Childbirth experience of mothers attending selected secondary hospital

Background: Childbirth experience is an important event in every woman抯 life but there is lack of current research in this area in Bangladesh. For improving quality of care for pregnant women during childbirth, clinical care modalities should be designed to improve the experience of care by the mothers. The aim of the study was to assess the childbirth experience in regards to respectful maternity care, effective communication, companionship during childbirth and continuity of care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January to December 2020 among 98 mothers during facility-based childbirth in one model district hospital and one existing district hospital situated in northern part of the country. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 23.2 years (+SD 5.0). Majority completed secondary education (53.1%), and their average monthly family income was 12081.63 taka (+SD 5469.08). Childbirth experience was not associated with socio-demographic status and educational background (P>0.05). This study presents data on physical abuse prevalence and consent refusal rates among respondents, stratified by age groups, educational levels, and monthly family income. Despite variations observed across demographics, statistical analysis, including chi-square tests with continuity correction, revealed no significant differences (P<0.05) in these outcomes based on demographic factors. Conclusions: More than half of the mothers experienced non consented care and around one fourth of mothers being physically abused during childbirth.

Factors to Effective Clinical Experience, Willingness to pursue Career in Rural Health Facilities among Nursing Students on Clinical Placement in Southeast Nigeria and Rural Development / Factores para una experiencia clínica eficaz, voluntad de seguir una carrera en instalaciones de salud rurales entre estudiantes de enfermería en prácticas clínicas en el sudeste de Nigeria y desarrollo rural / Fatores para experiência clínica eficaz, vontade de seguir carreira em unidades de saúde rurais entre estudantes de enfermagem em estágios clínicos no sudeste da Nigéria e desenvolvimento rural

Objective. To describe the Factors to Effective Clinical Experience and Willingness to pursue Career in Rural Health Facilities among Nursing Students on Clinical Placement in southeast Nigeria. Methods. The study was conducted among 48 rural health centres and general hospitals with 528 respondents from different higher institutions of learning serving in these health facilities for their clinical experience. The study applied survey design and utilized questionnaire instrument for data collection. Results. Majority of the students (60%) agreed that their school lacked functional practical demonstration laboratory for students' clinical practice, 66.7% agreed that their school lab lacked large space for all the students to observe what is being taught, 79.9% that their school lab lacked enough equipment that can enable many students to practice procedures; majority of the students (79.9%) answered that the hospitals where they are on clinical placement lacked enough equipment needed for the students on each shift of practice, 59.9% agreed that student/client ratio in each ward during clinical experience periods was not enough for students' practice under supervision, while 73.3% indicated that their school lacked library with current nursing texts for references. Personal, socioeconomic and institutional factors explain the 76% of the variance of effective clinical experience and the 52% of the variance of the willingness to work in rural health facilities in the future if offered employment. Conclusion. The factors surrounding effective clinical experience in rural healthcare facilities in southeastern Nigeria are unfavorable and could discourage future nurses from working there. It is necessary to implement strategies to improve the management of these centers in order to promote the perspective of improving sustainable rural health in this region.

Objetivo. Describir la experiencia clínica efectiva entre los estudiantes de enfermería en prácticas clínicas en las instalaciones sanitarias rurales en el sudeste de Nigeria. Métodos. Este estudio descriptivo se llevó a cabo entre 48 centros de salud rurales y hospitales generales con 528 encuestados de diferentes instituciones de enseñanza superior que prestaban servicio en estas instalaciones sanitarias para su experiencia clínica. Resultados. 60% de los estudiantes comentaron que su centro carecía de un laboratorio de simulación para las prácticas clínicas de los estudiantes, el 66.7% indicó que el laboratorio de su centro carecía de un espacio para que todos los estudiantes pudieran observar lo que se enseñaba. Un 79.9% indicó que el laboratorio de su centro no disponía de equipos suficientes para practicar los procedimientos, y otro porcentaje igual (79.9%) manifestaron que los hospitales carecían del equipo necesario para realizar adecuadamente las prácticas clínicas. El 59.9% indicaron que la razón de estudiantes por paciente en cada sala durante los periodos de experiencia clínica era insuficiente para que los estudiantes realizaran prácticas bajo supervisión, y el 73.3% indicaron que los recursos de la biblioteca en textos de enfermería eran insuficientes para sus necesidades. Los factores personales, socioeconómicos e institucionales explican el 76% de la varianza en la experiencia clínica efectiva y el 52% en la disposición a trabajar en centros sanitarios rurales en el futuro. Conclusión. Los factores que rodean la experiencia clínica efectiva en los centros sanitarios rurales del sudeste de Nigeria son desfavorables y podrían desanimar a los futuros enfermeros a trabajar en ellos. Es necesario implementar estrategias de mejoramiento de la gestión de estos centros con el fin de impulsar la perspectiva de mejorar la salud rural sostenible en esta región.

