Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase and Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase as Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Narrative Review

Background: Salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is catagorized in altered protein markers present in saliva which shows significantly increased level in oral carcinoma. On the other hand salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the sensitive markers for early detection of oral malignancy. As saliva sample collection is simpler, non-invasive and patient friendly, the use of salivary biomarkers for early detection of oral cancer has been increased remarkably in last decade. Aims & Objectives: To analyze the potential diagnostic role of major two biomarkers i.e, salivary LDH & salivary ALP in oral potentially malignant disorders & oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials & Methods: In depth search of topic on major search engines like pubmed, google scholar, EBSCO, Wiley online pertaining to the enzymes like salivary LDH, salivary ALP with keywords like salivary LDH, salivary ALP, oral potentially malignant disorders, oral squamous cell carcinoma, salivary biomarkers were done. The literature review was done from 2010-2019. The available data is tabulated & presented under various topics of discussion regarding their regulation & functionality in the body harbouring those disorders & conditions. Conclusion: The salivary LDH is found to be more promising salivary biomarker for detection of oral cancer as per this study. Quite a number of studies have been done during the last decade on the same. Whereas, there is paucity of studies on the role of salivary ALP as a biomarker for oral cancer, instead we can say the role of salivary ALP is rather more in periodontitis in comparison to carcinoma.

Genetic and proteomic biomarkers of head-and-neck cancer: A systematic review

Development of human genetic and proteomic research has increased the interest in alternative head-and-neck cancer (HNC) detection methods. The aim of this article, the second of two-part series, was to review the scientific literature about novel HNC genetic and proteomic biomarkers. A comprehensive review of the current literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines by accessing the NCBI PubMed database. Authors conducted the search of articles in English language published from 2004 to 2015. A total of 50 relevant studies were included in the review. Thirty of them concerned proteomic and twenty genetic alterations in HNC. The present systematic review discovered 242 genes and 44 proteins associated with HNC. Due to inconsistent and sparse results, novel biomarkers cannot be firmly established. Prognostic capacity of genetic markers was not evaluated. Proteins (14-3-3γ, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, and PA28γ) were described as most valuable for prognostic observation of HNC. A strict methodological protocol for molecular studies must be established

Differential molecular signature of human saliva using atr-ftir spectroscopy for chronic kidney disease diagnosis

Abstract The symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often not specific or absent in the early stages of this illness. Therefore, there is a demand for developing low cost, non-invasive and highly accurate platforms for CKD diagnostics. We hypothesized that the level of specifics salivary components changes when CKD is emplace, which could be clinically used to discriminate CKD patients from healthy subjects. The present study aimed to compare salivary components between CKD patients and matched control subjects by using attenuated total reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The predictive power of salivary components was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Several components were identified, and 4 of them showed different expression (p<0.05) between CKD and control subjects. Thiocyanate (SCN-, 2052 cm-1) and phospholipids/carbohydrates (924 cm-1) vibrational modes using original and second-derivative spectra by ATR-FTIR could potentially be used as salivary biomarkers to differentiate CKD than control subjects. The combination of original and second-derivative spectra by ATR-FTIR of 924 cm-1 vibrational modes could reach 92.8% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity for CKD detection. Despite, the limitation of our investigation, the acquired data indicates that salivary vibrational modes by ATR-FTIR platform should be further explored as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for CKD.

