospitales con una gestión inadecuada de las estancias.

Abstract A prolonged hospitalization constitutes an important hospital management problem. The purpose of this study is to calculate an index which identifies the hospitals with an inadequate hospitalization management. The hospitalization adequacy index is calculated by dividing the observed hospitalizations by the expected hospitalizations in each hospital. The latter are calculated with a regression model which takes into account the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. We use the basis of hospitalization discharges of the public healthcare system in Costa Rica for 2014. 43% of the hospitals have an inadequate hospitalization management, as they record more hospitalization days than expected according to the corresponding case load. We conclude that the clinical-management information of the Costa Rican public healthcare allows us to estimate a hospitalization adequacy index as to identify hospitals with an inadequate hospitalization management.

Resumo A estancia prolongada constitui importante problema de gestão hospitalar. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar um índice que identifique os hospitais com gestão inadequada das estancias. O índice de adequação de estancias é calculado dividindo as estancias observadas entre as estancias esperadas em cada hospital. Estas últimas foram estimadas com um modelo de regressão que considera as características sociodemográficas e clínicas dos pacientes. Utiliza-se a base de egressos hospitalares do seguro público de saúde de Costa Rica de 2014. O 43% dos hospitais tem inadequada gestão das estancias, dado que registram mais dias de hospitalização do que os esperados, de acordo com o esperado por casuística. Concluise que a informação clínico-administrativa do sistema público de Costa Rica permite estimar um índice de adequação de estancias, para identificar os hospitais com gestão inadequada das estancias.

Gasto farmacéutico en diabetes mellitus en una región de España según el Clinical Risk Group, 2012 / Pharmaceutical Expenditure for Diabetes Mellitus in a Region of Spain as Clinical Risk Group, 2012 / Despesa com medicamentos em pacientes com diabetes mellitus em uma região da Espanha como o Grupo de Risco Clínico de 2012

Se pretende estimar la multimorbilidad asociada con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y su relación con el gasto farmacéutico, para lo cual se realizó un estudio de corte transversal durante el año 2012. Se identificó a 350 015 individuos diabéticos, a través de códigos clínicos, usando la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades y el software 3M Clinical Risk Groups. Todos los pacientes fueron clasificados en cuatro grupos de morbilidad. El primer grupo corresponde al estadio inicial, el segundo grupo incluye el núcleo de multimorbilidad de pacientes en fases intermedia y avanzada, el tercer grupo incluye pacientes con diabetes y enfermedades malignas, y el último grupo es de pacientes en estado catastrófico, principalmente enfermos renales crónicos. La prevalencia bruta de diabetes fue de 6,7%. El gasto promedio total fue de ¬ 1257,1. La diabetes se caracteriza por una fuerte presencia de otras condiciones crónicas y tiene un gran impacto en el gasto farmacéutico.

Estimations of multimorbidity associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its relationship to pharmaceutical expenditure. Cross-sectional study during 2012. 350,015 diabetic individuals, identified through clinical codes using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problem and the 3M Clinical Risk Groups software. The raw prevalence of diabetes was 6.7%. All patients were stratified into four morbidity groups. The first group corresponds to the initial state; the second group includes the core multimorbidity patients in the intermediate and advanced stages; the third group includes patients with diabetes and malignancies; the last group patients with catastrophic statuses, manly chronic renal patients. The raw prevalence of diabetes was 6.7%. The average total cost was ¬ 1257.1. Diabetes is characterized by a strong presence of other chronic conditions have a great impact on pharmaceutical spending.

As estimativas de vários morbidade associada com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e sua relação com a despesa farmacêutica, para o qual um estudo transversal foi realizado em 2012. Ele foi identificado em 350 015 indivíduos diabéticos, foram identificados através códigos clínicos, utilizando a Classificação Internacional de Doenças e Risco clínica software Grupos 3M. Todos os pacientes foram classificados em quatro grupos de doença 4. O primeiro grupo corresponde à fase inicial (CRG 1-4); O segundo grupo inclui pacientes multimorbid principais fases intermediárias e avançadas, o terceiro grupo inclui pacientes com diabetes e doenças malignas, eo último grupo de pacientes em estado catastrófico, pacientes renais crónicos, principalmente. A prevalência global de diabetes foi de 6,7%. A despesa média total foi de ¬ 1257,1. Diabetes que se caracteriza por uma forte presença de outras condições crónicas e tieniendo um grande impacto sobre os gastos farmacêutica.

Analysis of surgical mortality for congenital heart defects using rachs-1 risk score in a brazilian single center

ABSTRACT Introduction: Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery 1 (RACHS-1) score is a simple model that can be easily applied and has been widely used for mortality comparison among pediatric cardiovascular services. It is based on the categorization of several surgical palliative or corrective procedures, which have similar mortality in the treatment of congenital heart disease. Objective: To analyze the in-hospital mortality in pediatric patients (<18 years) submitted to cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease based on RACHS-1 score, during a 12-year period. Methods: A retrospective date analysis was performed from January 2003 to December 2014. The survey was divided in two periods of six years long each, to check for any improvement in the results. We evaluated the numbers of procedures performed, complexity of surgery and hospital mortality. Results: Three thousand and two hundred and one surgeries were performed. Of these, 3071 were able to be classified according to the score RACHS-1. Among the patients, 51.7% were male and 47.5% were younger than one year of age. The most common RACHS-1 category was 3 (35.5%). The mortality was 1.8%, 5.5%, 14.9%, 32.5% and 68.6% for category 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, respectively. There was a significant increase in the number of surgeries (48%) and a significant reduction in the mortality in the last period analysed (13.3% in period I and 10.4% in period II; P=0.014). Conclusion: RACHS-1 score was a useful score for mortality risk in our service, although we are aware that other factors have an impact on the total mortality.