Objetivo. Descrever a experiência clínica eficaz entre estudantes de enfermagem em estágios clínicos em unidades de saúde rurais no sudeste da Nigéria (África). Métodos. Este estudo descritivo foi realizado em 48 centros de saúde rurais e hospitais gerais com 528 entrevistados de diferentes instituições de ensino superior que atendem essas unidades de saúde pela sua experiência clínica. Resultados. 60% dos alunos comentaram que seu centro não possuía laboratório de simulação para as práticas clínicas dos alunos, 66.7% indicaram que o laboratório de seu centro carecia de espaço para que todos os alunos pudessem observar o que estava sendo ensinado. 79.9% indicaram que o laboratório do seu centro não possuía equipamentos suficientes para a realização dos procedimentos e outro percentual igual (79.9%) afirmou que os hospitais não possuíam os equipamentos necessários para a realização adequada das práticas clínicas. 59.9% indicaram que a proporção de estudantes por pacientes em cada sala durante os períodos de experiência clínica era insuficiente para que os estudantes realizassem as práticas sob supervisão e 73.3% indicaram que os recursos da biblioteca em textos de enfermagem eram insuficientes para suas necessidades. Fatores pessoais, socioeconómicos e institucionais explicam 76% da variação na experiência clínica efetiva e 52% na vontade de trabalhar em centros de saúde rurais no futuro. Conclusão. Os fatores que rodeiam a experiência clínica eficaz em unidades de saúde rurais no sudeste da Nigéria são desfavoráveis e podem desencorajar futuros enfermeiros de trabalhar lá. É necessário implementar estratégias para melhorar a gestão destes centros, a fim de promover a perspectiva de melhorar a saúde rural sustentável nesta região.

Uso de agrotóxicos em canaviais de Pernambuco e danos à saúde do trabalhador / Use of pesticides in Pernambuco sugarcane fields and damage to workers' health

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a exposição aos agrotóxicos e os danos à saúde dos trabalhadores das plantações de cana-de-açúcar em Pernambuco. Trata-se de pesquisa participante desenvolvida em territórios rurais de cinco municípios com forte expressão em área plantada de cana-de-açúcar. Os dados primários foram produzidos em oficinas com trabalhadores rurais para construção de diagnóstico rural participativo, analisados mediante condensação de significados e interpretados à luz do referencial teórico da epidemiologia crítico latino-americana. Os resultados estão apresentados em três seções: i) Fluxograma do trabalho nas plantações de cana-de-açúcar; ii) Exposição aos agrotóxicos utilizados nas lavouras; iii) Danos à saúde do trabalhador. Conclui-se que a exposição permanente aos agrotóxicos envolve o trabalho nas plantações de cana-de-açúcar e emerge de um construto histórico e socioambiental, em que se encontram subsumidos os modos de vida dos territórios sob o domínio do agronegócio canavieiro. Recomendam-se políticas públicas de fomento à agricultura familiar com diversificação, escoamento e distribuição da produção agroecológica, além do fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde e de ações integradas de vigilância epidemiológica, sanitária, ambiental e do trabalhador.

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze exposure to pesticides and harm to the health of workers on sugarcane plantations in Pernambuco. This participatory research was conducted in rural territories of five municipalities with a strong presence in sugarcane-planted areas. The primary data were produced in workshops with rural workers to construct a participatory rural diagnosis, analyzed through condensation of meanings, and interpreted in light of the theoretical framework of Latin American critical epidemiology. The results are presented in three sections: i) Flowchart of work on sugarcane plantations; ii) Exposure to pesticides used on crops; iii) Harm to worker's health. We conclude that permanent exposure to pesticides involves working on sugarcane plantations and emerges from a historical and socio-environmental construct in which the ways of life of the territories under the control of sugarcane agribusiness are subsumed. Public policies are recommended to promote family farming with diversification, flow, distribution of agroecological production, and strengthening primary health care and integrated epidemiological, health, environmental, and worker surveillance actions.

Cuidados paliativos en la atención primaria de salud / Palliative care in primary health care

En la actualidad, la oferta de cuidados paliativos especializados ha sido superada por la demanda, por lo cual la atención a pacientes con enfermedades en estado terminal o en fase final de la vida suele estar a cargo del médico del nivel primario de asistencia. En ese sentido, los cuidados paliativos primarios incluyen el diagnóstico, el tratamiento paliativo, la planificación anticipada, la gestión y coordinación de intervenciones multidisciplinarias y la transferencia a cuidados especializados cuando sea necesario y haya disponibilidad para ello. Al respecto, en este artículo se exponen brevemente algunos elementos sobre el tema y se propone, además, un algoritmo práctico y fácil de aplicar en la atención primaria, que permitirá identificar a la población aquejada por dolencias en esas etapas, con diferenciación en cuanto a afecciones neoplásicas o no neoplásicas.

Nowadays, the offer of specialized palliative care has been overcome by the demand, reason why care to patients with terminal illness or in end-of-life period is usually in charge of the doctor from primary care level. In that sense, primary palliative care includes the diagnosis, palliative treatment, early planning, administration and coordination of multidisciplinary interventions and referring to specialized care when it is necessary and the service is available. In this respect, some elements on the topic are shortly exposed in this work and, also, a practical and easy implementation algorithm in primary care is proposed that will allow identifying population suffering from pain in those stages, with differentiation as for neoplastic or non neoplastic affections.

