Consumo de riesgo para alcohol durante el tiempo de cuarentena por la pandemia del COVID-19 en Paraguay, 2020: encuesta virtual

Introducción: Para la contención de la pandemia causada por la enfermedad del coronavirus (COVID-19) se aplicaron una serie de medidas sanitarias a toda la población, como el distanciamiento social, cierre de fronteras y cuarentena en el hogar. Dichas medidas, además, pudieron haber repercutido en un deterioro de la salud en general, un aumento del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y otras sustancias para contrarrestar o reducir la intensidad de su respuesta a estas consecuencias. Objetivo: Determinar las características demográficas del consumo de riesgo para alcohol durante el tiempo de cuarentena estricta por la pandemia de covid-19. Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transverso tipo exploratorio. Constó de 16.538 encuestas virtuales realizadas a personas mayores de edad pertenecientes a todo el territorio nacional entre junio y septiembre del 2020. Se excluyó a 219 encuestados por no cumplir criterios de inclusión o datos incorrectamente llenados. Se determinó el consumo de riesgo mediante una prueba que calificaba el consumo por puntajes. Más de 5 puntos para hombres, más de 4 para mujeres. Resultados: 12224 participantes adultos (18-65 años) con una media de 31,9 años (±9,2), formaron parte del análisis, con predominio de participación masculina 64,5% (n=10531). El 74,9% (n=12224) proveniente del Eje Metropolitano. Según géneros, el OR fue 1,15 IC95 (1,08 - 1,23), vp=0,001. Al comparar nivel educativo, secundaria completa/incompleta, el OR fue 1,56 IC95 (1,19 - 2,06), vp=0,001. Y al comparar por ejes de residencias el OR fue 0,83 IC95 (0,77 - 0,89), vp=0,001. Discusión: Se pudo observar que, durante el tiempo de cuarentena, el consumo de alcohol crecía conforme el nivel educativo de la población aumentaba. Los hombres presentaron un consumo de riesgo mayor que los hombres. Conocer este comportamiento ayudaría a plantear acciones que ayuden a prevenir el consumo de alcohol en el grupo de mayor riesgo.

Introduction: The impact of the outbreak of pandemic proportions of COVID-19 has initiated several health and social measures worldwide. Thus, there is growing concern about the consequences of preventive social confinement associated with the pandemic due to the potential increase in the consumption of alcohol and other harmful substances. Between 2010-2014, in Paraguay approximately 5% of deaths over 15 years of age are attributable to alcohol consumption and are associated with external cause injuries, cancers, liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, addictions and domestic violence. Early detection and treatment are recommended intervention strategies to prevent these consequences. Objective: To determine the demographic characteristics of alcohol risk consumption during the covid-19 pandemic quarantine period. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional, exploratory observational study. It consisted of 16,538 virtual surveys carried out on persons of legal age throughout the national territory between June and September 2020. A total of 219 respondents were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria or for incorrectly filled out data. Risk consumption was determined using a test that rated consumption by scores. More than 5 points for men, more than 4 for women. Results: 12224 adult participants (18-65 years old) with a mean age of 31.9 years (±9.2), were part of the analysis, with a predominance of male participation 64.5% (n=10531). The 74.9% (n=12224) came from the Metropolitan Axis. According to gender, the OR was 1.15 CI95 (1.08 - 1.23), pv=0.001. When comparing educational level, high school complete/incomplete, the OR was 1.56 CI95 (1.19 - 2.06), pv=0.001. And when comparing by axes of residence, the OR was 0.83 CI95 (0.77 - 0.89), pv=0.001. Discussion: It was observed that, during the quarantine period, alcohol consumption increased as the educational level of the population increased. Males presented a higher risk consumption than males. Knowing this behavior would help to propose actions to help prevent alcohol consumption in the most at-risk group.

Construção e validação da escala multifatorial de atração por eventos mórbidos / Construction and Validation of Attraction for Morbid Events Multifactor Scale

Resumo Objetivo. Este estudo buscou construir e validar a Escala Multifatorial de Atração por Eventos Mórbidos (AMAEM). Método. Do primeiro estudo participaram 252 pessoas da população geral, as quais responderam à EMAEM e a perguntas sociodemográficas. A análise de componentes principais indicou uma estrutura de cinco fatores. No segundo estudo, a amostra foi de 609 pessoas da população geral brasileira, as quais a escala de personalidade e a escala de busca de sensações. Resultado. A análise fatorial confirmatória apoaiou a adequação do modelo de cinco fatores. Adicionalmente, demonstrou ainda que os fatores da EMAEM podem contribuir com a compreensão de características da personalidade e sua associação com o engajamento em comportamentos antissociais.

