RESUMO
In three experiments (total N = 96), we investigated the origins of effects of associations between affective valence and spatial elevation (or verti-cality). To that end, we used a congruence measure. We used spatial and affective stimuli, like the words "up" and "happy". Spatial stimuli had to be categorized as elevated or less elevated and affective stimuli as positive or negative. Critically, in congruent conditions, associated spatial and affective stimuli required the same response and less associated stimuli required different responses, whereas in incongruent conditions, associated spatial and affective stimuli required different responses, but less associated stimuli required the same response. The results supported the assumption that valence-elevation associations exist in semantic memory: faster responses in congruent than incongruent conditions were observed with (I) words (Experiments 1 and 2), (II) pictures and words (Experiment 3), and (III) increased as a function of the centrality of the spatial meaning for the spatial words (Experiments 1 vs. 2). We discuss the implications of our results for the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
En tres experimentos (N = 96) se investigaron los orígenes de los efectos de las asociaciones entre la valencia afectiva y la elevación espacial (o verticalidad). Para tal fin, se utilizó una medida de congruencia. Se usaron estímulos espaciales y afectivos, como las palabras "arriba" y "feliz". Los estímulos espaciales tenían que ser categorizados como elevados o menos elevados y los estímulos afectivos como positivos o negativos. En las condiciones congruentes, los estímulos asociados espacial y afectivamente requerían la misma respuesta y los estímulos menos asociados diferentes respuestas, mientras que en las condiciones incongruentes, los estímulos asociados requerían respuestas diferentes, y los estímulos menos asociados la misma respuesta. Los resultados apoyaron la hipótesis de que existen asociaciones de valencia-elevación en la memoria semántica. Se observaron respuestas más rápidas en las condiciones congruentes que en las incongruentes con (1) palabras (Experimentos 1 y 2), (II) imágenes y palabras (Experimento 3), y (III) incrementando en función de la centralidad del significado espacial de las palabras espaciales (such as the present one a Experimentos 1 vs 2). Se discuten las implicaciones de nuestros resultados para el Test de Asociación Implícita (IAT).
Assuntos
Percepção , Ciência CognitivaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to examine how S-R compatibility affected P 300, the stimulusevaluation process and response process. The P 300 component is thought to reflect information processing of stimuli. Previous studies used visual stimuli. In this study, we measured S-R compatibility effects on EMG-RT and P 300 using electrical somatosensory stimuli. Subjects performed the oddball task (Task 1) and the four-choice stimuli response task (Task 2) . They were presented electrical stimuli through ring electrodes on the index and little fingers of both hands and instructed to respond quickly to stimuli. S-R compatibility was decided by position of the stimuli. EMG-RT and P 300 latency for compatible and incompatible conditions were analyzed.<BR>For ERP analysis, data of subjects who reacted faster to compatibility ware used. Neither P 300 latency nor amplitude differed significantly between compatibility and incompatibility in Tasks 1 and 2, but for Task 2, latency tended to be prolonged by incompatibility. Therefore, it is thought that S-R compatibility mainly has an effect on response processing. However, judging from the tendency of P 300 latency to be prolonged by incompatibility for Task 2, it was considered that there is the possibility that S-R compatibility influenced P 300 latency, even if using a somatosensory stimulus.