Labor shortage of physicians in rural areas and surgical specialties caused by Work Style Reform Policies of the Japanese government: a quantitative simulation analysis / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: The Japanese government’s physician workforce reform, which commenced in April 2024, introduced regulations on physicians’ working hours. However, in areas facing physician shortages such as rural regions and surgical medical specialties, healthcare provision relies heavily on the extended working hours of each physician. The anticipated impact of this reform, when implemented, was significant.Materials and Methods: Using publicly available government data, we estimated the current working hours of physicians in various medical specialties in each prefecture across Japan. Subsequently, we calculated the ratio of surplus or deficit physicians when hypothetically assuming that all physicians adhered to the regulatory upper limit of 58.4 working hours per week nationwide.Results: Assuming that all physicians work to the regulated maximum, there would be a shortage of doctors in various medical specialties across Japan, such as surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and emergency medicine. Geographically, shortages of doctors are observed in rural prefectures such as those in the Tohoku region, particularly in emergency- and surgery-related specialties, indicating a critical shortage of physicians in rural areas. Additionally, it has become evident that even in medical specialties with a calculated surplus of physicians nationwide, the margin of surplus is generally only a few percentage points.Conclusion: Currently, rural areas and surgical medical specialties in Japan have limited leeway in the physician workforce, and the strict application of workforce reform may lead to a severe shortage of physicians in these areas. It is noteworthy that as similar reforms may subsequently be implemented in other countries, analogous challenges would arise. Thus, the implementation of workforce reform requires a flexible approach to minimize its negative effects, which widen the existing disparity in the workforce.

Community health volunteers’ performance in rural areas of Yemen: a community-based satisfaction survey / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objectives: Many developing countries utilize the services of community health volunteers (CHVs) to enhance healthcare services in underserved regions. Evaluating client satisfaction with CHVs’ performance is crucial for ensuring the effective utilization of their services. This study aims to assess clients’ satisfaction with the provision of basic reproductive health services by CHVs in the governorates of Ibb and Al Mahweet, Yemen.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, collecting data via structured questionnaires administered by trained data collectors to clients of CHVs. A total of 510 households were interviewed, with 255 from each governorate, distributed across 30 clusters (villages). Each governorate comprised 15 clusters in 12 districts (six districts in Ibb and five in Al Mahweet, excluding one district for security reasons). Within each cluster, 17 households were randomly selected for interviews. Descriptive analysis was performed using the SPSS version 22.Results: The majority of the clients were female (84.7%), most were aged 20–39 years (55.7%), and more than half of them had received at least primary education (54.2%). The study findings indicate that a significant proportion of respondents were highly satisfied with CHVs’ performance (93%). Almost all respondents confirmed that CHVs resided in their villages (94%) and were easily accessible for consultation (99%). Most of the respondents (97%) expressed trust in the CHVs, stating that they were helpful to all villagers and treated them well. Additionally, nearly all the respondents reported easy access to services (98.6%), although a considerable percentage experienced a gap of three months or more since their last interaction with a CHV (39.1%).Conclusion: The CHVs contribute to the well-being of the rural populations in Yemen by delivering satisfactory services, particularly regarding family planning. However, ensuring the sustainability of the CHV programs remains a challenge, which requires attention from the program managers and decision makers in the Yemeni healthcare sector.

Research on Financial Security for Rural Public Health Service Personnel Talent/ / 中国卫生经济

The quantity and quality of rural public health service personnel are crucial for ensuring the health of rural residents.However,there are current challenges including insufficient personnel quantity and professional competence,severe talent loss,and low levels of rural public health services.The main reasons behind these challenges include insufficient financial investment,an imperfect salary system,inadequate performance evaluation mechanisms,and uneven resource allocation.In 2023,the National Health Commission and other departments jointly initiated anti-corruption efforts in the medical field while deepening healthcare system reforms.These reforms focus on strengthening the public health system,especially in rural and community areas,and revamping grassroots salary structures with an emphasis on decoupling salaries from revenue generation.However,specific measures for financial security of rural health personnel have not been clearly outlined.To bring in and retain rural health personnel,the financial security mechanism needs to be improved.It is recommended to increase financial investment by expanding budget allocations,implement a"dossier system"with salaries paid directly to individuals'accounts from municipal or county-level budgets,refine the salary system,reform performance evaluation mechanisms,raise overall remuneration,rationalize the allocation of resources,enrich health talents and encourage retired doctors to settle in rural areas.By gradually improving the financial security mechanism for rural public health service personnel,sustainable development of rural public health services can be achieved.

Concentration and health risk assessment of trichloromethane in drinking water for rural primary and middle school students in Tianjin / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To evaluate the distribution characteristics and health risk of trichloromethane (TCM) in the drinking water supply of primary and middle schools in rural areas of Tianjin, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving drinking water safety in rural schools.@*Methods@#A total of 60 water samples from 30 rural primary and middle schools in 10 agricultural districts of Tianjin were collected from April to June (dry season) and July to October (wet season) in 2023 with direct selection method. The content of TCM was detected according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Drinking Water, and a risk assessment method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency was used to evaluate the health risk of TCM through oral exposure.@*Results@#The concentration of TCM in drinking water was no detection to 54.00 μg/L, with an average of (13.44±14.88) μg/L, and the value was higher during the wet season [12.90(1.40,32.28)μg/L] than the dry season [2.40(1.40,18.13)μg/L] (Z=-2.09, P<0.05). The concentration of TCM for primary and middle schools were [3.38(1.40,20.75) μg/L] and [5.30(1.40,28.23)μg/L] respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between different types of schools (Z=0.50, P>0.05). The carcinogenic risk through oral exposure ranged from 3.84×10-7 to 2.05×10-5, while the noncarcinogenic risk ranged from (0.00-0.16), all within the acceptable range. Children aged 6 to 9 years old were at the highest risk.@*Conclusions@#TCM has been detected in the drinking water of rural primary and middle schools to a certain extent in Tianjin, and attention should be paid to the potential health risks of oral exposure. The monitoring and management of disinfection byproducts in drinking water should be strengthened to further reduce the risk of exposure to children.

Knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding domestic violence against women: a systematic review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Specific types of violence such as intimate partner sexual violence and intimate partner homicide occur more frequently in rural areas. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding cases of domestic violence against women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. METHODS: We conducted an electronic search of six databases, which only included observational studies, regardless of the year, language, or country of publication, except for studies that used secondary data and were exclusively qualitative. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using a specific Joanna Briggs Institute tool. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. All the studies had a low risk of bias. Approximately 38% of these professionals identified injuries caused by violence in patients. When asked about knowing the correct attitude to take in cases of confirmed violence, between 12% and 64% of rural healthcare providers answered positively; most of them would refer to specialized institutions and promote victim empowerment and counseling. The number of professionals with an educational background in the field ranged from 16% to 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The evident disparity across studies shows that some professionals have suboptimal knowledge and require training to adopt the correct attitude when identifying female victims of domestic violence in clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework Database under the registration http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/B7Q6S.

A saúde na região do Médio Solimões no estado do Amazonas: a centralidade de Tefé / Health in the Middle Solimões region, state of Amazonas: the centrality of Tefé

RESUMO Em um cenário de várzea amazônica com fluxos fluviais, o estudo analisa a articulação da Atenção Básica com a Atenção Especializada, buscando discutir as condições políticas e geográficas que impactam na conformação da rede assistencial em uma região de saúde na Amazônia Ocidental. Adotouse uma combinação de estratégias metodológicas: levantamento de indicadores de morbidade e da rede de saúde, mapeamento dos trajetos intermunicipais, levantamento de despesas em Ações e Serviços Públicos de Saúde e entrevistas com gestores. O município de Tefé concentra serviços bancários, poder judiciário, educacional, órgãos de controle e segurança que lhe conferem uma centralidade de funções. Contudo, a saúde não considera os fluxos existentes no território para definição de quais municípios têm Tefé como referência. A defasagem dos dados nos sistemas de informação em saúde, aliada a ausência do ente estadual no planejamento regional de saúde, apoio para provimento de profissionais especializados, pagamento de insumos e organização do fluxo de referência-contrarreferência na rede têm sido desafios para planejar integralidade da atenção na região, sobrecarregando o município-polo. Apesar do aumento progressivo de despesas em saúde nos municípios analisados, a oferta de serviço para além da Atenção Básica permanece sendo um desafio para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na Amazônia.

ABSTRACT In an Amazonian floodplain scenario with river flows, the study analyzes the articulation of Primary Care with Specialized Care, seeking to discuss the political and geographical conditions that impact on the formation of the care network in a health region in the Western Amazon. A combination of methodological strategies was adopted: survey of morbidity indicators and the health network, mapping of intercity routes, survey of expenses in Public Health Actions and Services and interviews with managers. Tefé concentrates banking services, judiciary branch, education and security bodies that give it a centrality of functions. However, health does not consider existing flows in the territory to define which municipalities have Tefé as a health reference. Outdated data in the health information systems, combined with the absence of the state government in the regional health planning, support to provide specialized professionals, payment for supplies and the organization of referral-counter-referral flow in the network have been challenges for integrality of the attention in the region, overloading the hub municipality. Despite the progressive increase in health expenses in the analyzed municipalities, the provision of services beyond Primary Care remains a challenge for the Unified Health System (SUS) in the Amazon.

Vidas bagaços! Os processos de vulnerabilização enfrentados pelos trabalhadores-migrantes nos canaviais de São Paulo e da Bahia / Bagasse lives! The vulnerability processes faced by migrant workers in the sugarcane fields of São Paulo and Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Objetivo: compreender os processos de vulnerabilização enfrentados pelos trabalhadores-migrantes canavieiros diante do avanço da mecanização. Métodos: abordagem qualitativa pautada na abordagem metodológica da Reprodução Social da Saúde proposta por Juan Samaja, nas dimensões biocumunal, tecnoeconômica e política. Foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com trabalhadores-migrantes canavieiros no período de abril de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: na dimensão tecnoeconômica verificou-se que na usina A o trabalhador se tornou polivalente, com a presença do trabalho em equipe e a introdução de tecnologias para aumentar o controle do trabalho. Na usina B, os trabalhadores encontram piores condições de trabalho devido à irrigação, à irregularidade dos terrenos, à presença de pedras e à exposição às queimadas. Na dimensão biocomunal, foram identificados potencialização dos acidentes, uso de agrotóxicos, distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos e problemas cardiovasculares. Na dimensão política, foi observada a precariedade da assistência à saúde do trabalhador canavieiro. Conclusão: a intensificação da mecanização na colheita de cana-de-açúcar não melhorou as condições de trabalho dos cortadores, ao contrário, provocou a perpetuação de velhos e a inserção de novos processos de vulnerabilização.