Abstract Objective. This study aimed to construct and validate the Attraction for Morbid Events Multifactor Scale (EMAEM). Method. Two empiric studies were conducted. 252 people from the general population participated in the first study, in which a main component analysis was conducted to attest the factor structure of EMAEM. In this study, the five-factor model was most suitable. In the second study, the participants were 609 people from the general population that answered personality and antisocial behavior scales, besides EMAEM. Results. Confirmatory Factor Analysis shows the suitability of the five-factor model. Moreover, the EMAEM scale can provide aids to a better understanding of personality traits associated with engaging in risky behavior.

Early childhood abuse: adult impulsivity and risky behavior / Abuso na infância: impulsividade no adulto e comportamentos de risco

We review the role of childhood abuse (CA) in the practice of impulsive, risk-taking behaviors during adulthood. CA deregulates the adult response to stress, which in turn disrupts the prefrontal-striatal systems that provide executive control over reward-related behavior. The result is impulsivity and risk-taking, including self-medication with drugs and alcohol and the practice of unsafe sex. These behaviors decrease quality of life and impair the attainment of long-term goals. Risky sexual behavior, in particular, increases the chance of HIV infection and perpetuates the epidemic.

Revisamos o papel do abuso na infância na prática de comportamentos impulsivos e de risco durante a vida adulta. O abuso na infância desregula a resposta do adulto ao estresse, o que, por sua vez, impede os circuitos frontoestriatais de fornecerem o adequado controle executivo sobre comportamentos associados à recompensa. O resultado é a impulsividade e escolhas de risco, incluindo automedicação com drogas e álcool e a prática de sexo inseguro, reduzindo a qualidade de vida e prejudicando o alcance de metas de longo prazo. O comportamento sexual de risco, em particular, aumenta a chance de infecção pelo Vírus de Imunodeficiência Humana e perpetua a sua epidemia.

Intervenções familiares para prevenir comportamentos de risco na adolescência: possibilidades a partir da Teoria Familiar Sistêmica / Family-based interventions to prevent risky behaviors in adolescence: possibilities from the Family Systems Theory

Esta revisão narrativa visa discutir como a Teoria Familiar Sistêmica (TFS) pode contribuir para a prevenção ao envolvimento em comportamentos de risco na adolescência. A alternativa proposta baseia-se na promoção de fatores como limites e afeto, acolhimento aos sentimentos e às necessidades dos membros da família; estabelecimento de fronteiras nítidas que permitam o desenvolvimento de autonomia e pertencimento; e presença de uma comunicação familiar efetiva e de valores familiares pró-sociais. Para tanto, diferentes técnicas podem ser usadas, tais como a reestruturação, o genograma, as técnicas narrativas, a linha do tempo, as metáforas e a escultura familiar. Este estudo apontou a viabilidade do uso da TFS como teoria que embasa o desenvolvimento de intervenções familiares preventivas e oferece ferramentas para familiares e profissionais. Estudos futuros devem examinar mecanismos de mudança em intervenções preventivas familiares e a avaliação empírica do uso das técnicas apresentadas.

This narrative review aims to discuss how Systemic Family Theory (STF) can contribute to prevent involvement in risky behavior in adolescence. The proposal presented here is based on the promotion of factors such as limits and affection, welcoming the feelings and needs of family members; the establishment of clear boundaries that allow the development of autonomy and belonging; and the presence of effective family communication and pro-social family values. For this, different techniques can be used, such as restructuring, genogram, narrative techniques, timeline, metaphors and family sculpture. This study pointed out the feasibility of using STF as a theory that underlies the development of preventive family interventions and offers tools for family members and professionals. Future studies should examine mechanisms of change in family preventive interventions and the empirical assessment of the use of the techniques presented.

Premarital sexual activities among adolescents in prostitution circumstance and influencing factors

Background: Lifestyle in globalization era gives negative impacts on adolescent's premarital sexual activities. The wide gap between the age of menarche and marriage encourages an increase in premarital sexual activities, especially in socially vulnerable areas. This research presented premarital sexual activities among adolescents in the prostitution area and the influencing factors.Methods: This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design, involving as many as 70 adolescents who lived in the Dolly prostitution area of Surabaya, the second biggest city in Indonesia. The dependent variable in this study was adolescent premarital sexual activities. The independent variables were age, sex, education level, knowledge towards reproductive health, attitude, social-economic status, the onset of puberty categories, closeness to parents, access to sexual media, and peer pressure. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regressions.Results: The results showed that sociosexual behavior (sexual activity with partners) was significantly influenced by knowledge (OR=59.05; 95% CI=1.12-3114.22; p= 0.04). Adolescents who had less knowledge of reproductive health were more likely to engage in sociosexual behavior.Conclusions: The right knowledge about reproductive health is essential for adolescents. The government must implement a more effective intervention in order to increase adolescent’s knowledge about the accurate reproductive health information in socially vulnerable areas.

