La inteligencia artificial en el cine / Artificial intelligence in movies

La mayor parte de los films sobre inteligencia artificial hacen de esta un pretexto para tratar otras cuestiones: los peligros de la tecnociencia al servicio de intereses económicos, bélicos o políticos, la violencia de género, la segregación, los riesgos de un sistema político totalitario, o la deshumanización de la sociedad consumista en que vivimos. Las películas que optan por imaginar un futuro cercano en que se produzca la "singularidad" de un programa que se subjetive y empiece a desear, odiar o amar, pueden ordenarse en cinco grandes escenarios típicos: programas autoconscientes empoderados, subjetividades humanas transformadas en programa computacional, androides diseñados mediante biotecnología, robots que devienen humanos, y robots que semejan a humanos, pero no lo son

Most films about artificial intelligence make this a pretext to address other issues: the dangers of technoscience at the service of economic, war or political interests, gender violence, segregation, the risks of a totalitarian political system, or the dehumanization of the consumerist society in which we live. The films that choose to imagine a near future in which the "singularity" of a program that becomes subjective and begins to desire, hate or love occurs, can be organized into five large typical scenarios: empowered self-conscious programs, human subjectivities transformed into a computer program, androids designed through biotechnology, robots that become humans, and robots that look like humans, but are not.

Inteligencia Artificial: pinocho dos mil años luz / Artificial Intelligence: pinocchio two thousand light years

Una versión preliminar de este texto fue publicada en 2001 en ocasión del estreno del film. Dos décadas después y ante la explosión de la Inteligencia Artificial Generativa se presenta una versión ampliada que mantiene sin embargo la tesis original. Se trata de la importancia y vigencia de los mitos para comprender la distancia entre la lógica computacional y lo propio de la condición humana. En esta línea se analiza el film de Spielberg en interlocución con el célebre relato de Carlo Collodi y con los aportes del psicoanálisis para pensar el presente y el futuro de la Inteligencia Artificial

A preliminary version of this text was published in 2001 on the occasion of the film's premiere. Two decades later and given the explosion of Generative Artificial Intelligence, an expanded version is presented that nevertheless maintains the original thesis. It is about the importance and validity of myths to understand the distance between computational logic and the human condition. Along these lines, Spielberg's film is analyzed in dialogue with the famous story by Carlo Collodi and with the contributions of psychoanalysis to think about the present and future of Artificial Intelligence

Development of a flexible embedded neurostimulator for animal robots / 生物医学工程学杂志

The neural stimulator is a core component of animal robots. While the control effect of animal robots is influenced by various factors, the performance of the neural stimulator plays a decisive role in regulating animal robots. In order to optimize animal robots, embedded neural stimulators had been developed using flexible printed circuit board technology. This innovation not only enabled the stimulator to generate parameter-adjustable biphasic current pulses through control signals, but also optimized its carrying mode, material, and size, overcoming the disadvantages of traditional backpack or head-inserted stimulators, which have poor concealment and are prone to infection. Static, in vitro, and in vivo performance tests of the stimulator demonstrated that it not only had precise pulse waveform output capability, but also was lightweight and small in size. It had excellent in vivo performance in both laboratory and outdoor environments. Our study has high practical significance for the application of animal robots.

Overview of the Development of Spatial Positioning Accuracy Testing Technology for Surgical Robots / 中国医疗器械杂志

Characteristics of two major categories of RA equipment which defined in the standard are interpreted firstly. Few representative RA equipment in current market and their key product features are introduced. Then, classifications of different indexes of spatial positioning accuracy are declared, the difficulties of performing testing process on each indexes are further explained. Meanwhile, different kinds of three dimensional coordinate measuring equipment that are cutting edge at present stage are introduced with their main methods of use explained. According to characteristics of three dimensional coordinate measuring equipment on the market, proper measuring equipment for testing certain index of spatial positioning accuracy and corresponding experiment method are introduced.

Research on the Application of Electromagnetic Navigation Technology in Surgical Robots / 中国医疗器械杂志

Due to the need to achieve precise operations during surgery, in order to prevent hand tremors and poor surgical field of view, more and more surgical robots are used in surgical operations combined with navigation technology to meet the requirements for surgical accuracy. Open surgery such as orthopaedics, joint replacement and neurosurgery on the market generally use optical navigation systems to guide robots to achieve precise positioning, but optical navigation systems cannot be used for operations in areas with small surgical space. Therefore, a robotic surgical system based on electromagnetic navigation technology that can be applied to the craniofacial area was proposed. By using this robot, the problems of difficult operation and low precision caused by the narrow craniofacial space can be solved. Key techniques and considerations are studied. The function of the developed prototype is verified through model tests. The test results show that the surgical robot under the electromagnetic navigation technology can achieve precise surgical operations improve the success rate of the doctor's surgery and reduce postoperative complications.