Clasificación según nivel de morbilidad e intensidad del uso de recursos de una población con patologías crónicas en Atención Primaria de Salud utilizando “Adjusted Clinical Groups” (ACG) / Adjusted Clinical Groups Method (ACG) to allocate resources according to the disease burden of each health center

Background: Health care must be provided with strong primary health care models, emphasizing prevention and a continued, integrated and interdisciplinary care. Tools should be used to allow a better planning and more efficient use of resources. Aim: To assess risk adjustment methodologies, such as the Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACG) developed by The Johns Hopkins University, to allow the identification of chronic condition patterns and allocate resources accordingly. Material and Methods: We report the results obtained applying the ACG methodology in primary care systems of 22 counties for three chronic diseases, namely Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and Heart Failure. Results: The outcomes show a great variability in the prevalence of these conditions in the different health centers. There is also a great diversity in the use of resources for a given condition in the different health care centers. Conclusions: This methodology should contribute to a better distribution of health care resources, which should be based on the disease burden of each health care center.

Cultura innovadora y grupos relacionados de diagnóstico en un hospital de alta complejidad, Colombia / Innovative culture and diagnosis related groups in a high complexity hospital, Colombia

Objetivos Caracterizar la percepción sobre los Grupos Relacionados de Diagnóstico GRD como una innovación entre el personal médico, de enfermería y de soporte administrativo, en un Hospital en Colombia. Métodos Estudio de caso de la cultura innovadora en un hospital. Se realizaron encuestas y grupos focales con el personal médico, de enfermería y de soporte administrativo. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos para las percepciones de la cultura innovadora y análisis comparativos entre los grupos profesionales en mención. Los grupos focales fueron trascritos y analizados para profundizar en los hallazgos de las encuestas. Resultados Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las percepciones de la cultura innovadora. El personal de enfermería fue más entusiasta que los médicos al evaluar la cultura innovadora y el liderazgo de las directivas del Hospital. Los médicos se sintieron más autónomos para discutir asuntos profesionales. Los administrativos, por su parte, evaluaron la voluntad del Hospital para adquirir nuevas tecnologías más alto que los médicos. Los tres grupos conocen poco sobre los GRD. Conclusiones Al implementar una innovación en salud es recomendable analizar su efecto sobre los profesionales que participarán en su implementación. El personal médico percibe los GRD como una amenaza a su autonomía profesional; en tanto el personal de enfermería aparece como una fuerza pro-innovación, por lo cual a la gerencia le conviene involucrarlo en el proceso de implementación de los GRD junto al personal administrativo.(AU)

Objectives To characterize the perception of Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) as an innovation among physicians, nurses and administrative staff in a hospital in Colombia. Methods A case study of innovative culture in a hospital. Surveys and focus groups were carried out with the medical, nursing and administrative staff. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the perceptions of innovative culture. Comparative analysis was done between professional groups. The results of the focus groups were transcribed and analyzed to deepen the findings of the surveys. Results Significant differences were found in perceptions of the innovative culture. The nursing staff were more enthusiastic than doctors when evaluating the innovative culture and leadership. Physicians felt more autonomy when discussing professional issues. Administrative staff assessed the Hospital's disposition to acquire new medical technologies as higher than that of physicians. The three groups know little about DRG's. Conclusions When implementing a health innovation it is advisable to analyze its effect on the professionals who participate in the implementation. Physicians perceive DRGs as a threat to their professional autonomy, while nurses see it as a pro-innovation force. It is important to involve nursing and administrative staff when implementing this kind of innovation.(AU)

Evaluation of the Validity of Risk-Adjustment Model of Acute Stroke Mortality for Comparing Hospital Performance / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop risk-adjustment models for acute stroke mortality that were based on data from Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) dataset and to evaluate the validity of these models for comparing hospital performance. METHODS: We identified prognostic factors of acute stroke mortality through literature review. On the basis of the avaliable data, the following factors was included in risk adjustment models: age, sex, stroke subtype, stroke severity, and comorbid conditions. Survey data in 2014 was used for development and 2012 dataset was analysed for validation. Prediction models of acute stroke mortality by stroke type were developed using logistic regression. Model performance was evaluated using C-statistics, R2 values, and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistics. RESULTS: We excluded some of the clinical factors such as mental status, vital sign, and lab finding from risk adjustment model because there is no avaliable data. The ischemic stroke model with age, sex, and stroke severity (categorical) showed good performance (C-statistic=0.881, Hosmer-Lemeshow test p=0.371). The hemorrhagic stroke model with age, sex, stroke subtype, and stroke severity (categorical) also showed good performance (C-statistic=0.867, Hosmer-Lemeshow test p=0.850). CONCLUSION: Among risk adjustment models we recommend the model including age, sex, stroke severity, and stroke subtype for HIRA assessment. However, this model may be inappropriate for comparing hospital performance due to several methodological weaknesses such as lack of clinical information, variations across hospitals in the coding of comorbidities, inability to discriminate between comorbidity and complication, missing of stroke severity, and small case number of hospitals. Therefore, further studies are needed to enhance the validity of the risk adjustment model of acute stroke mortality.