Review of factors affecting health-related behaviors / 中华流行病学杂志

Health related behaviors are closely related to health outcomes. This paper reviews the studies on factors for health related behaviors worldwide published in recent 15 years, and systematically summarizes the current research status of the factors for health related behaviors. The factors influencing health related behaviors are individual social demographic factors, social cognitive factors of individuals, and social environmental factors. The individual social demographic factors mainly include gender, age, marital status, economic level and educational level. The social cognitive factors of individuals mainly include self-efficacy, health belief, social support and peer influence. The social environmental factors mainly include mass media, accessibility of facilities and level of urbanization, etc.

Perceptions about sexual risk, HIV and HIV-testing in Cali, Colombia / Percepciones sobre riesgo sexual, VIH y prueba del VIH en Cali, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, 20%-54% of the population with sexual practices at higher risk for HIV infection (men who have sex with men, transgender women, women sex workers) has sometime been tested. Objective: To describe perceptions of sexual risk, HIV and HIV testing in people with risky sexual practices and people who identify themselves as heterosexual. Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, it was carried a descriptive study using HIV screening out in Cali-Colombia with the voluntary participation of 940 people aged over 18 years. There were used: informed consent, structured questionnaire and HIV testing. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression models were performed. Results: Average age 28.5 ±10.9 years; 50% men. 357 (38%) were people from the traditional risk group for HIV infection; and 583 (62%) corresponded to the non-traditional risk group (heterosexual men and women). Likewise, 62% and 41% respectively had HIV test. 51% to 53% reported having sex when they consumed liquor; commercial sex was higher in the group with risky sexual practices (32% vs 3%), as well as anal relations (77% vs 23%), consistent use of condom (32% vs 9%), and HIV positive test (14.3% vs 1.6%). The multivariate analysis showed for both groups that having HIV test was associated with being older than 25 years and a history of sexually transmitted infection. Conclusions: Differentiated education strategies are needed based on risky sexual behaviors and that consider the importance of regular HIV tests for early diagnosis and timely enrollment in care and treatment.

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, 20%-54% de la población con prácticas sexuales de mayor riesgo para infección por VIH (Hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, mujeres transgénero, mujeres trabajadoras sexuales) se ha hecho la prueba alguna vez. Objetivo: Describir las percepciones sobre riesgo sexual, VIH y prueba del VIH, en personas con prácticas sexuales de riesgo y personas que se identifican heterosexuales. Métodos: Entre 2012 y 2014 se hizo en Cali-Colombia un estudio descriptivo mediante tamizaje para VIH con participación voluntaria de 940 personas mayores de 18 años. Fueron utilizados: consentimiento informado, cuestionario estructurado y prueba VIH. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariado y modelo de regresión multivariada Poisson. Resultados: Edad promedio 28.5 ±10.9 años, 50% hombres. 357(38%) eran personas de grupos tradicionales de riesgo para infección VIH y 583(62%) correspondían a grupo no tradicional de riesgo (hombres y mujeres heterosexuales). Así mismo, 62% y 41% respectivamente, tenían prueba de VIH. Reportaron tener relaciones sexuales cuando consumieron licor 51% a 53%; sexo comercial fue mayor en grupo con prácticas sexuales de riesgo (32% vs 3%), igual que relaciones anales (77% vs 23%), uso consistente de condón (32% vs 9%) y prueba VIH positiva (14.3% vs 1.6%). El análisis multivariado mostro para ambos grupos, que tener prueba de VIH se asoció con ser mayor de 25 años y antecedente de infección de transmisión sexual. Conclusiones: Se necesitan estrategias de educación diferenciadas según comportamientos sexuales de riesgo y que consideren la importancia de las pruebas regulares del VIH para el diagnóstico temprano e inscripción oportuna en la atención y tratamiento.

Modeling Risk-Taking from Different Measurement Instruments / Modelando a Propensão ao Risco a partir de Diferentes Instrumentos de Medida / Modelando la Propensión al Riesgo a Partir de Diferentes Medidas

Abstract Risk-taking researches have presented different forms of construction measurements. First, we aimed at evaluating the evidence of validity of the instruments/methods based on external criteria by contrasting the groups on their gender under the three different risk-taking measures: a domain-specific scale and two decision-making tasks in risky situations (Driving a Car game and card games). After that, we aimed at constructing a risk-taking model from the analysis of the relationship between the instruments/methods. The 211 participants (121 women; M = 21.60 years old; SD = 2.19; and 91 men; M = 21.46 years old; SD = 2.0) answered the research in a single experimental session with an average duration of 30 min. Individually, the instruments presented criterion validity for contrasting groups. There was no correlation between the scores obtained for the different instruments in the risk-taking model. In conclusion, the data was designed in a three-factor structure indicating the multidimensionality of the risk-taking construct.

