SON-R 6-40: dimensionalidade e validade convergente com a CMMS, TONI-3 e COM / SON-R 6-40: dimensionality and convergent validity with CMMS, TONI-3 and CPM / SON-R 6-40: dimensionalidad y validez convergente con CMMS, TONI-3 y CPM

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura fatorial do teste não verbal de inteligência SON-R 6-40 e obter evidências de validade convergente deste com outros três instrumentos não verbais de inteligência: Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia e TONI-3. Participaram do estudo 150 crianças de escolas públicas e privadas do Distrito Federal com idades entre 6 e 9 anos (M = 7,7; DP = 1,0). As análises fatoriais exploratórias indicaram uma estrutura com dois fatores para o SON-R 6-40 e uma estrutura unifatorial para os outros testes. Os dois fatores apresentaram uma correlação de 0,64 que explicam 68,3% da variância comum. Os coeficientes de correlação entre o SON-R 6-40 e os demais instrumentos variaram entre 0,62 e 0,73, com valor médio de 0,69. Os resultados indicam evidências adequadas da validade convergente do SON-R 6-40 com outros três testes não verbais de inteligência frequentemente utilizados no Brasil. (AU)

The aim of the study was to assess the factor structure of the non-verbal intelligence test SON-R 6-40 and obtain evidence of its convergent validity with three other non-verbal intelligence tests: Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices, Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and TONI- 3. Study participants were 150 children aged 6 to 9 years (M=7.7, SD=1.0) from public and private schools of the Federal District. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a two-factor structure for the SON-R 6-40 and a unidimensional structure for the three other tests. The two factors showed a correlation of .64 and together explained 68.3% of the common variance. The correlation coefficients between the SON-R 6-40 and the other instruments ranged between .62 and .73, with a mean value of .69. The results provide evidence of adequate convergent validity for the SON-R 6-40 with three other non-verbal intelligence tests frequently used in Brazil. (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la estructura factorial del test de inteligencia no verbal SON-R 6-40 y obtener evidencias de su validez convergente con otros tres instrumentos de inteligencia no verbal: el Test de Matrices Progresivas de Color de Raven, la Escala de Madurez Mental de Columbia y el TONI-3. En el estudio participaron 150 niños de 6 a 9 años de escuelas públicas y privadas del Distrito Federal (M = 7.7, DS = 1.0). El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio indicó una estructura de dos factores para el SON-R 6-40, y una estructura unifactorial para los otros tres tests. La correlación entre los dos factores fue de 0,64 y, lo que explica el 68.3% de la varianza común. Los coeficientes de correlación entre el SON-R 6-40 y los otros instrumentos fluctuaron entre 0,62 y 0,73 con una media de 0,69. Los resultados muestran evidencias adecuadas de la validez convergente del test SON-R 6-40 con los otros tres tests de inteligencia no verbal de uso frecuente en Brasil. (AU)

Relação entre irmãos: a percepção do primogênito / Relationship between siblings: the perception of the firstborn child

O nascimento do segundo filho constitui, de maneira simultânea, o início da relação fraterna e do conflito intrageracional. O presente estudo investigou os impactos do nascimento do segundo filho para o primogênito, com ênfase em como ocorre a relação fraterna na perspectiva do irmão mais velho em idade adulta. A pesquisa teve cunho qualitativo com caráter exploratório. Assim, foram entrevistados seis primogênitos com idade entre vinte e quarenta anos, escolhidos a partir de sugestões de profissionais psicólogos da rede de contatos das pesquisadoras e por intermédio da técnica da bola de neve. A análise dos dados foi realizada de modo qualitativo, com base na análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que o vínculo fraterno é uma relação estabelecida na continuidade do tempo. As lembranças partilhadas no decorrer da infância e da adolescência e as memórias da vivência familiar irão auxiliar na manutenção, ou não, do vínculo entre irmãos na vida adulta.

The birth of a second child constitutes, simultaneously, the beginning of a fraternal relationship and an intragenerational conflict. This study investigated the impact of the second child's birth on the firstborn, with emphasis on how the fraternal relationship occurs from the older sibling's perspective in adulthood. The research was qualitative and exploratory. Thus, six firstborns aged between twenty and forty years old were interviewed, who were chosen from suggestions done by professional psychologists from the researcher's business network and through the snowball technique. The interview with the participants was based on a semi-structured script with open questions related to the theme. Data analysis was performed qualitatively, based on content analysis. Findings showed that fraternal bond is a relation established over time. Memories shared during childhood and adolescence and family life memories will help in keeping (or not) the bond between siblings in adulthood.

Impact of adult sons' marriage squeeze on the mental health of parents in rural China / Impacto do casamento dos filhos adultos na saúde mental dos pais na China rural

ABSTRACT: Studying the influencing factors and interventions of mental health in rural China has important practical significance for promoting personal development and social progress. Using the 2016 waves of the China Family Panel Studies data, this paper examined the effect of adult sons' marriage squeeze on parents' mental health in rural China and its corresponding mechanisms. Our study showed a significant negative association between adult sons' marriage squeeze and the mental health status of rural parents. Moreover, the negative association of adult sons' marriage squeeze with mental health is larger for female parents, parents who are less than 60 years old and parents living with children. In addition, we investigated possible mechanisms of the effect, including intergenerational support, intergenerational relationship and neighborhood relationship, and that adult sons' marriage squeeze mainly damages the mental health of rural parents by increasing the downstream intergenerational support of rural parents and worsening intergenerational and neighborhood relationships.

