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Objective: Spaceflight has long been perceived as an effective way to improve the quantity and quality of plants with wide applications. In order to obtain stable and inheritable descendants of spaceflight-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza lines, we investigated and analyzed four lines m16, m50, m51, m57 (three individuals of each line) and the ground control (three individuals) of the third generation of spaceflight-induced S. miltiorrhiza from primary/secondary metabolism and antioxidative abilities. Methods: A portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400) with red/blue LED light source was used to perform the photosynthetic characteristics to evaluate their primary productivity. The secondary metabolites (phenolic acids, tanshinones, total phenolics and flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of roots were analyzed to assess their quality. Results: Compared with control, line m16 presented weak photosynthetic ability, but high apparent quantum yield (AQY), higher contents of secondary metabolites, and stronger antioxidative abilities. Line m57 had a strong gas exchange ability, relatively higher secondary metabolites contents, and ascending antioxidative abilities. Lines m50 and m51 were in the middle level of lines m16 and m57. The principal component analysis for all the original data revealed three components including a root-related index, a leaf-related index, and a CO
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In this study, a method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 6 salvianolic acids and 4 tanshinones in extracts of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma was established by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The semi-biomimetic method was applied to simulate digestion process in vitro, to explore the digestion and transport characters of oral administration through the gastrointestinal tract, and to explain the content ratio changes and bioaccessibility of active ingredients in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The results showed that the 10 index components have a good linear relationship in the corresponding concentration range, and the average recovery rate was 91.35% to 105.65%. After simulated digestion in vitro, types of chemical composition in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid digested extracts of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma did not change significantly. While the content ratio of salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid decreased, and the content ratio of protocatechuic aldehyde and danshensu increased. In the simulated gastric fluid digestion extract of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, the order of bioaccessibility was: danshensu (50.19%) > salvianolic acid B (33.44%) > lithospermic acid (27.34%) > salvianolic acid A (21.71%) > rosmarinic acid (12.31%). In the simulated intestinal fluid digestion extract of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, the order of bioaccessibility was: 15,16-dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ (5.45%) > tanshinone Ⅰ (3.67%) > cryptotanshinone (3.29%) > tanshinone ⅡA (3.01%) > salvianolic acid A (2.39%) > lithospermic acid (1.57%) > salvianolic acid B (1.02%) > danshensu (0.41%) > rosmarinic acid (0.34%). In conclusion, the UHPLC method established in this study can be applied for accurately and sensitively detecting the contents of 6 salvianolic acids and 4 tanshinones in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The results of semi-biomimetic extraction showed that not all components were extracted with simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid, especially rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B. Therefore, in the quality study of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and its extract, bioavailability should be considered at the same time when select quality markers and determine their content limits.
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Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge(SMB)has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Growing clinical usage has led to a huge demand for artificial planting of SMB.Thus,continuous cropping of SMB is an important challenge that needs to be addressed.Contin-uous cropping can alter the metabolic profile of plants,resulting in poor growth and low yield.In this study,we tried to image the spatial location and variation of endogenous metabolites in continuously cropped SMB using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging(MALDI-MSI).Spatially resolved expressions of tanshinones,salvianolic acids,polyamines,phenolic acids,amino acids,and oligosaccharides in normal and continuously cropped SMB roots were compared.The ex-pressions of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ,tanshinone Ⅱ A,dehydromiltirone,miltirone,dehydrotanshinone ⅡA,spermine,salvianolic acid B/E,tetrasaccharide,and pentasaccharide in continuously cropped SMB roots were much lower than those in normal roots.There was little difference in the expressions of caffeic acid and salvianolic acid A in normal and continuously cropped SMB roots.Ferulic acid was more widely distributed in xylem of normal SMB but strongly expressed in xylem,phloem,and cambium of continuously cropped SMB.The spatially resolved metabolite information enhances our understanding of the metabolic signature of continuously cropped SMB and also provides insights into the metabolic ef-fects of continuous cropping in other plants.