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar evidências de validade dos instrumentos/métodos com base em critérios externos, contrastando os grupos pelo sexo nas três diferentes medidas de propensão ao risco: Escala de Propensão ao Risco Específico (EPRE-DE), jogo de dirigir um carro e jogo de cartas. Objetivou-se também construir um modelo de propensão ao risco a partir da análise das relações entre os três instrumentos/métodos. Os 211 participantes (121 mulheres; M = 21.60 anos; DP = 2.19; e 91 homens; M = 21.46 anos; DP = 2.0) responderam à pesquisa em uma única sessão experimental com média de duração de 30 minutos. Individualmente, os instrumentos apresentaram validade de critério para grupos contrastantes. Não houve correlações significativas entre os diferentes instrumentos no modelo de propensão ao risco. Concluímos que os dados foram modelados em uma estrutura de três fatores indicando a multidimensionalidade do construto propensão ao risco.

Resumen La investigación de propensión al riesgo presenta distintas formas de medición del constructo. Primero, se objetivó evaluar evidencias de validez de los instrumentos/métodos sobre la base de criterios externos, contrastando los grupos por el sexo en las tres diferentes medidas de propensión al riesgo: escala de propensión al riesgo, y dos tareas de toma de decisiones. Luego, se objetivó construir un modelo de toma de riesgos a partir del análisis de la relación entre los instrumentos/métodos. Los 211 participantes (121 mujeres; M = 21.60 años, DE = 2.19; y 91 hombres; M = 21.46 años, DE = 2.0) respondieron la investigación en una sola sesión experimental con una duración promedio de 30 min. Los instrumentos presentados validez por el grupos de contraste. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre los diferentes instrumentos. Los datos se modelan en una estructura de tres factores indicando la multidimensionalidad de lo constructo propensión al riesgo.

Sentinel surveillance on HIV status and related factors among men who have sex with men above 50 years in Taizhou Prefecture from 2010 to 2017 / 上海预防医学

[Objective] To investigate the HIV infection status and behavioral characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) over the age of 50 in Taizhou during 2010-2017 HIV sentinel surveillance, analyze the related factors of HIV infection, and provide basis for developing targeted intervention strategies. [Methods] HIV sentinel surveillance data from 2010 to 2017 in Taizhou was used to analyze the demographic characteristics, HIV awareness, and sexual behaviors of MSM over the age of 50. Also, HIV infection status and related factors were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis. [Results]A total of 334 MSM aged over 50 were surveyed by HIV sentinel surveillance in 2010-2017, and the HIV positive rate was 14.1％. The average age of the 334 MSM was (59.6 ± 7.2) years, and those with junior high school education and below accounted for 76.0％, with awareness of AIDS knowledge being 85.6％. And78.7％ of them had anal sex with men in the past 6 months. Among them, 30.4％ used condoms each time. And 4.8％ of them had commercial sex with men and 37.1％ had sex with women in the past 6months. Multivariate analysis showed that syphilis-positiveness was a risk factor for HIV infection and awareness of HIV-related knowledge proved to be a protective factor for HIV infection. [Conclusion] The MSM over 50 years old in Taizhou has a high rate of HIV-positiveness and high-risk behaviors exist. It is imperative to strengthen dynamic HIV surveillance for this population and behavioral intervention to reduce HIV related risky behavior.

Desarrollo de un Cuestionario Breve para la Medición del Comportamiento Arriesgado en Peatones Adolescentes / Development of a Brief Questionnaire to Measure Risky Behavior in Adolescent Pedestrians / Desenvolvimento de um Questionário Breve para a Medição do Comportamento Arriscado em Pedestres Adolescentes

El objetivo del presente estudio fue la creación de un cuestionario autoinformado breve para valorar los comportamientos arriesgados en peatones. Para ello se contó con una muestra de 351 personas que completaron los 13 ítems iniciales del instrumento y que llevaron a cabo una tarea de percepción de riesgo a modo de medida de validez. El análisis factorial confirmatorio verificó el ajuste satisfactorio del modelo final de 8 ítems en un único factor, que alcanzó una consistencia interna satisfactoria (α=.75). Posteriormente los análisis evidenciaron la validez convergente y discriminante del cuestionario, con base en las correlaciones obtenidas con las medidas de percepción de riesgo administradas.