RESUMO: O estudo dos fatores e intervenções de saúde mental na China rural tem um significado prático importante para promover o desenvolvimento pessoal e o progresso social. Usando dados de 2016 provenientes do China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), este artigo estudou o efeito do "aperto do casamento" de um filho adulto, na saúde mental dos pais, na zona rural da China e seus mecanismos correspondentes. O termo aperto do casamento refere-se a um desequilíbrio entre o número de homens e mulheres disponíveis para se casar em uma determinada sociedade. Nesse estudo evidencia-se uma associação significativamente negativa entre o "aperto no casamento" do filho adulto e o estado de saúde mental dos pais rurais. Além disso, a associação negativa do "aperto do casamento" de um filho adulto com a saúde mental é maior para mães, pais com menos de 60 anos e pais que vivem com filhos. Além disso, investigamos possíveis efeitos, incluindo apoio intergeracional, relacionamento intergeracional e relacionamento de vizinhança, e descobrimos que o aperto do casamento do filho adulto prejudica principalmente a saúde mental dos pais rurais, aumentando o apoio intergeracional e piorando relações intergeracionais e de vizinhança.

Gender preference and its impact on families: a cross sectional study

Background: Despite tremendous economic progress made through liberalization and globalization, gender preference for children remains a major issue in any society throughout the globe. The aim of the study was to determine the gender preference for children and its impact on family among study population.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out between October-2013 to December-2013 in the urban (Ratanpar) and rural (Khodu village) field practice area of C U Shah Medical College Surendranagar, Gujarat. Total 377 study participants were selected by using systematic random sampling. Data was collected using pre designed and pre tested questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS.Results: Out of total study population, about 78.8% were completed their family and 21.2% had desire for child in near future. Those who had completed their family, nearly two third of them were blessed with both male and female child (62%). Among those who had desire for child (n=80), about two fifth (41.2%) wished to have male child. At parity one, 52% had desire for only male child as next child and also strong preference for male child was observed at parity two and above among those having only female children.Conclusions: Study revealed that most of the couples wish to have at least one son in the family hence perception of parents towards desired gender of child to be born must be gravitated in favor of daughters.

Perception regarding child gender preferences among mothers in Dakshina Kannada district: A mixed methods study

Background: A reflection on the census 2011 data tells us that gender preference has only been on the rise these past years. Objective: To assess perception regarding gender preference among mothers in Dakshina Kannada district. Materials & Methods: 2 tertiary care centres attached with medical college were selected in Dakshina Kannada district. Quantitative variables were collected using a questionnaire and qualitative component was done through focused group discussion. Results: Child preference was seen among 32.2% of the subjects. Preference for Male child if the first child was a girl was significantly associated with lower education and low income (p<0.05). Conclusion: Son preference is still existent in the society but not universally. It is more so when the first born is a female child.

Análise do Luto de Mães de Crianças e Adolescentes Desaparecidos / Analysis of the Grief of Mothers of Missing Children and Adolescents / Análisis del Luto de Madres de Niños y Adolescentes Desaparecidos

O desaparecimento de crianças e adolescentes é uma realidade presente em todo o Brasil. A literatura evidencia que ainda há problemas no processo de busca e localização das vítimas que, somados à incógnita das condições físicas e psíquicas do filho, podem causar nas famílias, e em especial nas mães, uma série de sentimentos angustiantes contribuindo para o surgimento de conflitos e estresse emocional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender o processo de luto de mães que desconhecem a localização e o motivo do desaparecimento do filho. O método do trabalho seguiu uma proposta qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas semidirigidas com cinco mães que frequentam as atividades de uma organização não governamental voltada para familiares de pessoas desaparecidas. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio do procedimento de análise de conteúdo. Observou-se que as mães, devido às fantasias de não terem cumprido adequadamente seu papel, apresentam sentimentos de culpa. Para lidar com esses sentimentos, utilizam mecanismos de defesa cujo objetivo é evitar fatos e lembranças associados ao desaparecimento. Existem também complicações na reestruturação familiar decorrentes do desaparecimento, que somadas a outros fatores, como o descrédito nas buscas, causam nas mães ambivalência entre o cansaço e a esperança de localizar o filho desaparecido. Devido a esses fatores, as mães possuem uma dificuldade em realizar o teste de realidade que constata a ausência do objeto perdido, prejudicando o processo de elaboração do luto....(AU)