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In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of herbal-induced liver injury due to the accidental ingestion of herbal medicines containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in domestic. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a hydrophilic component in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., shows activities of anticoagulation, antioxidation, and other pharmacological activities. This research aims to investigate the protective effect of Sal B on hepatotoxicity induced by senecionine (SEN) and its potential mechanism. The animal experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethical Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and all mice have received humane care in compliance with the institutional animal care guidelines. Mice were treated with Sal B (10 mg·kg-1) 3 days before and 1 day after SEN (50 mg·kg-1) treatment. The animals were sacrificed 48 h after SEN administration. As a result, Sal B effectively ameliorated SEN-induced liver injury. The mice in the group treated with Sal B showed lower serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, less hepatic sinusoidal hemorrhage, and reduced hepatocyte necrosis. Besides, contents of pyrrole-protein adducts, the marker for PA-induced toxicity, were also decreased in serum. The key factors related to coagulation, oxidative stress, and liver fibrosis were further analyzed. It was found that Sal B inhibited the coagulant system by reducing the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Sal B also modulated glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels and improved the anti-oxidative defense system. In addition, Sal B decreased the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and inhibited the progression of liver fibrosis via down-regulating several key factors related to liver fibrosis, including matrix metalloproteinase 9, transforming growth factor-β1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and chemokine 1. In conclusion, Sal B ameliorated SEN-induced liver injury in mice by regulating the blood coagulation system, improving oxidative stress, and modulating liver fibrosis-related factors. Our present study pointed to the possibility of utilizing salvianolic acid B for protection against PA-induced liver injury clinically.
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To study the regulating effect of total phenolic acids from the stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. on the intestinal flora and short-chain fatty acids in spontaneous type 2 diabetic nephropathy mice, db/db mice were taken as the research object, and were treated with the total phenolic acid of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Animal welfare and experimental procedures followed the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Drug Safety Evaluation Research Center. Fresh feces and cecal contents of mice were collected for analysis of intestinal flora composition and differential flora. Gas chromatography was used to detect short-chain fatty acids in fresh feces and cecal content. Then the correlation analysis of the two results was made. Compared with the normal group, the most significant decreased differential flora in the model group were g_Rikenellaceae_ RC9_gut_group and g_Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, while the most significant increased were g_unclassified_f__ Coriobacteriaceae and g_unclassified_p__Firmicutes. Compared with the blank group, the contents of isovaleric acid and valeric acid in fresh feces and the contents of 6 short-chain fatty acids in the cecal contents of the model group were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). After drug intervention, the intestinal flora disorder and the reduction of short-chain fatty acids were improved to varying degrees, and the effect of the total phenolic acids from the stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. was slightly better than that from the roots in regulating some flora and short-chain fatty acids. The results of correlation analysis showed that g_Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was moderately positively correlated with acetic acid and isobutyric acid in the cecal contents (r > 0.4). It is suggested that the total phenolic acid from the stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. can improve the intestinal flora disorder of mice with type 2 diabetic nephropathy, and can regulate the content of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine via adjusting the content of some short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, thereby helping to restore normal.
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Salvia miltiorrhiza is a commonly used Chinese materia medica for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. It has a wide range of pharmacological effects and is mainly used for the treatment of irregular menstruation, palpitation, insomnia and various cardiovascular diseases, particularly angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. The chemical constituents of S. miltiorrhiza are the important material basis for its pharmacological effects. This paper reviews the research progress of the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of S. miltiorrhiza. The research status and research direction of S. miltiorrhiza are analysed, which will provide a reference for its further research and development.
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Objective: To analyze the molecular mechanism of different tissues of Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to moderate drought stress by transcriptome sequencing. Methods: The roots and leaves of 4-month-old S. miltiorrhiza from moderate drought stressed group and control group (the relative water content in soil was 55%-60% and 75%-80%, respectively) were used as the test material. And the transcriptome sequencing analysis was carried out by using Illumina HiSeq 2000. After obtaining transcriptome data, gene function annotation, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screening and and co-expression network analysis were performed. Results: A total of 58 085 Unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Among them, 28 846 Unigenes were annotated, and there were 1 853 and 1 457 DEGs in roots and leaves, respectively. The GO enrichment results showed that the DEGs of the roots and leaves were both significantly enriched in metabolic process, stimulus response, cell structure, and catalytic activity, etc. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs in roots were significantly enriched in DNA replication, plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and carotenoid biosynthesis, etc. And the DEGs in leaves were mainly concentrated in amino acids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The genes of key enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosynthesis were up-regulated by moderate drought stress, which might be the basis for accelerating the accumulation of active ingredients in leaves and roots of S. miltiorrhiza. AP2 /ERF, bHLH, bZIP, WRKY, and MYB transcription factors were significantly differentially expressed in roots and leaves. Gene co-expression network analysis predicted transcription factors that may be involved in regulating the expression of terpenoid genes under moderate drought stress. Conclusion: The high-throughput transcriptome sequencing revealed the regulatory characteristics of moderate drought stress on gene expression in different tissues of S. miltiorrhiza, which could provide scientific basis for further research on the biosynthesis mechanism of medicinal components of S. miltiorrhiza and reasonable irrigation in cultivation.