Abstract Objective: to understand the processes of vulnerability faced by sugarcane migrant workers in the face of advancing mechanization. Methods: this study adopts a qualitative approach based on the biocommunity, techno-economic and political dimensions of the social reproduction of health proposed by Juan Samaja. In total, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with sugarcane migrant workers in the period from April 2020 to December 2021. Results: in the techno-economic dimension, it was found that in Mill A workers have become polyvalent, with the presence of teamwork and the introduction of technologies to increase work control. In Mill B, the workers identified worse working conditions due to irrigation, irregular terrain, rocky geography, and exposure to burnings. In the biocommunity dimension, the greater chance of accidents, the use of pesticides, hydroelectrolytic disorders and cardiovascular problems were identified. In the political dimension the precariousness of health care for sugarcane workers was identified. Conclusion: the intensification of mechanization in sugarcane harvesting has not improved the life of sugarcane workers, on the contrary, it has caused the perpetuation of old vulnerabilities and the insertion of new ones.

Dinâmica da regionalização e repercussões dos vazios assistenciais na comercialização da saúde em municípios rurais remotos / Dynamics of regionalization and repercussions of gaps in care on health marketing in remote rural municipalities / Dinámicas de la regionalización y repercusiones de las brechas de atención en la comercialización de la salud en municipios rurales remotos

Analisam-se a dinâmica da regionalização em municípios rurais remotos e as possíveis implicações dos vazios assistenciais na comercialização da saúde. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos, com abordagem qualitativa, por meio de 76 entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores municipais, regionais e estaduais. Os resultados revelam que, particularmente nos estados da Região Norte, o desenho regional não repercutia a dinâmica social das populações e criava fluxos inadequados e rotas indesejadas. A agenda política municipal priorizava, muitas vezes, interesses díspares à regionalização e as questões da ruralidade não mobilizavam os gestores para a construção de um planejamento regional específico. Emendas parlamentares ocupavam um lugar imprescindível para o investimento em saúde e os gestores apontaram relações clientelistas para obter tais recursos, condicionada e corriqueiramente, pelo alinhamento político-ideológico. A escassez de serviços públicos favorecia a dependência do setor privado e a comercialização da saúde em diferentes situações. As grandes distâncias e a ausência de serviços públicos nas proximidades dos municípios rurais remotos tornavam a oferta do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) local eminentemente dependente do contrato com prestadores privados que negociavam no varejo ou por meio de pacotes de serviços. Por fim, na esteira das necessidades não atendidas e dos vazios assistenciais, nos municípios rurais remotos, agentes do mercado da saúde - empresas de fornecimento de insumos, consultorias, profissionais de saúde e serviços de transporte - ocupavam as brechas da provisão pública, algumas vezes controlando preços, oferta e disponibilidade dos serviços.

This article analyzed the dynamics of regionalization in municipalities within hinterlands and the possible implications of gaps in care for the marketing of health. This is a multiple case study with a qualitative approach, involving 76 semi-structured interviews with municipal, regional, and state managers. The results show that, particularly in the Northern states, the regional scheme did not reflect the social dynamics of the populations and created inadequate flows and unwanted routes. The municipal political agenda often prioritized interests other than that of regionalization, and rural problems did not mobilize managers to build specific regional planning. Parliamentary amendments were essential for investment in healthcare and the managers pointed to clientelistic relationships to obtain such resources, often conditioned by political-ideological alignment. The scarcity of public services favored dependence on the private sector and the commercialization of health in different situations. The great distances and the lack of public services in municipalities in the hinterland made the local public health system offer eminently dependent on contracts with private providers who negotiated on a retail basis or via service packages. Lastly, in the wake of unmet needs and gaps in care in remote rural municipalities, players in the healthcare market ₋ companies supplying inputs, consultants, healthcare professionals, and transportation services ₋ filled the gaps in public provision, sometimes controlling prices, supply and availability of services.

Se analizan las dinámicas de la regionalización en municipios rurales remotos y las posibles implicaciones de las brechas de la atención en la comercialización de la salud. Se trata de un estudio de caso múltiple, con enfoque cualitativo, que realizó 76 entrevistas semiestructuradas a los gestores del municipio, de la región y del estado. Los resultados mostraron que, principalmente en los estados de la Región Norte, el diseño regional no reflejó la dinámica social de las poblaciones y creó flujos inadecuados y rutas indeseables. La agenda política municipal frecuentemente priorizó intereses dispares a la regionalización y los temas de ruralidad no movilizaron a los gestores para construir una planificación regional específica. Las enmiendas parlamentarias fueron esenciales para invertir en sanidad, y los gestores señalaron las relaciones clientelares para obtener estos recursos, muchas veces condicionadas por el alineamiento político-ideológico. La escasez de servicios públicos favoreció la dependencia del sector privado y la comercialización de la salud en diferentes situaciones. Las grandes distancias y la falta de servicios públicos en las cercanías de municipios rurales remotos hicieron que la oferta del Sistema Único de Salud local dependiera eminentemente del contrato con proveedores privados que negociaban al por menor o mediante paquetes de servicios. Finalmente, ante las necesidades no cumplidas y las brechas de atención, en los municipios rurales remotos, los agentes del mercado de la salud (empresas proveedoras de insumos, consultorías, profesionales de la salud y servicios de transporte) ocuparon las brechas en la prestación pública mediante muchas veces el control de los precios, de la oferta y de la disponibilidad de los servicios.