A Novel Robotic Bronchoscopic Surgical System / 中国医疗器械杂志

Transbronchil biopsy has the characteristic of less trauma and quick recovery compared to percutaneous aspiration biopsy. In order to automate this procedure, it requires the development of a robotic surgical system that combines electromagnetic navigation and flexible endoscope. The robotic surgical system introduced herein consists of flexible endoscope, remote-control handle, electromagnetic navigation and dexterous manipulators. The robotic system supports lung bronchial model segmentation and reconstruction, automatic bronchial path planning, real-time navigation and visual biopsy. In the control of the endoscopic catheter, an elasticity compensation algorithm was proposed to improve the location accuracy of the catheter and operational efficiency. Clinical trials proved that the robotic system had high positioning accuracy, was intuitive to operate, and could improve the biopsy efficiency, shorten the learning time, reduce the burden of surgical operations, and lower radiation exposure and infection rate.

A Novel Single-arm Single-port Micro-traumatic Laparoscopic Robotic Surgical System / 中国医疗器械杂志

As the robotic assisted single port surgery arousing attention, a novel single-arm single-port micro-traumatic laparoscopic robotic surgical system is proposed in this study. From the perspective of the mechanics, joints with high rigidity and high reliability were utilized to realize the remote center of motion (RCM). Besides, the cost of consumables was reduced by adding the support of the rigid endoscope. From the perspective of the algorithm, high-precision motion control method and feedback force protection mechanism were implemented. The effectiveness of the aforementioned characteristics were verified by five clinical experiments of cholecystectomy. The results showed that the system is able to reduce the amount of bleeding, accelerate the patient recovery, reduce the infection risk and shorten the learning period. The robotic surgical system had significant clinical application value.

Development of Surgical Robots in Recent Years / 中国医疗器械杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the development of surgical robots at home and abroad in recent years.@*METHODS@#Through a large number of literature review and analysis, the qualification approval and technical function characteristics of domestic and foreign surgical robots from January 2019 to July 2022 were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The related situations of 39 surgical robots were analyzed and reported, and the shortcomings and future development direction of the current surgical robots were summarized.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The development of surgical robots in China is now in a rapid development stage. At present, surgical robots generally have the disadvantages of high cost, lack of tactile feedback (force feedback), large size, large space occupation and difficult to move. In the future, it will develop towards intelligent, miniaturized, remote, open and low-cost.

Training in a wearable exoskeleton improves the lower limb motor recovery of stroke survivors / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore any differential effect of training wearing a unilateral exoskeleton on the lower-limb motor function of stroke survivors.Methods:Forty stroke survivors were randomly divided into an exoskeleton group ( n=20) and a control group ( n=20). The control group performed conventional lower extremity exercise training while the exoskeleton group received exoskeleton-assisted lower-limb physical therapy. Each participant received eighteen 40-minute training sessions over three weeks. Before and after the intervention, the walking ability, lower-limb function, balance and ability in the activities of daily living of both groups were evaluated. Integrated electromyography (iEMG) of the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior of both legs was also recorded during sit-to-stand transitions to assess the activation of the affected muscles and the symmetry of bilateral muscle activation. Results:After the three weeks, significant improvement was observed in all of the measurements in both groups, but with the exoskeleton group scoring significantly better on average in functional ambulation category grading (1.63±0.72). Both groups′ iEMGs had also improved significantly compared with before treatment, but the exoskeleton group′s average result was by that time significantly better than the control group′s average.Conclusions:A wearable exoskeleton can effectively improve the rehabilitation of walking, lower limb movement, balance and skill in the activities of daily living of persons with subacute stroke. It better activates the affected lower limb muscles and improves the symmetry of bilateral lower limb muscle activation.

Clinical application and development of robot assisted surgery in orthopedic trauma / 中华创伤骨科杂志

With the development of intelligent manufacturing technology, robot-assisted surgery has been widely acknowledged and increasingly conducted in spine and joint orthopaedics. The appearance of TiRobot, a universal type orthopedic robot, marked expansion of robot-assisted surgery into orthopedic trauma, providing minimally invasive, intelligent, and precise protocols for fixation of pelvic and acetabular fractures, hip fractures, hand and foot fractures, and other fractures. Recently, fracture reduction robots have started an era of intelligent involvement of robots in the reduction of pelvic fractures, expanding the application of orthopedic robots from the fixation procedures to the reduction ones. In addition, robot-assisted rehabilitation exercises after fracture surgery are actively explored. Consequently, robots can be expected to get involved in every step in reduction, fixation and rehabilitation of fractures. This paper introduces the present application of robots in fracture treatment and discusses future potential development of orthopaedic robots.