The objective of the present study is the creation of a brief self-reporting questionnaire to assess risky behaviors among pedestrians. For this purpose, a sample of 351 people completed the initial 13 items on the instrument and performed a task of risk perception as a measure of validity. The confirmatory factor analysis verified a satisfactory fit of the final 8-item model for a single factor, which reached a satisfactory internal consistency (α=.75). Subsequently, the analysis showed the convergent and discriminant validity of the questionnaire based on correlations obtained with the administered measures of risk perception.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi a criação de um questionário autorrelatado breve para avaliar os comportamentos arriscados em pedestres. Para isso, contou-se com uma amostra de 351 pessoas que completaram os 13 itens do instrumento e que realizaram uma tarefa de percepção de risco como modo de medida de validez. A análise fatorial confirmatória verificou o ajuste satisfatório do modelo final de 8 itens num único fator, que alcançou uma consistência interna satisfatória (α=.75). Posteriormente, as análises evidenciaram a validez convergente e discriminante do questionário, com base nas correlações obtidas com as medidas de percepção de risco administradas.

Risky Behavior Subtypes and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents with Depression

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify the risky behavior subtypes in adolescents with depression, and the relationship between those subtypes and suicide attempt. METHODS: Ninety adolescents who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition criteria for major depressive disorder, dysthymia, or depressive disorder not otherwise specified participated in the study. Participants were interviewed about suicidal attempts, non-suicidal self-injuries. Smoking, drinking behaviors, and searching for the word "suicide" on the internet, negative life events including bulling-bullied experiences, and history of abuse were also included with questionnaires. RESULTS: The results of cluster analysis showed that four risky behaviors were divided into three clusters : non-risky type, characterized by few risky behaviors ; delinquency type, which was characterized by smoking and drinking ; non-suicidal self-injury type. In non-suicidal self-injury type, percentage of girls was higher and clinical symptoms were more severe than delinquency type. In addition, delinquency type members could be a bully, while non-suicidal self-injury type members could be abused by a family member. Logistic regression analysis showed that both risky behavior subtypes were significant predictors of suicide attempt. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that two types of risky behaviors of depressed adolescents have an effect on the suicide attempts independently. Then, the implications and limitations of the study were discussed and directions for future studies were suggested.

Relationship between Migration and HIV Risky Behavior: a Comparative Study of Returning Migrants and Non Migrants Based on Rural Out-of-school Youth in Jilin, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the relationship between migration and HIV risky behavior when controlling for gender, age, and educational levels and to evaluate the gender differences in migration, HIV knowledge, and HIV risky behaviors among rural youth in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional, anonymous, investigative questionnaire for 1710 unmarried, out-of-school rural youth, aged between 15 and 24 years, was handed out in Gongzhuling county of Jilin province, China.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>58.5% of participants had a history of migration, irrespective of gender. There were gender differences observed in other factors such as drug abuse (4.3% for males and 5.5% for females, P<0.01), multiple sexual partners (24.1% for males and 44.1% for females, P<0.01), and HIV knowledge rate (35.2% for males and 25.5% for females, P<0.001). While controlling for gender, age, and educational levels, the relationships between migration and drug abuse, selling sex, and non usage of condoms during last instance of sexual activity were found to be significant. The cases of premarital sex and multiple sexual partners were both not found to be related to migration.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Among rural youth, the HIV risky behavior such as drug abuse, selling sex, and lack of condom use, is significantly related to migration, while premarital sex and multiple sexual partners seem unrelated to migration.</p>

Oral health behaviors and dental treatment during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort in northeast Brazil

Objective: To evaluate changes in oral health behavior and the use of dental health services during pregnancy. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study nested in a prospective cohort of pregnant women in the city of SÆo Luís, MA. A total of 262 women receiving prenatal care at the Mother-Infant University Hospital were interviewed, through a semi-structured questionnaire, regarding their use of dental services, type of dental treatment received, dietary habits, and oral hygiene before and during pregnancy. The Wilcoxon and McNemar tests (alpha=1%) were used to evaluate the differences in behavior before and during pregnancy. Results: Of the pregnant women evaluated, 33 women (12.6%) reported undergoing at least one dental consultation during their pregnancy. Of these women, 30 (11.4%) had at least one consultation during their first trimester, 10 (3.8%) during their second trimester, and 2 (0.8%) during their third trimester. Preventative and restorative treatments were the most common treatments. There were differences in the behaviors of women related to oral health before and during pregnancy. Subjects reported less frequent daily and post-meal tooth brushing and weekly dental floss and fluoridated mouthwash use during pregnancy compared to prepregnancy (p<0.001). They also reported eating more snacks (p<0.001) and meals (p=0.011) per day during pregnancy compared to prepregnancy. Only the habit of regular sugary food consumption did not vary significantly (p=0.169). Conclusion: There are behavioral changes during pregnancy that can cause dental caries and periodontal disease. Despite these concerns, dental health professionals are not adequately caring for pregnant women. Therefore, public policies incentivizing prenatal dental care are needed...