The disappearance of children and adolescents is a present reality in Brazil. The literature shows that there are still problems in the process of seeking and locating victims, in addition to the uncertain physical and psychic conditions of the child, which may cause to the families, especially to mothers, a variety of distressing feelings, contributing to the rise of conflicts and emotional stress. The purpose of this study was to understand the mourning process of those mothers who are unaware of the whereabouts of their children, as well as of their location. This study followed a qualitative method, focused on semi-structured interviews attended by five mothers who are part of a Non-Governmental Organization dedicated to the families of missing people. Data analysis was made through the use of the content analysis procedure. It was noted that mothers, based on fantasies of having failed to fulfill their role adequately, have feelings of guilt. To deal with these feelings, those mothers use mechanisms of defense aimed at avoiding facts and memories associated with the disappearance. Complications on the processes of family restructuring are also brought about by the disappearance, in addition to other factors such as the disbelief in searches, which cause among mothers an ambivalence between tiredness and hope of finding the missing child. Because of these factors, it is difficult for the mothers to perform the reality test which would verify the absence of the subject, to the detriment of the mourning process....(AU)

The disappearance of children and adolescents is a present reality in Brazil. The literature shows that there are still problems in the process of seeking and locating victims, in addition to the uncertain physical and psychic conditions of the child, which may cause to the families, especially to mothers, a variety of distressing feelings, contributing to the rise of conflicts and emotional stress. The purpose of this study was to understand the mourning process of those mothers who are unaware of the whereabouts of their children, as well as of their location. This study followed a qualitative method, focused on semi-structured interviews attended by five mothers who are part of a Non-Governmental Organization dedicated to the families of missing people. Data analysis was made through the use of the content analysis procedure. It was noted that mothers, based on fantasies of having failed to fulfill their role adequately, have feelings of guilt. To deal with these feelings, those mothers use mechanisms of defense aimed at avoiding facts and memories associated with the disappearance. Complications on the processes of family restructuring are also brought about by the disappearance, in addition to other factors such as the disbelief in searches, which cause among mothers an ambivalence between tiredness and hope of finding the missing child. Because of these factors, it is difficult for the mothers to perform the reality test which wouldverify the absence of the subject, to the detriment of the mourning process....(AU)

Percepção parental acerca do filho adotado: uma análise psicoeducacional / Parental perception about the adotive son: a psychoeducational analysis

Este estudo objetivou analisar as percepções dos pais acerca do filho adotado. Participaram 20 pais adotivos da cidade de João Pessoa (PB), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (65%) e casados (85%). Para coleta de dados utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico e uma entrevista semiestruturada. Empregou-se o SPSS (versão 21) para realizar as estatísticas descritivas e o software IRAMUTEQ (versão 0.7 alpha 2) para processar o conteúdo das entrevistas. Os resultados revelaram que os filhos adotados apresentam bom relacionamento com colegas, professores e familiares, demonstram sentimentos positivos para com os membros da nova família e exibem um desempenho escolar compatível com sua idade. Conclui-se que deve haver uma maior divulgação midiática das experiências positivas da adoção, especialmente a partir do relato dos pais, para que se construam novas representações sobre a criança adotada.(AU)

This study aimed to analyze the parents' perceptions about the adopted child. Twenty adoptive parents from the city of Joao Pessoa (PB) participated, being the majority female (65%) and married (85%). A sociodemographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were used to collect data. SPSS (version 21) was used to perform the descriptive statistics and the IRAMUTEQ software (version 0.7 alpha 2) to process the content of the interviews. The results showed that adopted children have good relationships with friends, teachers and family members, show positive feelings with the members of the new family, and exhibit school performance consistent with their age. It is concluded that there should be greater media coverage of the positive experiences of adoption, especially from the parents' report, to build new representations about the adopted child.(AU)

Evidências de validade convergente e discriminante dos escores do SON-R 6-40 / Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the SON-R 6-40 scores / Evidencias de validez convergente y discriminante de los puntajes del test SON-R 6-40

Um adequado processo de validação é essencial para possibilitar uma interpretação correta dos escores de um teste. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi obter evidências de validade convergente e discriminante dos escores do teste SON-R 6-40, um teste não verbal de inteligência de origem holandesa, para o qual estão sendo elaboradas as normas brasileiras. O teste foi administrado juntamente com o WISC-IV em uma amostra de 120 crianças de 10 a 14 anos. A correlação, corrigida para atenuação, entre escores totais do SON-R 6-40 e do WISC-IV foi de 0,73. Como esperado, a correlação mais alta foi obtida entre SON-R 6-40 e Índice de Organização Perceptual do WISC-IV (r = 0,84) e a correlação mais baixa foi entre SON-R 6-40 e Índice de Velocidade de Processamento (r = 0,32). Os resultados obtidos indicam evidências satisfatórias de validade convergente e discriminante dos escores do SON-R 6-40 para a faixa etária investigada.

An adequate validation process is fundamental to ensure sound interpretations of test results. Thus, the purpose of this study was to acquire evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of the test scores on the SON-R 6-40, a non-verbal test of intelligence of Dutch origin, for which Brazilian rulings are being prepared. The test was performed together with the WISC-IV to a sample of 120 children from 10 up to 14 years old. The correlation, corrected for attenuation, between the total scores on the SON-R 6-40 and the WISC-IV was .73. As expected, a higher correlation (r = .84) was obtained between the SON-R 6-40 and the Perceptual Organization Scale of the WISC-IV, and the lowest correlation was between SON-R 6-40 and the Processing Speed Scale (r = 0.32). The results indicate satisfactory evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of the SON-R 6-40 scores for the age group investigated in the research sample.