Research on the Ethical Dilemmas of Nursing Robots Assisted Home-based Elderly Care: Based on Value Sensitive Design Theory / 中国医学伦理学

With aging population becoming increasingly prominent, more intelligent, integrated, and anthropomorphic nursing robots are becoming an important option for future home-based elderly care. However, a series of ethical dilemmas may arise when nursing robots that provide long-term services participate in the social life of the elderly as social entities. For example, the encroachment of low-level interaction between humans and nursing robots on the high-level interaction between humans, as well as the dispute over the definition of responsibility caused by unclear moral subjects. The value sensitive design theory advocates incorporating value into technical design, and based on its conceptual research, empirical research, and iterative approach, it can be found that the fundamental reason for the above-mentioned ethical dilemma lies in the confusion and dislocation of the ternary nursing relationship among human caregivers, the elderly, and nursing robots. Accordingly, this paper proposed to clarify the user status of the elderly and human caregivers, while nursing robots serve as auxiliary tools to meet the nursing needs of the elderly, protect and enhance the well-being of the elderly.

Robôs humanoides nos cuidados assistenciais: protocolo de revisão de escopo / Humanoid robots in clinical care: a scoping review protocol

OBJETIVO: Mapear as evidências científicas dos tipos de cuidados assistenciais desempenhados por robôs humanoides. MÉTODO: Revisão de escopo direcionada pelas diretrizes do Joanna Briggs Institute para responder à pergunta: quais os cuidados assistenciais desempenhados por robôs humanoides? A busca será realizada em seis bases de dados e na literatura cinzenta. As citações serão agrupadas no software Rayyan e as duplicatas removidas. A seleção dos artigos será realizada em duas etapas, leitura de títulos e resumos, seguida da avaliação do texto completo por dois revisores independentes, sendo acionado um terceiro em situações de divergência. Os dados extraídos serão sintetizados de forma descritiva. Um resumo narrativo acompanhará os resultados tabulados e mapeados e descreverá como os resultados se relacionam com o objetivo e a questão da revisão. O artigo final utilizará o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).

OBJECTIVE: To map scientific evidence on types of care provided by humanoid robots. METHOD: A scoping review was conducted guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute's guidelines to answer the question: What type of care is performed by humanoid robots? The search will be carried out in six databases and the grey literature. The citations will be collated in Rayyan software, and duplicates will be removed. The selection of articles will be carried out in two stages, title and abstract screening, followed by full-text evaluation by two independent reviewers, and a third one will be activated in situations of divergence. The extracted data will be synthesized descriptively. A narrative summary will accompany the tabulated and mapped results and describe how the results relate to the review's purpose and question. The final article will use the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).

An exoskeleton robot can help improve the walking ability of stroke survivors / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore the efficacy of a flat ground exoskeleton robot in improving the walking ability of stroke survivors.Methods:Fifty-eight stroke survivors with mobility difficulties were randomly divided into a robot group ( n=29) and a control group ( n=29). In addition to routine rehabilitation, the control group received conventional walking training, while the robot group underwent exoskeleton robot-assisted gait training. The 30-minute training sessions were held twice a day, 5 days per week for 5 weeks. Before as well as after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, everyone′s walking ability was tested using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and functional ambulation scale (FAC). General lower limb motor function was quantified using the Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity assessment (FMA-LE). Moreover, gait analysis was conducted before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results:After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, the average 6MWT times of both groups were significantly better than before the treatment, with the improvement of the robot group significantly greater than that of the control group after 2 weeks. After 2 and 4 weeks the average FMA-LE and FAC scores of both groups had improved significantly compared with before treatment. After 4 weeks the stride frequency and gait cycle of both groups had improved significantly.Conclusions:Exoskeleton robot-assisted gait training can improve walking ability and lower limb motor function of stroke survivors about as well as conventional walking training.