Promoção da Alimentação Adequada e Saudável no campo: caminhos para reflexão e práxis com Agentes Comunitários de Saúde / Promotion of Healthy and Adequate Food in a rural territory: pathways to reflection and praxis with Community Health Workers

RESUMO A garantia de uma alimentação adequada e saudável está no rol de direitos humanos necessários para promoção da saúde. As desigualdades na distribuição de recursos e dificuldades de acesso a políticas públicas resultam em piores condições de vida das populações do campo, onde a insegurança alimentar e nutricional está mais presente que nos centros urbanos. Assim, as equipes de saúde da família do campo enfrentam diferentes desafios no processo de trabalho, sendo os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) profissionais-chave para a garantia do acesso ao serviço. Este trabalho apresenta o caminho teórico-metodológico dos Círculos de Cultura com quatro ACS do campo no Distrito Federal e as percepções desses profissionais sobre alimentação adequada e saudável pela lente da análise do discurso. Ao longo de dois encontros, foi possível refletir sobre todas as dimensões abordadas pelo referencial teórico, com exceção da etnia/raça, além da conscientização acerca das relações de poder no território. Por meio da educação popular, vislumbra-se a transformação da realidade com ações coletivas para melhoria do acesso a alimentos saudáveis no território. Os Círculos de Cultura se mostraram um caminho potente para construção do conhecimento aliada a um olhar crítico sobre a determinação social no território.

ABSTRACT Ensuring adequate and healthy food is one of the human rights necessary to promote health. Inequalities in the distribution of resources and difficulties in accessing public policies result in worse living conditions for rural populations, where food and nutritional insecurity is more prevalent than in urban centers. Thus, rural family health teams face different challenges in the work process, with Community Health Workers (CHWs) being key professionals in ensuring access to the service. This paper presents the theoretical-methodological path of Culture Circles with four CHWs from the countryside in the Federal District and the perceptions of these professionals about adequate and healthy eating through the lens of discourse analysis. Over the course of two meetings, it was possible to reflect on all dimensions covered by the theoretical framework, except ethnicity/race, in addition to raising awareness about power relations in the territory. Through popular education, the transformation of reality is envisioned with collective actions to improve access to healthy food in the territory. The Culture Circles proved to be a powerful way for building knowledge combined with a critical look at social determination in the territory.

Vigilância Popular em Saúde: luta emancipatória pela vida ante o agronegócio na Chapada do Apodi-CE / Popular Health Surveillance: Emancipatory struggle for life against agribusiness in Chapada do Apodi-CE

RESUMO Este artigo discute a Vigilância Popular em Saúde (VPS) como estratégia emancipatória de luta e defesa da vida ante o agronegócio na Chapada do Apodi, no Ceará. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação com representantes da academia, dos movimentos sociais, de entidades, organizações comunitárias e trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi realizada uma oficina territorial cujo material produzido foi avaliado pela análise de conteúdo auxiliado pelo software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (IRaMuTeQ). A oficina destacou a necessidade de fortalecimento da luta comunitária no território pela vida, envolvendo o problema dos agrotóxicos e o papel das mulheres. A organização comunitária alia-se à atuação dos movimentos populares, evidenciando que as associações são pontos fundamentais e estratégicos nas articulações das comunidades para a reivindicação de direitos, por meio de quintais produtivos, por exemplo. Foram observados indicadores de VPS associados aos impactos do agronegócio, como a elevada mortandade de abelhas. Diante da expansão do agronegócio na região, a VPS pode continuar sendo uma importante ação na promoção de territórios mais saudáveis e sustentáveis na Chapada do Apodi.

ABSTRACT This article discusses Popular Health Surveillance (PHS) as an emancipatory strategy for fighting and defending life against agribusiness in Chapada do Apodi, Ceará. This is an action research with representatives from academia, social movements, entities, community organizations and workers of the Unified Health System. A territorial workshop was carried out whose material produced was evaluated by content analysis aided by the Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (IRaMuTeQ) software. The workshop highlighted the need to strengthen the community struggle in the territory for life, involving the problem of pesticides and the role of women. Community organization allies itself with the work of popular movements, showing that associations are fundamental and strategic points in the articulations of communities for claiming rights, through productive backyards, for example. Indicators of PHS associated with the impacts of agribusiness were observed, such as the high mortality of bees. Faced with the expansion of agribusiness in the region, PHS can continue to be an important action in promoting healthier and more sustainable territories in Chapada do Apodi.

Suicidio y prácticas médicas: la valoración del modo de vida de hombres campesinos caficultores colombianos en la atención de la salud mental / Suicide and medical practices: Assessing the way of life among Colombian coffee-growing rural men in mental health care

RESUMEN El objetivo fue conocer el modo de vida y las prácticas de autocuidado en salud mental de los hombres adultos campesinos, que viven en un municipio del departamento de Risaralda en el eje cafetero de Colombia con alta incidencia de suicidios. Entre marzo y diciembre de 2021, se realizó un estudio etnográfico, haciendo uso de una combinación de métodos: entrevistas, observación participante, revisión documental y diario de campo. Se identificaron aspectos económicos y sociales cuyas transformaciones han afectado los roles de género, las dinámicas familiares y las posibilidades de cuidado para los hombres. Al observar cómo los hombres hablan de su sufrimiento y de los recursos con que cuentan para atenderlo, puede concluirse que las prácticas de salud mental se encuentran más bien como recursos de autoatención y los servicios de salud ofrecen atención basada en síntomas del cuerpo, de modo que abandonan la escucha. Estos hallazgos son útiles para pensar servicios y estrategias de cuidado de la vida que se adapten a las condiciones de hombres campesinos en Colombia.