Un proceso de validación apropiado es esencial para conseguir una correcta interpretación de los resultados de un test. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue obtener evidencias de validez convergente y discriminante de los puntajes del test SON-R 6-40, un test no verbal de inteligencia de origen holandés, para el cual están siendo elaboradas las normas brasileñas. El test fue administrado junto con el WISC-IV en una muestra de 120 niños de 10 a 14 años. La correlación, corregida para la atenuación, entre los puntajes totales del SON-R 6-40 y del WISC-IV, fue de 0,73. Como esperado, la correlación más alta fue obtenida entre el SON-R 6-40 y el Índice de Organización Perceptual del WISC-IV (r = 0,84), y la correlación más baja fue entre SON-R 6-40 y el Índice de Velocidad de Procesamiento (r = 0,32). Los resultados obtenidos indican una adecuada validez convergente y discriminante de los puntajes del test SON-R 6-40 para el grupo etario investigado.

Study on the Extraction Technology for Active Constituents of Tibetan Medicine Pedicularis kansuensis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of Tibetan medicine Pedicularis kansuensis and compare con-tent of verbascoside and isoverbascoside differences in P. kansuensis from various habitats. METHODS:Using verbascoside and iso-verbascoside and dry paste yield as comprehensive evaluation indexes,single factor test and orthogonal test were used to investigate the extraction solvent,solvent dosage,extraction time and times to optimize extraction technology,and the verification test was conducted. Contents of the 2 constituents verbascoside and isoverbascoside in P. kansuensis from Gansu,Qinghai and Sichuan were compared. RESULTS:The optimal extraction technology was as follows as 8-fold 50% ethanol,extraction for 3 times,90 min each time. The verification results showed that the average contents of verbascoside and isoverbascoside were 3.49%(RSD=1.28%,n=3),1.26%(RSD=1.32%,n=3),and average dry paste yields were 37.99%(RSD=1.97%,n=3). The contents of verbascoside and isoverbascoside in P. kansuensis from Qinghai were relatively higher. CONCLUSIONS:Optimized extraction tech-nology is reasonable,stable,feasible;the contents of index constituents in P. kansuensis from different habitats have certain differ-ences. The study can provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of extraction,and the in-depth study of quality evaluation for medicinal material.

Comparative Study on the Processing Technology of Psoralea corylifolia by Salt Frying and Salt Steaming / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To compare the contents of 2 index components in salt frying and salt steaming samples of Psoralea corylifolia,and select better processing technology. METHODS:Under the conditions that ratio of salt and medicinal materials was 1:50,4-5 times salt of adding water,brine run time was 2 h,the amounts of psoralen and isopsoralen in salt frying samples after 10,12,14 min of frying under 150 ℃,170 ℃,190 ℃ and in salt steaming samples after 1,1.5,2,2.5 h of steaming were re-spectively investigated,and the effects of 2 processing technology were compared. RESULTS:Under fixed condition,the contents of index components was the highest in salt frying samples by fried for 12 min under 150 ℃ and in salt steaming samples by steamed for 1 h;the content in salt steaming samples (1.49%) was higher than that in salt frying samples (1.29%)(P=0.011). CONCLUSIONS:According to the comparison of index components'contents in processing samples,salt steaming is superior to salt frying of P. corylifolia.

Factores bioquímicos relacionados con el estado nutricional del binomio madre-hijo / Biochemical factors related to the nutritional state of the binomial mother-son

Se efectuó una investigación descriptiva, longitudinal y prospectiva de 53 embarazadas, atendidas en el Policlínico Docente "30 de Noviembre'' de Santiago de Cuba, con vistas a determinar la relación entre los factores bioquímicos y el estado nutricional del binomio madre-hijo, durante el 2014. Para la realización de las determinaciones bioquímicas, se hicieron extracciones de sangre en el primer y tercer trimestres de la gestación. Se utilizó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado de independencia con un nivel de significación de 5 %. Existió asociación entre las variables bioquímicas en relación con el estado nutricional del binomio madre-hijo. Entre los efectos adversos asociados a la mala nutrición de las gestantes sobresalieron: anemia, diabetes gestacional y dislipidemias.

A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective investigation of 53 pregnant women, assisted at "30 de Noviembre" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba was carried out, aimed at determining the relationship between the biochemical factors and the nutritional state of the binomial mother-son, during 2014. Blood extractions were made in the first and third trimester of pregnancy in order to make biochemical determinations. The chi-square test of independence was used with a 5 % level of significance. There was an association between the biochemical variables in connection with the nutritional state of the binomial mother-son. Among the adverse effects associated to the pregnant women poor nutrition there were: anemia, gestational diabetes mellitus and dyslipemias.