An ultrasound-guided robot assisted system for percutaneous facet joint puncture: an experimental study / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the accuracy of an ultrasound-guided robot-assisted system for percutaneous facet joint puncture in an animal experiment by registration of ultrasound images and two-dimensional X-ray fluorescence images.Methods:Six specimens of fresh adult sheep lumbar spine were prepared and soaked in gelatin solution. The specimens contained a total of 48 facet joints with 24 ones respectively on the left and right sides. Half of the joints were assigned by the random number table method into a robot-assisted group which were subjected to percutaneous facet joint puncture assisted by the ultrasound-guided robot-assisted system while the contralateral ones into a freehand group which were subjected to percutaneous facet joint puncture by freehand. In the robot-assisted group, the left facet joints were 3 L 1, 3 L 2, 3 L 3 and 3 L 4 ones while the right facet joints were 2 L 1, 3 L 2, 5 L 3 and 2 L 4 ones. In this self-control animal experiment, both the robot-assisted punctures and the freehand punctures were carried out in the same specimen. The puncture success rate, puncture needle adjustment, positioning deviation, orientation deviation and operation time were recorded. Results:The positioning deviation and orientation deviation in the robot-assisted group [(2.21 ± 1.12) mm and 1.51° ± 0.47°] were significantly lower than those in the freehand group [(3.26 ± 1.44) mm and 2.24° ± 0.89°] ( P < 0.05). All the articular facet joint punctures were successfully accomplished for the first time in the robot-assisted group while those required multiple adjustments in the freehand group. In the robot-assisted group, the total operation time [(463.84 ± 34.93) s] was significantly longer than that in the freehand group [(298.40 ± 27.48) s], but the puncture time [(37.97 ± 6.87) s] was significantly shorter than that in the freehand group [(261.61 ± 33.15) s] ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:The ultrasound-guided robot-assisted system for percutaneous facet joint puncture can lead to accurate puncture with limited needle adjustments.

Intelligent robot-assisted minimally invasive reduction system for reduction of unstable pelvic fractures: a cadaveric study / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To evaluate a self-designed intelligent robot-assisted minimally invasive reduction system in the reduction of unstable pelvic fractures by a cadaveric anatomic study.Methods:Ten unembalmed cadavers (7 male and 3 female ones) were used in this study. In each cadaveric specimen an unstable pelvic fracture was created in accordance with clinical case models (3 cases of type B1, 4 cases of type B2 and 3 cases of type C1 by the Tile classification). A self-designed intelligent robot-assisted minimally invasive reduction system was used to assist the reduction in the cadaveric models. Intraoperative registration and navigation time, autonomous reduction time, total operation time and reduction error were measured.Results:Effective reduction was completed in 10 bone models with the assistance of our self-designed intelligent robot-assisted minimally invasive reduction system. The time for intraoperative registration and navigation averaged 47.4 min (from 32 to 74 min), the autonomous reduction time 73.9 min (from 48 to 96 min), and the total operation time 121.3 min (from 83 to 170 min). The reduction error averaged 2.02 mm (from 1.67 to 2.62 mm), and the reduction results met the clinical requirements.Conclusion:Our self-designed intelligent robot-assisted minimally invasive reduction system is a new clinical solution for unstable pelvic fractures, showing advantages of agreement with clinical operative procedures, high reduction accuracy and operational feasibility, and reduced radiation exposure compared to a conventional operation.

Emergency iliosacral screw fixation assisted by TiRobot for unstable posterior pelvic ring fracture / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the emergency iliosacral screw fixation assisted by TiRobot for unstable posterior pelvic ring fracture.Methods:The 26 patients with unstable pelvic fracture were analyzed retrospectively who had undergone emergency iliosacral screw fixation at Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from June 2018 to December 2020. They were divided into 2 groups depending on whether orthopaedic TiRobot was used to assist screw insertion. In the observation group of 14 cases subjected to TiRobot-assisted insertion of iliosacral screws, there were 10 males and 4 females with an age of (45.9 ± 10.1) years; in the control group of 12 cases subjected to conventional manual insertion of iliosacral screws, there were 9 males and 3 females with an age of (49.2 ± 11.3) years. All the surgeries were conducted within 24 hours after injury. The 2 groups were compared in terms of screw insertion time, pin insertion, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy time, postoperative screw position, fracture reduction and Harris hip score at the final follow-up.Results:The 2 groups were comparable because there was no significant difference between them in their preoperative general clinical data or follow-up time ( P>0.05). The screw insertion time [(16.1 ± 3.4) min] and fluoroscopy time [(8.1 ± 3.3) s] in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group [(26.4 ± 5.4) min and (25.2 ± 7.4) s], and the pin insertions [1 (1, 2) times] and intraoperative blood loss [(10.5 ± 6.4) mL] in the former were significantly less than those in the latter [6 (3, 8) times and (24.8 ± 6.7) mL] (all P<0.05). Postoperatively, the sacroiliac screw position was excellent in 18 cases and good in 2 in the observation group while excellent in 14 cases, good in 2 and poor in 2 in the control group; the fracture reduction was excellent in 12 cases, good in one and fair in one in the observation group while excellent in 10 cases, good in one and fair in one in the control group, showing insignificant differences in the above comparisons ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference either in the Harris hip score at the final follow-up between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Compared with conventional manual insertion of iliosacral screws, emergency iliosacral screw fixation assisted by TiRobot can effectively decrease surgical time and reduce operative invasion due to a higher accuracy rate of screw insertion.