Mental Well-Being Related To Lifestyle and Risky Behaviours in 18-25 Year Old: Evidence from North-East Scotland

This study assesses the mental well-being of young adults (18-25 year olds), a recognized weight gain time period, in relation to self-reported weight, diet, physical activity and other risky lifestyle behaviours. A questionnaire survey was conducted amongst young adults in the North-East of Scotland. Mental well-being was assessed using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Demographic, diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, sexual relations and drug taking factors were investigated. Univariate analyses and generalised linear models explored the most informative factors with respect to mental well-being. One thousand one hundred and thirteen young adults responded. Lower mental well-being scores were associated with being underweight, those suffering from obesity, snacking habits and for drug takers. Increased physical activity (PA) was linked with better mental well-being even if PA was not enjoyed. Improved mental well-being was also associated with having or having had a sexual partner. Education, smoking and alcohol provided no additional information. This large cross community study utilised different factors altogether and consequently provides important information on emerging adults. The results indicate that adaptable behaviours (body weight, nutrition, exercise, personal relationships, attitudes towards drugs) affect mental well-being. Future interventions should consider these lifestyles and risky behaviours to promote not only future health but also positive mental health of this often neglected, vulnerable age group.

Sexual behavior among high school students in Brazil: alcohol consumption and legal and illegal drug use associated with unprotected sex

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol and other drug use appears to reduce decision-making ability and increase the risk of unsafe sex, leading to possible unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases/human immunodeficiency virus/HIV transmission, and multiple sexual partners. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that risky sexual behaviors among adolescents are associated with legal and illegal drug use. METHODS: A national cross-sectional survey of 17,371 high-school students was conducted in 2010. Students were selected from 789 public and private schools in each of the 27 Brazilian state capitals by a multistage probabilistic sampling method and answered a self-report questionnaire. Weighted data were analyzed through basic contingency tables and logistic regressions testing for differences in condom use among adolescents who were sexually active during the past month. RESULTS: Approximately one third of the high school students had engaged in sexual intercourse in the month prior to the survey, and nearly half of these respondents had not used a condom. While overall sexual intercourse was more prevalent among boys, unsafe sexual intercourse was more prevalent among girls. Furthermore, a lower socioeconomic status was directly associated with non-condom use, while binge drinking and illegal drug use were independently associated with unsafe sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: Adolescent alcohol and drug use were associated with unsafe sexual practices. School prevention programs must include drug use and sexuality topics simultaneously because both risk-taking behaviors occur simultaneously. .

Motivos del desuso de puentes peatonales en Arequipa / Motives of disuse of pedestrian bridges in Arequipa

Objetivo: conocer las causas por las cuales las personas no utilizan los puentes peatonales de la ciudad de Arequipa. Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado a través de la aplicación de una encuesta que recoge datos sobre la edad, género, grado de instrucción, procedencia y experiencia de accidentes previos. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico mediante la técnica de muestro por cuotas. Se pesquisaron 360 peatones, 270 hombres y 90 mujeres, que transitan por las vías aledañas a tres puentes de la ciudad: 1. El puente de la Avenida Venezuela, 2. El puente de la Avenida Alcides Carrión, y 3. El puente de la Avenida Ejército. Resultados: la edad promedio de la muestra era de 31,97 años y el grado de instrucción no fue determinante en el uso de los puentes. Se encontraron causas particulares para cada puente, lo que implica que su ubicación es relevante en la toma de decisiones de los peatones que los usan. La falta de tiempo y la pereza fueron los motivos más frecuentes que señalaron las personas para no utilizar los puentes peatonales. Conclusiones: es importante colocar bardas que eviten transitar por la pista indebidamente y realizar campañas de concientización que brinden información a los peatones sobre los riesgos a que se enfrentan por cruzar indebidamente la calle y por infringir la ley.

Objective: to find out the causes of disuse of pedestrian bridges in Arequipa city. Methods: descriptive study based on a survey gathering data on age, gender level of education, origin and experience of previous accidents. A non-probabilistic sampling was performed through quota sampling technique. Three hundred and sixty pedestrians (270 males and 90 females), who moved along pathways next to three city bridges such as Avenida Venezuela bridge, Avenida Alcides Carriion bridge and Avenida Ejercito bridge, were studied. Results: average age of the sample was 31.97 years, the level of education did not influence the use of bridges. Lack of time, sloth and the fear for attacks and robbery were the most frequent motives marked by pedestrians as causes for ignoring the pedestrian bridges. Conclusions: it is necessary to take measures in terms of security and surveillance at bridges, as well as launching awareness-raising campaigns that provide information to pedestrians on the possible risks of wrongly crossing the streets and of breaking the law.

