Effectiveness of sustained maximal inspiration along with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in patients with malignant pleural effusion with intercostal drainage tube: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is one of the most common causes of an exudative pleural effusion. It is the most common cause of a unilateral massive pleural effusion. Most MPE s are secondary to metastases to the pleura, most often from lung or breast cancer. Medical management includes aspiration of fluid with the insertion of a chest tube, which may be necessary to relieve dyspnea. Hypoventilation does occur in certain areas of the lungs because of pain and muscle guarding after intercostal drainage tube (ICD) tube placements in pleural effusion. Therefore, it is important to emphasize pain management and expansion of affected areas of the lungs and chest wall. SMI is the basic maneuver of incentive spirometry and is mainly given to prevent atelectasis and lung collapse in postoperative patients. TENS is a method of producing an electro-analgesic effect and is effective in providing post-operative pain control. Methods: The study design of the study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 44 participants with a diagnosis of MPE with an intercostal drainage tube were included in this study. The study duration was 5 years with an intervention period of 2 weeks and the outcome measures were pulmonary functions and intercostal pain severity using the NRS Scale. Results: There was a significant improvement in pulmonary functions in the control group and a highly significant improvement in pulmonary functions in the experimental group after 2 weeks of interventions and pain severity (NRS) was significantly reduced in the experimental group only (p<0.001) Conclusions: This study concluded that sustained maximal inspiration (SMI) along with TENS significantly improves pulmonary functions and reduces pain at the site of ICD in patients with MPE.

Study on the value of SMI combined with CEUS in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant superficial enlarged lymph nodes / 中国医学装备

Objective:To observe the value of superb microvascular imaging(SMI)combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant superficial enlarged lymph nodes.Methods:A total of 82 patients with superficial enlarged lymph nodes who admitted to the Fourth Hospital of Qinhuangdao City from March 2020 to June 2022 were selected.All patients underwent SMI and CEUS examinations,and the ultrasound-guided needle biopsy was used as the"gold standard",and Kappa values was used to analyze the consistencies of single SMI and CEUS,and the combination of them with the"gold standard"in diagnosing benign and malignant superficial enlarged lymph nodes.Results:The results of ultrasound-guided needle biopsy showed that 34 superficial enlarged lymph nodes were benign lymph nodes and 63 superficial enlarged lymph nodes were malignant lymph nodes in 97 superficial enlarged lymph nodes of 82 patients.The results of SMI examination showed that 37 superficial enlarged lymph nodes were benign lymph nodes and 60 superficial enlarged lymph nodes were malignant lymph nodes in 97 superficial enlarged lymph nodes.The results of consistency analysis indicated that SMI has favorable value in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant superficial enlarged lymph nodes,which has better consistency with needle biopsy(Kappa=0.712).The results of CEUS examination showed that 36 cases of the 97 superficially enlarged lymph nodes were benign lymph nodes and 61 cases were malignant lymph nodes.The results of consistency analysis indicated that CEUS has better value in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant superficial enlarged lymph nodes,which has higher consistency with needle biopsy(Kappa=0.821).The results of SMI combined with CEUS examination showed that 35 cases of 97 superficial enlarged lymph nodes were benign lymph nodes and 62 cases were malignant lymph nodes.The result of consistency analysis indicated that SMI combined with CEUS has better value in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant superficial enlarged lymph nodes,and has higher consistency with needle biopsy(Kappa=0.886).Conclusion:Both SMI and CEUS examinations have better value in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant superficial enlarged lymph nodes,and the combination of them can further improve the consistency with result of pathological examination,and enhance the diagnostic value,which has a certain guidance significance in clinical screening malignant lymph nodes.

Pim-1 kinase inhibitor SMI-4a inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in U937 cells / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To study the growth-inhibiting and proapoptotic effects of Pim-1 kinase inhibitor SMI-4a on human acute myeloid leukemia cell line U937.METHODS:The effect of SMI-4a on U937 cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay.The apoptotic rate was assessed by flow cytometry with Annexin V-PI staining and by fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342 staining.Methylcellulose was used to assess colony formation ability of the cells.The expression of β-catenin in the cell cytosol and nucleus was detected by Western blot,and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the U937 cells was also examined.Intracellular distribution of β-catenin was detected by the method of immunofluorescence.RESULTS:SMI-4a inhibited the viability of U937 cells.Annexin V-PI staining showed that SMI-4a induced apoptosis in dose-and time-dependent manners.Hoechst 33342 staining also verified the apoptosis.SMI-4a significantly inhibited the colony formation capacity of the U937 cells.The results of Western blot demonstrated that SMI-4a upregulated the expression of PARP and Bax,downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and change the distribution of β-catenin in intracellular compartment.Immunofluorescence observation found that SMI-4a decreased the expression level of β-catenin in the U937 cells.CONCLUSION:SMI-4a induces U937 cell apoptosis through regulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes.