Biomimetic Applications of Mimosa pudica L. in the Theoretical Development of a Pneumatic Actuator

Abstract For years, plants have tried to adapt to the environmental changes caused by time, improving and developing their biological structures. Many of these structural and functional properties of plants have great potential for the development of concepts in the field of biomimetics. Recent previous studies have shown that the movement of Mimosa pudica L. is caused by the variation of turgor pressure within the cells of organs motor, that is, the influx and efflux of water by osmosis, generating reversible changes in the shape of the plant. Thus, this article sought, through research and literature references, to carry out a survey of studies related to the seismonastic movements of the plant and its applications in the design of technological innovations. In addition, it presents the development of a pneumatic actuator based on the abstraction of the morphology of the primary pulvinus of the plant and the concept of bioinspired design of the theoretical model based on the technology of soft robots. As a result, the bioinspired actuator model of the plant movement is described. In addition, with a simulation, it was possible to observe that the flexible modules are capable of generating the proposed movement and allow movement of the actuator. With the study, it was possible to understand that the movement of the plant appears as an embryo for the projection of technologies, and that the proposed study appears as the basis for research with pneumatic actuators.

Biomedical applications of bionic untethered micro-nano robots / 生物医学工程学杂志

Bionic untethered micro-nano robots, due to their advantages of small size, low weight, large thrust-to-weight ratio, strong wireless mobility, high flexibility and high sensitivity, have very important application values in the fields of biomedicine, such as disease diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery, targeted therapy, etc. This review article systematically introduced the manufacturing methods and motion control, and discussed the biomedical applications of bionic untethered micro-nano robots. Finally, the article discussed the possible challenges for bionic untethered micro-nano robots in the future. In summary, this review described bionic untethered micro-nano robots and their potential applications in biomedical fields.

The application of an end-effector-based lower limb robot to the gait training of stroke survivors / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of gait training assisted by an end-effector-based robot on the gait, balance, walking and general lower limb motor functioning of stroke survivors.Methods:Thirty-nine stroke survivors were randomized into a training group ( n=21) and a control group ( n=18). In addition to routine hemiplegia rehabilitation, the control group was given medium frequency electrical stimulation while the training group underwent 20 minutes of gait training assisted by an end-effector-based robot six days a week for 4 weeks. Before and after the intervention, both groups were evaluated using the functional ambulatory categories (FAC), the Fugl-Meyer lower extremity assessment, the Wisconsin Gait Scale and the Berg balance scale (BBS). Results:There were no significant differences between the groups before the intervention. Afterward significant improvement was observed in both groups in all measurements, with the training group scored better in terms of FAC and BBS.Conclusion:Using an end-effector-based robot in gait training might be more advantageous for improving the gait, balance, walking and general lower limb functioning of stroke survivors.

Research on the influence of light with different wavelength on the motion behavior of carp robots / 生物医学工程学杂志

In order to study the effect of light with different wavelengths on the motion behavior of carp robots, phototaxis experiment, anatomical experiment, light control experiment and speed measurement experiment were carried out in this study. Blue, green, yellow and red light with different wavelength were used to conduct phototaxis experiments on carp to observe their movement behavior. By dissecting the skull bones of the carp to determine the appropriate location to carry the light control device, we independently developed a light control carrying device which was suitable for any illumination intensity environment. The experiment of the light-controlled carp robots was carried out. The motion behavior of the carp robot was checked by using computer binocular stereo vision technology. The motion trajectory of the carp robot was tracked and obtained by applying kernel correlation filter (KCF) algorithm. The motion velocity of the carp robot at different wavelengths was calculated according to their motion trajectory. The results showed that carps' sensitivity to different light changed from strong to weak in the order of blue, red, yellow and green, so that using light with different wavelengths to control the speed of the carp robot has certain laws to follow. A new method to avoid brain damage in carp robots control can be provided in this study.