A influência da comunicação com a família e grupo de pares no bem-estar e nos comportamentos de risco nos adolescentes Portugueses / The influence of communication with family and peer group on well-being and risky behavior of Portuguese adolescents

O objectivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência e o impacto dos pais e do grupo de pares nos comportamentos de saúde e risco dos adolescentes portugueses. Para isso, estudou-se o tipo de comunicação que os adolescentes mantêm com os pais e com os pares. A amostra foi constituída pelos sujeitos participantes no estudo realizado em Portugal Continental, que integra o estudo Europeu HBSC-Health Beaviour in School-aged Children. O estudo incluiu um total de 4877 estudantes do 6º, 8º e 10º ano de escolaridade de escolas públicas portuguesas, com média de idades igual a 14 anos. Os resultados revelaram que uma boa comunicação com os pais tem um maior efeito protector sobre os comportamentos de risco do que uma boa comunicação com os amigos. Adolescentes com boa comunicação com os pais e amigos revelaram serem mais felizes e satisfeitos com a vida. Os resultados encontrados salientam a importância da comunicação e do relacionamento positivo com os pais e com os pares simultaneamente.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of parents and peer group on health and risky behaviors of Portuguese adolescents. It was studied the type of communication that adolescents have with their parents and with peers. The sample consisted of subjects who participated in a study performed in Portugal, which incorporates the European HBSC-Health Behavior in School-aged Children study. The study included a total of 4.877 students in 6th, 8th and 10th grades of public school in Portugal, with an average age of 14 years old. The overall results revealed that good communication with parents has a more protective effect on adolescents' risky behavior than good communication with friends. Adolescents with closer and better communication with their parents and friends have also revealed to have a happier and more pleased life. The results highlight the importance of communication and positive relationship simultaneously with parents and peers.

Conductas de riesgo y sintomatología de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes universitarios del Sur de Jalisco, México / Risky behaviors and eating disorders symptomatology among undergraduate students from South of Jalisco, Mexico

El propósito de la presente investigación fue estimar la ocurrencia de conductas de riesgo y sintomatología de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes universitarios del Sur del Estado de Jalisco, México. La muestra incluyó 143 mujeres con una edad promedio de 19.90 años (DE = 2.14) y 109 varones con una edad promedio de 21.21 años (DE = 3.53), quienes contestaron el Cuestionario de Actitudes Alimentarias, el Cuestionario de Bulimia de Edimburgo y el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal. Los resultados mostraron que mayores porcentajes de mujeres habían realizado dietas restrictivas y consumieron productos para adelgazar en comparación con los varones, quienes indicaron que realizaban ejercicio con la finalidad de quemar calorías en mayor medida que las mujeres. Asimismo, mayores porcentajes de mujeres presentaron insatisfacción corporal (14%) y sintomatología de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario (11.9%) en comparación con los varones (10% y 4.6%, respectivamente). Las mujeres con insatisfacción corporal presentaron mayor número de conductas de riesgo que quienes estaban satisfechas con su cuerpo. Los hallazgos de esta investigación muestran que una cantidad importante de jóvenes universitarios del Sur de Jalisco presentaron conductas alimentarias de riesgo o sintomatología de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario.

The purpose of this research was to estimate the occurrence of risky behaviors and eating disorders symptomatology among undergraduate students from South of Jalisco, Mexico. The sample comprised 143 women with a mean age of 19.90 (SD = 2.14) and 109 men with a mean age of 21.21 (SD= 3.53) who answered the Eating Attitudes Test, the Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh and the Body Shape Questionnaire. The results showed that a higher percentage of women have been on a diet and consumed weight loss products compared with men, who reported to do exercise in order to burn calories. Also, higher percentage of women showed body dissatisfaction (14%) and eating disorders symptomatology (11.9%) in comparison with men (10% and 4.6%, respectively). Women with body dissatisfaction showed a higher number of risky behaviors compared with people without body dissatisfaction. The findings of this research revealed that an important number of undergraduate students from south of Jalisco showed risky behaviors and eating disorders symptomatology.

Calidad de vida y comportamientos de riesgo en niños(as) trabajadores(as) y familias: el contexto de la comuna San José, Manizales / Quality of life and risk behavior in working children and families: the San Jose commune context, Manizales / Qualidade de vida e comportamentos de risco em crianças trabalhadoras e familias: o contexto da fabela San Jose, Manizales