O conceito de simbiose em psicanálise: uma revisão de literatura / The concept of symbiosis in psychoanalysis: a literature review

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o conceito de simbiose em psicanálise e sua articulação com a psicopatologia das psicoses, em especial aquelas diagnosticadas em indivíduos do sexo masculino. O estudo enfocou a vinculação do conceito à temática das relações de objeto e percorreu algumas das principais teorias psicanalíticas. As abordagens foram agrupadas de forma a apresentarem as perspectivas das teorias clássicas, seguidas das formulações de alguns estudos contemporâneos sobre o assunto.

The concept of symbiosis in psychoanalysis: a literature review. The aim of this study was to conduct a review in literature on the concept of symbiosis in psychoanalysis and its relationship with psychopathology of psychoses, especially those diagnosed in males. The study focused on linking the concept to the subject of object relations, and reviewed some of the major psychoanalytic theories. The approaches were grouped in order to present the perspectives of classical theories, followed by the formulations of some contemporary studies which investigate the matter.

Dimensionalidade e evidências de validade convergente do SON-R 6-40 / Dimensionality and convergent validity evidence of the SON-R 6-40 / Dimensionalidad y evidencia de validez convergente del SON-R 6-40

No presente artigo são fornecidas evidências da estrutura fatorial e da validade convergente do SON-R 6-40 (Snijders-Oomen Non-Verbal Intelligence Test - Revised), um instrumento não-verbal de inteligência para pessoas entre 6 e 40 anos. O teste foi aplicado em conjunto com dois outros testes de inteligência: a forma A da Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio (BPR-5) e o SON-R 2½7[a] (para crianças de 2,5 até 7 anos). Participaram no estudo 112 alunos de escolas públicas do Distrito Federal. Os resultados da análise fatorial evidenciaram a unidimensionalidade dos escores do SON-R 6-40. A correlação entre o SON-R 6-40 e a BPR-5 foi de 0,74 (N =68) e entre o SON-R 6-40 e o SON-R 2½7[a] foi igual a 0,80 (N =44). Estes resultados indicam evidências da validade convergente do SON-R 6-40 para a faixa de idade investigada...

This article presents evidence of the factor structure and of the convergent validity of the SON-R 6-40 (Snijders-Oomen Non-Verbal Intelligence Test - Revised), a nonverbal test of intelligence for persons with ages between 6 and 40 years. The test was administered together with two other tests of intelligence: form A of the Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio (BPR-5) and the SON-R 2½7[a] (for children 2.5 to 7 years). In this study 112 students of public schools in the Distrito Federal of Brazil participated. Factor analysis indicated the unidimensionality of the SON-R 6-40 scores. The correlation between the SON-R 6-40 and the BPR-5 was .74 (N =68) and between the SON-R 6-40 and the SON-R 2½7[a] was .80 (N =44). These results indicate satisfactory evidence of the convergent validity of the SON-R 6-40 for the investigated age range...

El presente artículo muestra evidencias de la estructura factorial y validez convergente del test SON-R 6-40 (Snijders-Oomen Non-Verbal Intelligence Test - Revised), instrumento no verbal de evaluación de inteligencia para personas de entre 6 y 40 años. El test fue aplicado junto con dos pruebas de inteligencia: forma A de la Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio (BPR-5) y SON-R 2½7[a] (para niños de 2.5 a 7 años). Participaron 112 alumnos de escuelas públicas del Distrito Federal. Los resultados del análisis factorial muestran la unidimensionalidad de los puntajes del SON-R 6-40. La correlación encontrada entre el SON-R 6-40 y la BPR-5 fue de .74 (N =68) y entre el SON-R 6-40 y el SON-R 2½7[a] fue de .80 (N =44). Estos resultados muestran evidencias satisfactorias de validez convergente del test SON-R 6-40 para el intervalo etario investigado...

Desconstruindo o conceito de função paterna: um paradigma interpelado / Deconstructing the concept of paternal function: a questioned paradigm

A autora desenvolve um trabalho de desconstrução da noção de função paterna enquanto proposta como um elemento essencial para separar o filho de sua mãe e assegurar sua inserção em um universo simbólico. Percorrem-se algum marcos que derivam da noção de patriarcado e as suas ligações com a conceituação de função paterna. Isso tem forte influência em algumas postulações da psicanálise. A necessidade de uma análise genealógica e de historizar esta função é reforçada. Enfatiza-se que há na mãe suficientes reservas simbólicas para exercer essa função, sem recorrer à explicação – de caráter tautológico – de que o Pai dita a Lei e introduz essa função na mãe, para que esta possa exercê-la. Pelo contrário, é uma legalidade que está além de uma figura, mesmo no seu aspecto metafórico, proposta por uma determinada organização sociocultural e discursiva. Esta proposta permite desarticular a frequente validação mãe/natureza versus pai/cultura/logos separador e descentralizar essa dicotomia. Defende-se que o papel do pai é uma operação simbólica que deveria denominar-se, com propriedade, função terceira, independentemente de quem a exerça e além de dicotomias empobrecedoras. Geralmente é exercida pelo pai, mas pode ser exercida pela mãe ou outros, através de suas próprias reservas simbólicas e desejos. Torna-se, portanto, mais complexa a rede que permite o exercício de terceiridade nos processos de subjetivação. Considerar que essa função terceira, simbólica, também pode ser exercida pela mãe enriquece a compreensão da constituição do sujeito em uma trama de laços sociais.