ABSTRACT The aim was to understand the way of life and self-care practices in mental health among adult male farmers living in a municipality in the Risaralda department, located in the coffee axis of Colombia, marked by a high incidence of suicides. An ethnographic study was conducted between March and December 2021, employing a combination of methods including interviews, participant observation, document review, and field diaries. Economic and social aspects undergoing transformations were identified, impacting gender roles, family dynamics, and caregiving possibilities for these men. By observing how men discuss their suffering and the resources available to address it, it can be concluded that mental health practices function more as self-care resources, while health services often provide symptom-based care, neglecting attentive listening. These findings are valuable for shaping services and life care strategies that align with the conditions of rural men in Colombia.

Promoção de Saúde Bucal no trabalho em áreas rurais: ecos de cirurgiões-dentistas / Oral Health Promotion at the workplace in rural areas: echoes from dental surgeons

RESUMO Estudo compreendeu o trabalho dos cirurgiões-dentistas da Estratégia Saúde da Família, na perspectiva da Promoção da Saúde Bucal (PSB) em território rural. Trata-se de uma investigação transversal e qualitativa. A coleta dos dados foi realizada a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com quatorze profissionais que atuavam em equipes de saúde bucal rurais do estado da Paraíba. Para compreensão e sistematização dos dados, adotou-se a análise de conteúdo temática. O referencial teórico condutor do método considerou pilares, valores e princípios da Promoção da Saúde (PS). As narrativas revelam conceitos imprecisos de PSB, restringindo-os às atividades de prevenção aos agravos bucais. Existem potencialidades e fragilidades nas ações de PSB em áreas rurais. Há desigualdades quanto às unidades de apoio e existem populações rurais sem qualquer assistência aos serviços especializados de saúde bucal. Observou-se envolvimento dos profissionais nas práticas campanhistas e nas metas com gestantes. Existem dificuldades na formação de grupo, e as ações intersetoriais são praticamente resumidas à parceria entre saúde/educação. As realidades são discrepantes frente ao apoio da gestão. Os discursos apontaram para ações de PSB capazes de produzir autoestima e melhorar a qualidade de vida, pautadas na integralidade e nos valores de solidariedade e humanização.

ABSTRACT This study included the work of dental surgeons of the Family Health Strategy, from the perspective of Oral Health Promotion (OHP) in rural territory. This is a cross-sectional and qualitative investigation. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews carried out with fourteen professionals who worked in rural oral health teams from the state of Paraíba. To understand and systematize the data, thematic content analysis was adopted. The theoretical framework that guided the method considered pillars, values and principles of Health Promotion (HP). Narratives reveal imprecise OHP concepts, restricting them to oral disease prevention activities. There are potentialities and weaknesses in the OHP actions in rural areas. There are inequalities regarding support units and there are rural populations without any assistance to specialized oral health services. Professionals' involvement was observed in the campaign practices and in the goals with pregnant women. There are difficulties in group formation, and intersectoral actions are practically limited to the partnership between health/education. The realities are discrepant in the face of management support. The speeches pointed to OHP actions capable of producing self-esteem and improving quality of life, based on integrality and the values of solidarity and humanization.

Cargas de trabalho, precarização e Saúde do Trabalhador no agronegócio no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro / Workloads, precariousness and worker health in agribusiness in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil

RESUMO A expansão do agronegócio no semiárido do nordeste do Brasil tem transformado agricultores camponeses em empregados de empresas de fruticultura, trazendo mudanças para seus modos de vida e trabalho. O estudo objetivou analisar condições, processos e cargas de trabalho no agronegócio de fruticultura. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa em que foram entrevistados empregados do agronegócio. As evidências foram produzidas e analisadas a partir de referenciais do campo Saúde do Trabalhador, fundamentando-se na teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença e adotando 'processos de trabalho' e 'cargas de trabalho' como categorias compreensivas das relações entre trabalho e saúde-doença. Observou-se que a produção agrícola se baseia na monocultura, no uso intensivo de mecanização e de agrotóxicos, e segue os moldes organizacionais da acumulação flexível e do taylorismo e fordismo. O mundo do trabalho vivido pelos empregados é marcado por alienação dos trabalhadores, precarização e intensificação do trabalho, que se concretizam em cargas de trabalho físicas, psíquicas, fisiológicas e, sobretudo, químicas. Estas advêm do uso intenso de agrotóxicos, presentes em todos os ambientes e processos de trabalho investigados. A proteção da saúde desses trabalhadores tensiona o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) a intensificar a vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador, e a saúde coletiva, a incluir a problemática da saúde no debate público sobre os modelos agrícolas nacionais.