Pim-1 kinase inhibitor SMI-4a inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in U937 cells / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To study the growth-inhibiting and proapoptotic effects of Pim-1 kinase inhibitor SMI-4a on human acute myeloid leukemia cell line U937.METHODS:The effect of SMI-4a on U937 cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay.The apoptotic rate was assessed by flow cytometry with Annexin V-PI staining and by fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342 staining.Methylcellulose was used to assess colony formation ability of the cells.The expression of β-catenin in the cell cytosol and nucleus was detected by Western blot,and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the U937 cells was also examined.Intracellular distribution of β-catenin was detected by the method of immunofluorescence.RESULTS:SMI-4a inhibited the viability of U937 cells.Annexin V-PI staining showed that SMI-4a induced apoptosis in dose-and time-dependent manners.Hoechst 33342 staining also verified the apoptosis.SMI-4a significantly inhibited the colony formation capacity of the U937 cells.The results of Western blot demonstrated that SMI-4a upregulated the expression of PARP and Bax,downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and change the distribution of β-catenin in intracellular compartment.Immunofluorescence observation found that SMI-4a decreased the expression level of β-catenin in the U937 cells.CONCLUSION:SMI-4a induces U937 cell apoptosis through regulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes.

Shenmai injection inhibits infIammatory response in IipopoIysaccharides-in-duced septic mice / 中国药科大学学报

This study was to investigate the regulation of lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-induced sepsis in mice by preadministration of Shenmai injection (SMI)and the therapeutic differences between male and female.The females and males were randomly grouped by weight,including control group,LPS-induced sepsis model group and SMI administration group.After preadministration of SMI for 14 days,10 mg/kg LPS were intraperitoneally injected subsequently to induce sepsis.The survival rate of mice,level of serum cytokines and the mRNA expres-sion of proinflammatory cytokines in main tissues were detected to evaluate the impact of SMI in LPS-induced sepsis mice.From the survival rate,which is considered as a gold standard of improvement in sepsis,significant protective effect can be observed after SMI pretreatment in LPS-induced sepsis mice,a more significant effect was shown in the females.Consisting with the serum cytokines levels,SMI significantly inhibited proinflammatory cyto-kines including IL-6,IL-1βand TNF-αmRNA expression in tissues and the regulation of IL-6 was most signifi-cant,which was consistent with the results of ELISA in serum.Moreover,the liver tissue acquired a more evident impact than any other tissues,which fits with the ratio of dry/wet weight.SMI can significantly inhibit inflammato-ry response by delivery in advance in LPS-induced septic mice,providing strong evidence for elaborating mecha-nism in the treatment of cardiovascular disease related inflammation and shock.

Immunochemical changes of calbindin, calretinin and SMI32 in ischemic retinas induced by increase of intraocular pressure and by middle cerebral artery occlusion / 대한해부학회지

The reaction of neuroactive substances to ischemic conditions in the rat retina evoked by different methods was immunochemically evaluated in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Ocular ischemic conditions were unilaterally produced by elevating intraocular pressure (EIOP) or by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Two EF-hand calcium binding proteins, calbindin D28K (CB) and calretinin (CR), in the normal retina showed similar immunolocalization, such as the amacrine and displaced amacrine cells, the ganglion cells, and their processes, particularly CB in horizontal cells. CB immunoreactive neurons in the ganglion cell layer in both types of ischemic retinas were more reduced in number than CR neurons compared to those in a normal retina. The CB protein level in both ischemic retinas was reduced to 60-80% of normal. The CR protein level in MCAO retinas was reduced to about 80% of normal but increased gradually to the normal value, whereas that in the EIOP showed a gradual reduction and a slight recovery. SMI32 immunoreactivity, which detects a dephosphorylated epitope of neurofilaments-M and -H, appeared in the axon bundles of ganglion cells in the innermost nerve fiber layer of normal retinas. The reactivity in the nerve fiber bundles appeared to only increase slightly in EIOP retinas, whereas a moderate increase occurred in MCAO retinas. The SMI32 protein level in MCAO retinas showed a gradual increasing tendency, whereas that in the EIOP showed a slight fluctuation. Interestingly, the MCAO retinas showed additional SMI32 immunoreactivity in the cell soma of presumed ganglion cells, whereas that of EIOP appeared in the Muller proximal radial fibers. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity appeared in the astrocytes located in the nerve fiber layer of normal retinas. Additional GFAP immunoreactivity appeared in the Muller glial fibers deep in EIOP retinas and at the proximal end in MCAO retinas. These findings suggest that the neurons in the ganglion cell layer undergo degenerative changes in response to ischemia, although EIOP retinas represented a remarkable Muller glial reaction, whereas MCAO retinas had only a small-scaled axonal transport disturbance.