The author develops a deconstruction work of the paternal function notion when proposed as an essential element to separate the child from his mother and ensure his inclusion in a symbolic universe. Some milestones that has a strong influence on some psychoanalytic postulates, derived from the notion of patriarchy and its links to the concept of paternal function are covered. It is enhanced the need for a genealogical and historical analysis of this function. It emphasizes that the mother has enough symbolic reserves to perform this function, without having to resort to the explanation – of tautological character – that the Father dictates the Law and introduces this function in the mother, so that she can exercise it. On the contrary, it is a legality beyond a figure, even in its metaphorical aspect, proposed by a socio-cultural and discursive organization. This proposal allows us to disrupt the frequent homologation mother/nature versus father/culture/logos, which separates, and to decentralize this dichotomy. It postulates that the father’s role is a symbolic operation that should be called third function, regardless of who performs it and beyond impoverishing dichotomies. Usually, the father exercises it, but also the mother, or others, can do it, through their own symbolic reserves and desires. The network that allows the exercise of thirdness in subjective processes becomes, therefore, more complex. The consideration that the mother may also exercise this third function, symbolic, enriches the understanding of the constitution of the subject in a web of social ties.

La autora desarrolla un trabajo de deconstrucción de la noción de función paterna en tanto es propuesta como un elemento esencial para separar al hijo de la madre y asegurar su inserción en un universo simbólico. Se recorren algunos hitos que derivan de la noción de patriarcado y sus eslabonamientos con la conceptualización de función paterna. Esto tiene fuerte influencia en algunas postulaciones psicoanalíticas. Se remarca la necesidad de efectuar un análisis genealógico e historizar esta función. Se enfatiza que hay en la madre suficientes reservas simbólicas para ejercer esa función sin recurrir a la explicación – de carácter tautológico – de que el Padre dicta la Ley e introduce esa función en la madre para que así ésta la pueda ejercer. Por el contrario, se trata de una legalidad que está más allá de una figura, aún en su vertiente metafórica, propuesta por una determinada organización socio-cultural y discursiva. Esta propuesta permite desarticular la frecuente homologación madre/naturaleza versus padre/cultura/ logos separador, y descentrar esa dicotomía. Se postula que la función paterna es una operatoria simbólica que debería denominarse con propiedad función tercera, independientemente de quién la ejerza y más allá de dicotomías empobrecedoras. Habitualmente es ejercida por el padre, pero puede ser ejercida por la madre u otros, a través de sus propias reservas simbólicas y deseos. Se complejiza así la red que permite el ejercicio de la terceridad en los procesos de subjetivación. Considerar que esa función tercera, simbólica, puede también ser ejercida por la madre enriquece la comprensión sobre la constitución del sujeto en un entramado de lazos sociales.

Diagnostic ability of Physical Examination in aortic Valve stenosis / La capacidad diagnóstica del examen físico en la estenosis valvular aórtica

background: Physical examination is essential to detect aortic stenosis but there is scarce information currently available. Objectives: The goal of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic yield of physical examination, the interobserver agreement of clinical signs, and to establish a score to identify severe aortic stenosis. Methods: One-hundred patients were included in the study. Before echocardiographic evaluation, two cardiologists independently evaluated the clinical signs of the physical examination in aortic stenosis. Sensitivity, specificity, and inter-observer agreement were calculated, and the area under the curve was analyzed to develop a score for predicting severe aortic stenosis. results: The decreased intensity of the first heart sound and the crescendo-decrescendo shape of the murmur had sensitivity >90% and specificity <70%. The specificities of an absent second sound, a murmur that peaks later in systole and the presence of a parvus et tardus pulse were >95%, but the sensitivities were <50%. Inter-observer agreement was good for most criteria, except for murmur shape and intensity. The best area under the curve was achieved by the score composed of heart sounds of decreased or absent intensity, duration of the holosystolic murmur, parvus et tardus carotid pulse and a grade 3-4 systolic murmur. Conclusions: Physical examination findings have low sensitivity but good specificity. Inter-observer agreement of clinical signs of severity was moderately good. Correct identification of patients with severe aortic stenosis can be achieved using a simple score.

Vivenciando o contato pele a pele com o recém-nascido no pós-parto como um ato mecânico / Experiencing skin to skin contact with the baby during the postpartum period as a mechanical act / Vivenciando el contacto piel a piel con el recién-nacido en el postparto como un acto mecánico

Objetivou-se compreender a vivência da puérpera durante o primeiro contato pele a pele com o recém-nascido no pós-parto imediato, no centro obstétrico de um hospital público de uma cidade no interior da Bahia. Estudo exploratório, descritivo e qualitativo, aprovado por Comitê de Ética e realizado com quatorze puérperas, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, no período de julho a agosto de 2011. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, identificando-se o fenômeno "Vivenciando o contato pele a pele como um ato mecânico" e suas três subcategorias "Incentivando só o contato", "O contato como um ato mecânico" e "Sendo obrigada a iniciar o aleitamento materno". O incentivo do contato pele a pele e aleitamento imediatos ocorrem de forma mecânica, sendo destacado só o contato, obrigando a puérpera a iniciar o aleitamento materno de forma brusca e repentina, não sendo respeitada sua vontade de executar ou não essa prática.

