Prevalencia de halitosis en niños y su asociación con la higiene bucal, caries dental, saburra lingual, tipo de respiración, edad y sexo / Prevalence of halitosis in children and its association with oral hygiene, dental caries, tongue coating, type of breathing, age, and sex

Resumen La halitosis es considerada como una condición anómala frecuente en la salud bucal y se define como un olor desagradable que emite la cavidad oral, nariz, vías respiratorias o aparato digestivo. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de halitosis y su relación con los factores asociados como: higiene oral, caries, placa lingual, tipo de respiración, edad y sexo en niños de 5 a 12 años que asisten a la Escuela Giordano Bruno, de la Provincia de Pichincha - Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal realizado en una población de 178 estudiantes de 5 a 12 años, la muestra fue de 122 niños seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado para participar en el estudio. La prevalencia de halitosis se evaluó con un monitor que detecta compuestos volátiles de sulfuro. Los factores asociados se midieron por medio del IHOS, el índice de lengua saburral de Winkel, la prueba con el espejo bucal y el índice ceo-d y CPO-D. Los datos se analizaron con la prueba de Chi cuadrado con un valor de significación de 0,05 y un Análisis de Regresión Logística Binaria. Resultados: La prevalencia de halitosis fue del 50% en los niños y se relacionó con saburralingual, higiene bucal, edad y sexo (p<0,05), pero no hubo asociación entre la halitosis, el tipo de respiración y la presencia de caries dental. Los niños que presentan saburra lingual tienen 177 veces mayor riesgo de presentar halitosis mientras que los que muestran una higiene bucal regular tienen 205 veces más riesgo de presentar halitosis. Conclusión: La prevalencia de halitosis en niños es alta y los principales factores de riesgo son la saburra lingual y la higiene bucal regular.

Abstract Halitosis is considered a frequent anomaly in oral health that is defined as an unpleasant odor that emits from the oral cavity, nose, respiratory tract or digestive system. Objective: To determine the prevalence of halitosis and its relationship with associated factors such as: oral hygiene, tooth decay, tongue plaque, type of breathing, age and sex in children aged 5 to 12 years who attend the Giordano Bruno School of the Province of Pichincha - Ecuador. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out in a population of 178 students aged 5 to 12 years, the sample consisted of 122 children selected through probability sampling. Informed consent was requested to participate in the study. The prevalence of halitosis was evaluated with a monitor that detects volatile sulfur compounds and the associated factors were measured by means of the IHOS, the Winkel coated tongue index, the oral mirror test and the ceo-d and CPO-D index. The data were analyzed with the Chi square test with a significance value of 0.05 and a Binary Logistic Regression Analysis. Results: The prevalence of halitosis was 50% in children and it was related to tongue coating, oral hygiene, age, and sex (p <0.05), there was no association between halitosis, type of respiration and the presence of dental caries. Children with tongue coating have a 177 times greater risk of halitosis, while children with regular oral hygiene have a 205 times greater risk of halitosis. Conclusion: The prevalence of halitosis in children is high and the main risk factors are tongue coating and regular oral hygiene.

Avaliação de lesões cariosas e biofilme dentário por fluorescência em pacientes portadores da síndrome metabólica submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica: um estudo de coorte prospectivo / Evaluation of caries lesions and dental biofilm by fluorescence, in patients with metabolic syndrome submitted to bariatric surgery: a prospective cohort study

A obesidade e a síndrome metabólica têm aumentado em proporções preocupantes em nível mundial. Além das consequências sistêmicas, a obesidade e suas comorbidades também têm sido relacionadas com a condição bucal. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a progressão de lesões cariosas, presença de biofilme dentário, fluxo salivar e presença de saburra lingual em indivíduos eutróficos, sendo avaliados em dois momentos e portadores de síndrome metabólica antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. A amostra foi constituída por 150 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC: 75) e grupo obeso (GO: 75), ambos avaliados em T0 e T1, sendo GC 6 meses após a primeira avaliação e GO 6 meses após a cirurgia bariátrica. A avaliação antropométrica dos indivíduos foi realizada por meio do IMC e circunferência da cintura. Os índices ICDAS II e CPOD foram utilizados para avaliar a progressão da cárie dentária. O método de fluorescência verde (QLF- Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence) avaliou a perda mineral nas superfícies lisas dos dentes e presença de biofilme dentário. O fluxo salivar estimulado foi avaliado em mL/min. O Índice de Saburra Lingual foi utilizado para a avaliação da presença de saburra na língua. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se os testes Qui Quadrado, Exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e Regressão Logística Múltipla, adotando nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença significativas entre os grupos, GC apresentou maior número de dentes hígidos (p=0,038) e dentes sem alteração no esmalte (p=0,005) quando comparado ao GO. Ao comparar GC e GO no T1, verificou-se que houve diferença significativa em relação ao CPOD (p<0,0001), dentes restaurados (p<0,0001) e área da lesão (Ws) (p=0,045), sendo as piores condições encontradas encontradas em GO. Observou-se que houve diferença significativa entre a perda mineral e quantidade de biofilme dentário por fluorescência entre os grupos, mas não entre T0 e T1. Diante dos resultados, podese concluir que indivíduos portadores de síndrome metabólica, comparado com os eutróficos, apresentam maior número de lesões cariosas antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. No presente estudo a cirurgia bariátrica não interferiu na progressão das lesões cariosas, todavia, destaca-se a necessidade de abordagem multiprofissional e contínua, atuando na prevenção de doenças e atenção odontológica.(AU)