ABSTRACT The expansion of agribusiness in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil has transformed self-employed farmers into employees of fruit growing companies, bringing changes to their ways of life and work. The study aimed to analyze conditions, processes and workloads in the fruit growing agribusiness. A qualitative research was carried out in which agribusiness employees were interviewed. Evidence was produced and analyzed based on references from the Occupational Health field, based on the theory of social determination of the health-disease process and adopting 'work processes' and 'workloads' as comprehensive categories of the relationship between work and health-disease. It was observed that agricultural production is based on monoculture, on the intensive use of mechanization and pesticides, and follows the organizational molds of flexible accumulation and Taylorism/Fordism. The world of work experienced by employees is marked by alienation of workers, precariousness and intensification of work, which materialize in physical, psychic, physiological and, above all, chemical workloads. These come from the intense use of pesticides, present in all environments and work processes investigated. Protecting the health of these workers pushes the Unified Health System (SUS) to intensify worker's health surveillance, and collective health to include the issue of health in the public debate on national agricultural models.

Organização da Atenção Primária à Saúde em Municípios Rurais Remotos do Oeste do Pará / Organization of Primary Health Care in Remote Rural Municipalities in West Pará

RESUMO O artigo objetiva identificar especificidades e estratégias da organização da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) em Municípios Rurais Remotos (MRR) do Oeste do Pará frente às singularidades do contexto amazônico. Realizou-se estudo de casos múltiplos em cinco municípios por meio de entrevistas com gestores municipais, enfermeiros e médicos de Equipes de Saúde da Família. As dimensões de análise foram a territorialização, escopo de práticas e organização da agenda, colaboração interprofissional, iniciativas de atração e fixação profissional e uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação. O trabalho da APS nos MRR, principalmente no interior, organiza-se prioritariamente em atendimentos, procedimentos individuais e imunização. Enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem e Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) do interior possuem escopo de ações ampliado, muitas vezes, por ausência de médicos. Além do impacto positivo do Programa Mais Médicos, destacam-se estratégias locais de atendimentos itinerantes e sobreaviso para urgência. A territorialização, central na discussão de territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis, deve ser dinâmica e exige arranjos diferenciados, com adequação do número de famílias por ACS e por equipes. Estratégias específicas para organizar uma APS integral e integrada à Rede de Atenção à Saúde, financiamento federal suficiente e diferenciado e formação profissional direcionada ao rural são necessárias para garantir acesso e qualidade dos serviços a todos os cidadãos.

ABSTRACT The article aims to identify specificities and strategies for the organization of Primary Health Care (PHC) in Remote Rural Municipalities (MRR) in western Pará in the face of singularities in the Amazonian. Multiple case study in five municipalities, with interviews: municipal managers, nurses and physicians from the Family Health Teams. The analysis dimensions were: territorialization, scope of practices and agenda organization, interprofessional collaboration, professional attraction and retention initiatives and use of information and communication technologies. The work of the PHC in the MRR, mainly in the countryside, is organized primarily around care, individual procedures and immunization. Nurses, nursing technicians and Community Health Agents (CHA) from the countryside have an expanded scope of action, often due to the absence of physicians. In addition to the positive impact of the Mais Médicos Program, local strategies for itinerant care and on-call for emergencies stand out. Territorialization, central to the discussion of sustainable and healthy territories, must be dynamic and require different arrangements, adjusting the number of families per CHA/teams. Specific strategies to organize a comprehensive PHC integrated into the Health Care Network, sufficient and differentiated federal funding and professional training aimed at rural areas, are necessary to guarantee access and quality of services to all citizens.

Readiness of the Interns to work at rural area: a cross-sectional survey in a backward district of West Bengal

Background: The scarcity of qualified doctors in rural areas remains a critical challenge for the health sector in India Aim was to analyze the perception of medical students regarding upcoming compulsory rural posting for 1 year as a part of their rotatory internship Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a medical college of West Bengal among the interns during March 2019 to February 2020. By doing complete enumeration of the interns present at the end of their Community Medicine posting, the sample size became 125. Predesigned, semi structured questionnaire was used for data collection. At the end of community medicine posting, when the interns came to department for completion, the printed questionnaire were given to them for filled up by their own. Collected data were entered in MS excel spreadsheet and analyzed with the help of SPSS 22.0 version. Results: About 74% interns thought it was difficult to serve the rural areas however 52% felt it will enrich their professional skills and about 65% thought it would be beneficial to the rural community. Only 22.4% were in favour of rural posting during their internship and 46% thought paying bond money is a good way out. Lengthening of MBBS course, inadequate clinical exposure, poor connectivity, no job satisfaction, obstructed career growth, no quality of life, insecure working environment for women, excessive workload, inadequate monetary compensation were the major reasons identified by interns for noncompliance of compulsory rural service during internship. Conclusions: The policymakers and medical educators need to design newer strategies for the improvement of rural healthcare facility keeping in mind the perception of students regarding rural service in the present scenario.

Impact of cataract surgery on quality of life in rural areas of Jharkhand: a community based cross-sectional study

Background: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in India, accounting for approximately 66.2% of all blindness cases and accounting for 71.2% of all visual impairment cases. This study was conducted in 5 blocks of East Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan districts of Jharkhand to determine burden of cataract and the impact of cataract surgery on quality of life in the rural population. Methods: Community based cross sectional study was conducted between January 2023 to April 2023 among individuals residing in rural areas of Jharkhand using multi-stage sampling with a sample size of 692 individuals. Results: Prevalence of cataract amongst the study population was 23% (159) and there was a statistically significant improvement in the quality-of-life post cataract surgery. Conclusions: High prevalence of cataract increases the burden on existing health care system. Ongoing research and initiatives should focus on improving early detection and referral, providing comprehensive post-operative care to reduce the burden of cataract and improve the quality-of-life outcomes among the individuals.