The Longitudinal Sagittal Growth Changes of Maxilla and Mandible According to Quantitative Cervical Vertebral Maturation / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To investigate the longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible according to the quantitative cervical vertebral maturation (QCVM) for adolescents with normal occlusion,mixed longitudinal data were used.The samples included 87 adolescents aged from 8 to 18 y old with normal occlusion (32 males,55 females) selected from 901 candidates.Sequential lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist films were taken once a year,lasting for 6 y.The longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible according to QCVM were measured.There were some significant differences between maxilla and mandible according to QCVM.The sagittal growth change of maxilla showed a trend towards high velocity→decelerating velocity→completing velocity from QCVM stage Ⅰ to stage Ⅳ.The sagittal growth change of mandible showed a trend towards accelerating velocity→high velocity→decelerating velocity→completing velocity from QCVM stage Ⅰ to stage IV.With sagittal relationship,growth magnitude was almost the same between maxilla and mandible at QCVM stage Ⅰ.At stage Ⅱ the growth of mandible exceeded that of maxilla and growth in mandible continued at stages Ⅲ and Ⅳ,while the maxilla ceased to grow.Growth magnitude was greater and the growth duration was longer with male mandible.It is concluded that the longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible on the basis of QCVM is of value in the orthodontic practice.

Expression of SMI-32 in neocortex of cortical dysplasia model rats / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To investigate the expression of SMI-32 in neocortex of Cortical dysplasia(CD)model Rats. Methods:Pregnant rats were injected carmustine (1,3-bis-chloroethy1–nitrosourea,BCNU) intraperitoneally on embryonic 17thday (E17),cortical histology and immunohistochemistry were examined on the tissue of cerebral cortex of the offsprings at postonatal 28thday(P28). Results:Niss staining showed features of CD in the offsprings,including laminar disorganization, cytomegalic neurons and heterotopic neurons. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that SMI-32 was expressed poorly in layerⅡ、Ⅴand the majority of them were expressed in layers Ⅳ,Ⅵ of the primary somatosensory and motor cortices with many abnormal neurons,part of them were in clusters,few were expressed in layer Ⅲ. Conclusion:SMI-32 was expressed abnormally in neocortex of CD model rats as one of layer-specific markers of cerebral cortex, and it may be an index of pathologic diagnosis of CD.

The Role of Shenmai Injection Combined with Psychotherapy in Chemotherapy of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To evaluate the efficacy of Shenmai injection combined with psychotherapy in chemotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer.[Method]79 cases of advanced non-small cell lung cancer were randomly divided into two groups,40 cases in observation group with Shenmai injection combined with chemotherapy and psychotherapy,39 cases in control group with chemotherapy alone.The Karnofsky scores,therapeutic efficacy,one year survival rate and incidence of myelosuppression were evaluated.[Result] The two groups were significantly different in Karnofsky scores,therapeutic efficacy and one year survival rate.The improvement and stability rate of Karnofsky scores and that of therapeutic efficacy were 75.0% and 70.0% in observation group,with 46.2% and 46.2% in control group,respectively.One year survival rate was 47.5% in observation group and 25.6% in control group,respectively.The incidence of myelosuppression had significant differences in the two groups,with grade 2～4 leucopenia 32.5% in observation group and 53.8% in control group(P=0.032),with grade 2～3 thrombocytopenia 30.0% in observation group and 46.2% in control group(P=0.032).[Conclusion] Combination treatment in observation group was superior to the treatment in control group,with a higher Karnofsky scores,more effective therapy,a higher one year survival rate and a lower incidence of myelosuppression.The treatment of Shenmai injection combind with chemotherapy could reduce toxicity and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Subjective Memory Impairment, Cognitive Function, and Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Community Dwelling Elderly Population / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: Research on the associated factors of subjective memory impairment(SMI) has reported conflicting findings. This study aimed to investigate the associations of SMI with objective cognitive function, depression, and various socio-demographic characteristics and to measure possible differences in cognitively impaired and intact elderly peoples. METHODS: A community study of individuals aged 65 or over was conducted in Kwangju, South Korea. SMI was assessed by means of asking a single item question and its associations with cognitive function(Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination; MMSE-K), depression(Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale), and socio-demographic factors were investigated. In addition, analyses were repeated for the cognitively impaired and intact samples separately. RESULTS: Of 1,134 participants, 596(53%) were categorized as having SMI. Depression, lower score on MMSE-K, and past manual occupation were significantly associated with SMI. Further analyses for cognitively impaired and intact samples showed some different results. For the cognitively impaired sample(n=412), SMI was significantly associated with depression and past manual occupation. For the cognitively intact sample(n=722), depression, lower score on MMSE-K, and male gender were significantly associated factors. CONCLUSION: Depression was consistently associated with SMI regardless of cognitive status. Other than depression, associated factor profiles differed between cognitively impaired and intact older populations.