The objective was to understand the puerpera's experience during the first skin to skin contact with the newborn in the immediate postpartum period, the obstetric ward of a public hospital in a city in Bahia. Exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study, approved by the Ethics Committee and conducted with fourteen postpartum women, through semi-structured interviews in the period July-August 2011. The data were analyzed using Grounded Theory, identifying the phenomenon "Experiencing skin to skin contact as a mechanical act" and its three subcategories: "Encouraging the only contact", "Contact as a mechanical act" and "Being forced to initiate breastfeeding. "Encouraging the skin to skin contact and immediate breastfeeding occur mechanically, being highlighted only the contact, requiring the puerperas to initiate breastfeeding in sudden and abrupt manner, not respecting their willingness to perform or not this practice.

Se objetivó comprender la vivencia de la puérpera durante el primer contacto piel a piel con el recién-nacido en el postparto inmediato, en el centro obstétrico de un hospital público de un ciudad del interior de Bahia. Es un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y cualitativo, aprobado por Comité de Ética y realizado con catorce puérperas, a través de encuestas semiestructuradas, en el período de julio a agosto de 2011. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos identificándose el fenómeno "Vivenciando el contacto piel a piel como un acto mecánico" y sus tres subcategorías: "Incentivando sólo el contacto", "El contacto como un acto mecánico" y "Siendo obligada a iniciar el amamantamiento materno". El incentivo del contacto piel a piel y amamantamiento inmediatos ocurren de manera mecánica, siendo destacado sólo el contacto, obligando la puérpera a iniciar el amamantamiento materno de manera brusca y repentina, no siendo respectada su voluntad en ejecutar o no esa práctica.

Gender preference and factors affecting gender preference of mothers attending antenatal clinic of Agartala government medical college.

Background: Consecutive decline in sex ratio of our country signals an impending crisis. Gender preference of women may have a role in determining sex ratio. Aims & Objective: To study the gender preference and the factors affecting gender preference of mothers. Material and Methods: A hospital based study was conducted during August – September 2013 among 390 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of Agartala Government Medical College using a pretested semi-structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, χ2 test and logistic regression were used. Results: 40.8% had son preference, 29.7% preferred daughter and the rest had no particular preference regarding the outcome of their current pregnancy. Significantly higher son preference was observed among the rural, illiterate and nullipara or women having no male child (68.24%, 58.33% and 68.24% respectively, p < 0.05). Higher son preference was also observed among housewives (58.00%), primigravida (54.61%) and women from joint families (61.18%), though it was not significant. Preference for son was higher in both the presumed situation of having either one or multiple children. Reasons for son preference were ‘better security in old age’ 39.1%; ‘generation continuation’ 31.1%; ‘status symbol’ 18.8%; and ‘better earning’ 11.1%. Reasons for daughter preference were, ‘daughters are more trust worthy’55.1%; ‘daughters help in household work’ 19.67%; ‘daughters are laxmi of family’ 15% and non-specific reasons 10.23%. Conclusion: Improving social security at old age, facilities favouring girl children and steps for elimination of dowry from the society may help in improving the preference for girl children leading to a balanced population.

Validação brasileira do teste não-verbal de inteligência SON-R 2½-7[a] / Brazilian validation of the nonverbal intelligence test SON-R 2½-7[a] / Validación brasileña de la prueba no verbal de inteligencia SON-R 2½-7[a]

Este artigo apresenta estudos realizados no Brasil referentes à evidência de validade de construto do teste SON-R 2½-7[a], versão abreviada do SON-R 2½-7, que possui estudos de normatização e validação realizados em vários países europeus. O SON-R 2½-7[a] é um instrumento não-verbal que avalia amplas áreas de inteligência para crianças entre 2½ e 7 anos. Os dados da amostra nacional de normatização brasileira com 1.200 crianças foram analisados utilizando tanto análise fatorial exploratória como análise fatorial confirmatória. Os resultados apóiam a distinção adotada no teste entre a escala de execução e a escala de raciocínio. Os resultados indicam uma boa validade de construto do SON-R 2½-7[a] e sugerem que o teste é uma ferramenta promissora para a avaliação das habilidades cognitivas de crianças no Brasil.

This article presents studies realized in Brazil related to evidence of the construct validity of the SON-R 2½-7[a], the abridged edition of the SON-R 2½-7, a nonverbal test with normatization and validation studies realized in various European countries. The SON-R 2½-7[a] measures broad areas of intelligence for children between 2½ and 7 years of age. Data of a national sample of 1,200 children of the normatization study in Brazil were analyzed, using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results support the distinction adopted in the test between a performance and a reasoning scale. The findings indicate a good construct validity of the SON-R 2½-7[a] and suggest that it is a promising tool for the evaluation of cognitive abilities of young children in Brazil.