Resumo Os sintomas da doença renal crônica (DRC) são frequentemente inespecíficos ou ausentes nos estágios iniciais desta doença. Desta forma, existe uma demanda para o desenvolvimento de plataformas com baixo custo, não-invasivas e com alta acurácia para o diagnóstico da DRC. Nós hipotetizamos que o nível dos componentes salivares se alteram pela DRC, o que pode ser clinicamente utilizado para discriminar pacientes portadores de DRC de indivíduos controles. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar componentes salivares entre pacientes portadores de DRC e sujeitos controles utilizando um sistema de reflectância total atenuada com espectroscopia infravermelho com transformada em Fourier (ATR-FTIR). O poder preditivo dos componentes salivares foi avaliado pela curva característica de operação do receptor (ROC). Diversos componentes salivares foram identificados e 4 destes apresentaram diferença na expressão (p<0,05) entre DRC e sujeitos controles. O modos vibracionais do tiocianato (2052 cm-1) e de fosfolipídeos/carbohidratos (924 cm-1) utilizando espectros originais e da segunda-derivada pelo ATR-FTIR podem potencialmente ser utilizados como biomarcadores salivares para discriminar a DRC de sujeitos controles. A combinação dos espectros originais e da segunda-derivada pelo ATR-FTIR do modo vibracional 924 cm-1 pode apresentar sensibilidade de 92.8% e especificidade de 85.7% para a detecção da DRC. Este estudo indicou que modos vibracionais da saliva pela plataforma ATR-FTIR podem ser uma ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico da DRC.

Proteínas Totales, Fosfatasa Alcalina, Prostaglandinas E2 y Lisozima como Biomarcadores Salivales en Pacientes Adultos con Periodontitis Crónica / Total Protein, Alkaline Phosphatase, Prostaglandin E2 and Lysozyme as Salivary Biomarkers in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

RESUMEN: La periodontitis crónica es una inflamación de los tejidos que rodean y dan soporte a los dientes. Diversos biomarcadores químicos y pro inflamatorios están aumentados durante el transcurso de la enfermedad. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los distintos niveles salivales de proteínas totales, fosfatasa alcalina, prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) y lisozima en pacientes con periodontitis crónica. Se obtuvieron muestras de saliva de 31 pacientes con periodontitis crónica y se realizó un estudio de serie de casos para la determinación cuantitativa de los biomarcadores. La concentración de proteínas totales se encontró por sobre los rangos de referencia en 22 pacientes, la actividad de la fosfatasa alcalina se vio aumentada en 9 pacientes y la concentración de PGE2 se vio por sobre los rangos de referencia en 30 pacientes. Las proteínas totales y PGE2 son biomarcadores salivales en estos pacientes con periodontitis, no así la fosfatasa alcalina y la lisozima.

ABSTRACT: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammation of tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth; during the course of the disease there is an increase of different chemical and pro-inflammatory biomarkers. The objective of the study was to determine different levels in saliva of total protein, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in patients with chronic periodontitis. We used saliva samples from 31 patients who had chronic periodontitis and the study was a case of series. Our results showed 22 patients with increased concentrations of protein concentration, nine patients with increased alkaline phosphatase and PGE2 concentration was above the reference range in 30 patients: The total protein and PGE2 are good salivary biomarkers in patients with periodontitis, but not the alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme.

Clasificación de las enfermedades periodontales: evolución y cambios futuros / Classification of periodontal diseases: evolution and future changes

El propósito de este trabajo es, en primer término, determinar cuales son los factores más importantes en el diagnóstico periodontal; su evolución en el tiempo y cuál sería el futuro en la clasificación de las enfermedades periodontales en base a los avances que se están realizando en biología molecular. Se está trabajando en la investigación de los biomarcadores salivales como predictores de la enfermedad periodontal, un rápido test de saliva podría diagnosticar dicha patología (21, 22, 27, 28, 29). Las clasificaciones van evolucionando a medida que se conoce más sobre estasenfermedades (2). Aún falta mucha investigación para poder realizar una clasificación basada en la etiología (2).La biología molecular parece ser muy prometedora, ya que podríamos ser másespecíficos en la etiología de la enfermedad y esclarecer muchas de nuestras incertidumbres (21)

The purpose of this essay is to determine which are the most importantfactors in the periodontal diagnosis, its evolution in time and also determinewhich would be the future classification of periodontal diseases based on theadvances being made in molecular biology.Even today determining the causes of periodontal disease remains a complexmatter.Work is being done today in the research of salivary biomarkers as predictorsof periodontal desease, through rapid saliva test could diagnose thisdisease.21, 22, 27, 28, 29Classifications are evolving as we know more about this disease.2There is still way more research to be made in order to be able to establisha classification based in etiology.2Molecular biology seems to be very promising in that we can be more specificin the etiology of the disease and clarify many of our uncertainties.