Objetivo: contribuir a la reflexión sobre los riesgos y las conductas de riesgo de un grupo de niños, niñas y jóvenes trabajadores(as) con el fin de develar en sus realidades y vivencias nuevos significados y sentires que permitan fortalecer su capacidad de autocuidado. Metodología: investigación cualitativa que muestra la necesidad de abordar desde una mirada comprensiva y sentido crítico, las concepciones de calidad de vida y los comportamientos de riesgo desde los niños y niñas trabajadores. Resultados: el comportamiento de riesgo no es sólo una condición exclusiva de niños, niñas y jóvenes trabajadores(as), sino que se relaciona con los contextos y las historias sociales de las que ellos y ellas forman parte. Las familias de estos(as) niños(as) y jóvenes cuentan con débiles mecanismos simbólicos para apoyar y brindar seguridad, afecto y pautas a sus hijos, lo que se traduce en un vacío de cuidado hacia ellos y ellas, que los lleva a construir otros marcos referenciales y comportamientos de riesgo como el uso de drogas o actividades que a su vez conllevan situaciones de violencia como daños y robos a la propiedad privada. También algunos de ellos y ellas construyen sentidos y significados desde su cotidianidad e interrelaciones con los adultos en la casa, la escuela, el trabajo, lo que involucra su propio reconocimiento o subjetividad en cuanto a prácticas de autocuidado relacionadas con la protección del abuso sexual, cuidarse de la influencia de amigos consumidores y protección de los(as) niños(as) más pequeños(as) frente al consumo, sin embargo, por el hecho de autocuidarse no se eliminan los factores de riesgo del entorno (violencia, riesgos laborales) que son prioritariamente consecuencias o que dependen de las condiciones sociales y económicas en las cuales se dan estos factores. Conclusiones: se hace necesario acoger los niños y niñas trabajadores en los ámbitos institucionales y dar respuesta...

Objective: Contribute to the discussion on risks and risk behaviors of a group of working children and teenagers in order to unveil their realities and experiences, new meanings and feelings that will strengthen their ability to care for themselves. Methodology: A qualitative research that illustrates the need to address from a comprehensively look and critical thinking, the conceptions of quality of life and risk behaviors of children and young workers. Results: Risky behavior is not only an exclusive condition of children and young workers, but it is related to their contexts and social stories. Their families have weak symbolic devices to support and provide security, affection and guidance to their children, resulting in a lack of care, which leads them to create other frames of reference and risk behaviors, such as drug use or activities that result in violent situations, theft and damage to private property. Some of them also construct meanings and significance from their daily lives and relationships with adults at home, school, work, which involve their own recognition or subjectivity in terms of self-care practices related to protection from sexual abuse, guard against peer pressure regarding drug use, and protecting younger children from consumption. However, self-care does not eliminate surrounding risk factors (violence, occupational hazards) or consequences that are primarily dependent on social and economic conditions that generate said factors. Conclusions: It is necessary to accommodate working children in institutional settings and respond to their demands, social and cultural rights, and overcome the stigma and blame mechanisms for working or being consumers of psychoactive substances. The need to strengthen the political and social capital of families and working children is observed, in order to enable them to take an active role regarding the defense and guarantee of their rights.

Fatores associados a condutas de enfrentamento violento entre adolescentes escolares / Risk factors associated with violent confrontation behavior among student adolescents

Os dados sobre violência entre jovens são preocupantes no contexto brasileiro. Neste estudo se avaliou a prática de enfrentamentos violentos em uma amostra de 389 jovens estudantes de ensino médio de Porto Alegre-RS. O objetivo foi identificar quais variáveis, em termos de dados sócio-demográficos, comportamentos arriscados no trânsito, bem-estar psicológico e estratégias de enfrentamento constituem-se em fatores de risco a prática de enfrentamentos violentos. Verificou-se uma maior chance de envolvimento em enfrentamentos entre os sujeitos do sexo masculino que conduzem veículos automotivos sem habilitação. Quanto às estratégias de coping, as chances de envolvimento são maiores entre aqueles jovens que utilizam mais as estratégias de ação social (no sentido da organização de grupos e procura por pares) e busca de diversões relaxantes, enquanto utilizam menos as estratégias de criar ilusões e autoculpar-se como alternativas para lidar com estressores. Considerando perfil de risco encontrado, faz-se necessária uma reflexão acerca do contexto social da violência e a necessidade de políticas públicas de prevenção da violência entre jovens.

Violence data between youths are worrying in the Brazilian context. This study examined the violent confrontation behavior in a sample of 389 high school students of Porto Alegre-RS. The aim was to identify which variables, in terms of socio-demographic data, risky behaviors in traffic, psychological well-being and coping strategies constitutes in risk factors to violent confrontation. It was verified a bigger chance of involvement in violent confrontations between the subjects of the male sex that drive automotive vehicles without licence. Regarding to coping strategies the chances of involvement are bigger between those youths that present a bigger utilization of coping strategies of social action (in the sense of the organization of groups and seeks by pair) and seek for relaxing fun, as a minor utilization of illusions creating and self-guilty coping strategies as alternatives for deal with stressing situations. Considering this risky profile, it is necessary a reflection about the social context of violence and the need of preventive public politics to the violence between youths.