Este artículo presenta estudios realizados en Brasil relacionados con las evidencias de validez de constructo del test SON-R 2½-7[a], una versión abreviada del SON-R 2½ -7 que tiene estudios de estandarización y validación realizados en varios países europeos. El SON-R 2½-7[a] es un instrumento no verbal que evalúa áreas amplias de inteligencia para niños entre 2½ y 7 años. Los datos de la muestra nacional de normalización de 1.200 niños brasileños se analizaron mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Los resultados apoyan la distinción adoptada para la prueba entre la escala de ejecución y la escala de razonamiento. Los resultados indican una buena validez de constructo del SON-R 2½ -7[a] y sugieren que la prueba es una herramienta prometedora para la evaluación de las capacidades cognitivas de los niños en Brasil.

Homofobia familiar: abrindo o armário entre quatro paredes / Familial homophobia: opening the closet in the intimacy / La homofobia familiar: abriendo el armario entre cuatro paredes

Historicamente, o dispositivo da sexualidade autoriza as famílias a serem as guardiãs das normas sobre a sexualidade de seus membros, garantindo a heteronormatividade a partir da exclusão de toda dissidência a essa norma, ou seja, por meio da homofobia. A partir de uma pesquisa que teve como participantes mulheres dissidentes da heteronormatividade, acessadas pela técnica snow-ball, com as quais foram realizadas entrevistas que produziram Narrativas de Histórias de Vida, analisadas à luz das teorias pós-estruturalistas, privilegiamos o estudo da manifestação da homofobia na família, desenvolvendo uma genealogia de seus efeitos detratores, mas também apontando os modos de resistência a esse processo. Esse locus de manifestação da homofobia, obscurecido pela intimidade do mundo privado, é ainda uma seara pouco discutida nos estudos nacionais e potencializa os danos causados pela discriminação nos espaços macrossociais. Apontamos, então, a família como um importante alvo de ação das políticas públicas que visam à defesa dos direitos humanos e civis, bem como a combater todo tipo de violência e discriminação...

Sexuality device authorizes families to become the guardians of its members' sexuality, ensuring the exclusion of any kind of dissidence from heteronormativity by means of reinforcement of homophobia. This paper presents the analyses of female participants who are dissident of heteronormativity. They were accessed through snow-ball technique and were interviewed. After transcribing their interviews, the researcher produced narratives of their lives with were corroborated with the participants. Data were analyzed from a poststructuralist perspective. By then, we privileged the study of the manifestation of homophobia in the family, developing a genealogy of their detractors effects, but also highlighting modes of resistance to it. This locus of manifestation of homophobia, obscured by the intimacy of the private world, is still a fairly discussed topic in national studies and maximizes the damage caused by discrimination in macro social spaces. We pointed out, then, family as an important target of action for public policies which aim the protection of human and civil rights, as well as all kinds of violence and discrimination...

Históricamente, el dispositivo de la sexualidad le permite a las familias a ser los guardianes de las normas sobre la sexualidad de sus miembros, asegurando la heteronormatividad de suprimir todos los disidentes de esa norma, es decir, por medio de la homofobia. A partir de una encuesta que contó con mujeres disidentes de la heteronormatividad, las cuales fueron contratadas por la técnica de snow-ball y con las que se realizaron entrevistas que produjeron Narrativas de Historias de vida analizadas a la luz de las teorías posestructuralistas, privilegiamos el estudio de la manifestación de la homofobia en la familia, desarrollando una genealogía de sus efectos detractores, pero también señalando los modos de resistencia a este proceso. Este locus de manifestación de la homofobia, oscurecido por la intimidad del mundo privado, potencializa el daño causado por la discriminación en los espacios sociales macro. Señalamos entonces, la familia como un destino importante de la acción de políticas públicas destinadas a la protección de los derechos humanos y civiles, así como la lucha contra todo tipo de violencia y discriminación...

Consideraciones actuales sobre la operación cesárea / Current considerations on cesarean section

El incremento de la cesárea, que constituye la operación obstétrica más comúnmente efectuada, ha sido motivo de preocupación en los últimos años. En esta revisión se ha perseguido identificar básicamente los problemas que genera este aumento, a fin de que pueda servir no solo como estrategia para el análisis y control de la ejecución de ese proceso en los servicios de obstetricia, sino como herramienta de trabajo para los gerentes de salud; pero en el artículo se ha tratado también lo concerniente al impacto de este tipo de cirugía en la morbilidad y mortalidad maternas, por lo cual se concluye que este es un proceder quirúrgico que debe reservarse para cuando exista una fundamentación científica confirmada para su realización, con vistas a garantizar el resultado exitoso en el binomio madre-hijo.

The increase of cesarean section, that constitutes the most commonly obstetric operation carried out, has been reason of concern in the last years. The aim in this review has been to identify basically the problems generated by this increase, so that it can serve not only as strategy for the analysis and control of that process in the surgical services, but also as work tool for the health managers; the work has also dealt with impact of this surgery type in the maternal morbidity and mortality, reason why it is concluded that this is a surgical procedure that should be reserved in case of a confirmed scientific reason for its realization, for guaranteeing the successful result in the binomial mother-son.