Obesity and the metabolic syndrome have increased in alarming proportions at world level. Apart from systemic consequences, obesity and its comorbidities have also been related to the oral condition. The aim of this study was to identify the caries lesion progression, presence of dental biofilm, the salivary flow and tongue coating in eutrophic individuals, being evaluated in two moments and individuals with metabolic syndrome before and after undergoing bariatric surgery. The sample consisted of 150 individuals divided into two groups: Control Group (CG: 75) and Obese Group (OG): 75, both evaluated in T0 and T1; CG being evaluated six months after T0, and EG, 6 months after bariatric surgery. Anthropometric assessment of individuals was made by means of BMI and waist circumference measurement. The ICDAS II and DMFT indices were used for evaluating the progression of dental caries. The Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) method, for evaluating mineral loss on the smooth tooth surfaces and the presence for dental biofilm. The stimulated salivary flow was evaluated in mL/min. The Winkel tongue coating index (WTCI) was used to evaluate the presence of tongue coating. For statistical analysis, the Chi- Square, Fishers Exact, Kruskal-Wallis and Multiple Logistic Regression tests were used, adopting a significance level of 5%. The results showed statistical difference between the groups: CG presented a higher; number of healthy teeth (p=0.038) and teeth without changes in enamel (p=0.005) when compared to OG. When comparing CG and EG after the second evaluation (T1), statistically significant difference was verified in relation to DMFT (p<0.0001), restored teeth (p<0.0001) and lesion area (Ws) (p=0.045), being the worst conditions found in OG. It was observed that there was a significant difference between mineral loss and the quantity dental biofilm by fluorescence between groups, but not between T0 and T1. In view of the results, the authors concluded that patients with metabolic syndrome, compared to eutrophic, have a higher number of caries lesions before and after bariatric surgery. In the present study, bariatric surgery did not influence in caries lesion progression, however, highlights the necessity to a continuous multi professional approach to acting in the prevention of diseases and dental care.(AU)

Prevalencia de halitosis en niños y su asociación con la higiene bucal, caries dental, saburra lingual, tipo de respiración, edad y sexo

La halitosis es considerada como una condición anómala frecuente en la salud bucal y se define como un olor desagradable que emite la cavidad oral, nariz, vías respiratorias o aparato digestivo. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de halitosis y su relación con los factores asociados como: higiene oral, caries, placa lingual, tipo de respiración, edad y sexo en niños de 5 a 12 años que asisten a la Escuela Giordano Bruno, de la Provincia de Pichincha - Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal realizado en una población de 178 estudiantes de 5 a 12 años, la muestra fue de 122 niños seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado para participar en el estudio. La prevalencia de halitosis se evaluó con un monitor que detecta compuestos volátiles de sulfuro. Los factores asociados se midieron por medio del IHOS, el índice de lengua saburral de Winkel, la prueba con el espejo bucal y el índice ceo-d y CPO-D. Los datos se analizaron con la prueba de Chi cuadrado con un valor de significación de 0,05 y un Análisis de Regresión Logística Binaria. Resultados: La prevalencia de halitosis fue del 50% en los niños y se relacionó con saburralingual, higiene bucal, edad y sexo (p<0,05), pero no hubo asociación entre la halitosis, el tipo de respiración y la presencia de caries dental. Los niños que presentan saburra lingual tienen 177 veces mayor riesgo de presentar halitosis mientras que los que muestran una higiene bucal regular tienen 205 veces más riesgo de presentar halitosis. Conclusión: La prevalencia de halitosis en niños es alta y los principales factores de riesgo son la saburra lingual y la higiene bucal regular.

Halitosis is considered a frequent anomaly in oral health that is defined as an unpleasant odor that emits from the oral cavity, nose, respiratory tract or digestive system. Objective: To determine the prevalence of halitosis and its relationship with associated factors such as: oral hygiene, tooth decay, tongue plaque, type of breathing, age and sex in children aged 5 to 12 years who attend the Giordano Bruno School of the Province of Pichincha - Ecuador. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out in a population of 178 students aged 5 to 12 years, the sample consisted of 122 children selected through probability sampling. Informed consent was requested to participate in the study. The prevalence of halitosis was evaluated with a monitor that detects volatile sulfur compounds and the associated factors were measured by means of the IHOS, the Winkel coated tongue index, the oral mirror test and the ceo-d and CPO-D index. The data were analyzed with the Chi square test with a significance value of 0.05 and a Binary Logistic Regression Analysis. Results: The prevalence of halitosis was 50% in children and it was related to tongue coating, oral hygiene, age, and sex (p <0.05), there was no association between halitosis, type of respiration and the presence of dental caries. Children with tongue coating have a 177 times greater risk of halitosis, while children with regular oral hygiene have a 205 times greater risk of halitosis. Conclusion: The prevalence of halitosis in children is high and the main risk factors are tongue coating and regular oral hygiene.