The effect of Kami-kihi-to on the maintenance of bone mass in patients with osteoporosis / 日本東洋医学雑誌

We administered active vitamin D (AVD) to female patients with osteoporosis at a dose of 1μg, or Kami-kihi-to (KKT) at a dose of 7.5g every day for 6 months. To measure bone mass in patients with osteoporosis we employed the computed X-ray densitometer (CXD) method and examined change of bone mass and blood biochemical analysis in patients on long-term therapy with AVD or KKT. Patients with osteoporosis were divided into three groups: Control group, AVD group and KKT group. One year after administration, the bone mass of AVD and KKT groups significantly increased compared to that of the control group. Moreover, the KKT group clearly showed an increased red blood cell (RBC) count and an improvement of the simple menopause index (SMI) which correlated with bone mass and induced hemopoiesis. Two years after administration, the difference in bone mass between the AVD and control groups further increased. In contrast, the KKT group did not show any recovery of osteoporosis, anemia or SMI compared with 1 year previously. This indicates that the increase in bone mass associated with AVD is transient. These results demonstrate that KKT gradually activated bone metabolism and indirectly increased bone mass. Further modified methods of KKT administration such as increasing dose and duration may have potential for the treatment of osteoporosis with reduced cortical bone formation.

Effect of LHI,SMI and GDI in treating diabetic nephropathy / 中成药

AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ligustrazine Hydrochloride Injection(LHI) plus Salvia miltiorrhiza Injection(SMI) and LHI plus Ginkgo leaf extract and Dipydamole Injection(GDI) in treating diabetic microalbuminuria. METHODS: 75 inpatients were randomly divided into group SMI(n=35) and group GDI(n=40).Group SMI was treated with LHI 160 mg plus SMI 20 mL intravenous drip daily for 14 days and group GDI with LHI 160 mg plus GDI 20 mL.Their blood samples were collected for measuring glucose,insulin,HbA1c,lipid,creatine and uroacid, and their urine samples for measuring microalbuminuria before and after treatment.The results were statistically(analyzed.)(RESULTS: Before)(treatment,) triglyceride and cholesterol concentrationincreased significantly in group SMI than in group GDI(all P

Effect of different substrates coated on spinal motor neurons from embryonic rat cultured in vitro / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of different substrates coated on the cell survival and neurite outgrowth of spinal motor neurons (SMN) from embryonic rat cultured in vitro.Methods:The ventral spinal tissue was isolated from embryonic rats and digested into dissociated cell suspention for culture,then the cells were identified as SMN by immunohistochemistry stain.Poly-L-lysine(PLL) was dissolved into distilled water,phosphate-buffered saline solution,boric acid at 0.1 and 0.01 mol/L concentration respectively.The different substrates include PLL,collagen Ⅰ,laminin and PLL combined with laminin.Distilled water was used as control.The neuron survival numbers and the mean length of the neurites were measured and compared.Results:The cells on the PLL dissolved into boric acid at 0.01 mol/L concentration survived well.The SMNs grown on the PLL combined with laminin were in dispersed disitribution with high survival rate.Conclusion:PLL combined with laminin is the best for the study of the motor neuron including both soma and neurite.