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Objective: To clone a WRKY protein gene SmWRKY14 with full length cDNA from Salvia miltiorrhiza and carry out bioinformatics and expression analysis in different tissues and response to environmental factors and phytohomone. Methods: The PCR was preformed based on the sequence of Unigene (c50007_g1) searched from our transcriptome database, and characteristics of physiochemical properties, conserved domains and structure prediction of the protein were determined using a series of bioinformatics tools. The analyses of multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree were performed using DNAMAN and MEGA 6.0, respectively. Real-time quantitative PCR was used for gene expression analysis. Results: In this study, the full length cDNA of SmWRKY14 was 1103 bp in size, encoding a 244-aa protein with a molecular weight of 27.6 KDa and an isoelectric point of 8.19. SmWRKY14 was an unstable hydrophilic protein containing characteristic and conserved WRKY domain without signal peptide or transmembrane domain. The main secondary structure of the amino acid sequences was random coil. Moreover, multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees showed that SmWRKY14 protein had high homology with WRKY14 of Diospyros kaki. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that SmWRKY14 constitutively expressed in the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of S. miltiorrhiza and was strongly induced by methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, gibberellins, and mechanical wound, which indicated SmWRKY14 could participate in regulation of biosynthesis of tanshinones and defense process. Conclusion: The gene sequences of SmWRKY14 was successfully cloned and the bioinformatics and expression pattern analysis was carried out, which will provide a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of regulation of tanshinones synthesis and response to defense process in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Objective To study the regulating effect of freeze-dried substances of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Ligusticum chuanxiong Decoction on lipid metabolism abnormality in focal cerebral ischemia rats. Methods The focal cerebral ischemia rat model was established by monofilament method. The rats were randomly divided into normal group, sham operation group, model group, and drug treatment group. Plasma was collected after the last dosage and UPLC-Q/TOF-MS was used to study the plasma lipidomics. The lipidomics data were analyzed by orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and the lipid metabolites changes were examined before and after the intervention of S. miltiorrhiza and L. chuanxiong. Results The focal cerebral ischemia rat model was successfully repeated. The S. miltiorrhiza and L. chuanxiong Decoction freeze-dried substances obviously reversed the abnormal lipid metabolism profile in the focal cerebral ischemia rat model. The plasma lipid biomarkers of ischemia injury rat were PS (21:0/0:0), PG (12:0/17:0), C16 sphinganine, phytosphingosine, PE [18:1 (9Z)/0:0], PC (16:1/2:0), PC (0:0/18:0), PC (16:1/0:0), PC (16:0/0:0), PC (18:2/0:0), PC (18:1/0:0), PC (18:0/0:0), and PC (20:5/0:0), respectively. Conclusion S. miltiorrhiza and L. chuanxiong Decoction freeze-dried substances have protective effects on cerebral ischemia injury, which may be related to the regulation of abnormal lipid metabolism, especially for phosphatidylcholines (PCs).
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Objective: To study the effect of fertilization combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the yield and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza in order to explore the optimal N, P, and K ratios and dosages in middle south of Shandong, and provide theoretical guidance for precision fertilization. Methods: Based on “3414” randomized block design, 14 fertilization combination treatments of N, P and K were designed to determine the yield, growth, and bioactive components of S. miltiorrhiza. The effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield and quality of S. miltiorrhiza were analyzed, and a fertilizer effect model of S. miltiorrhiza in middle south of Shandong was established by stepwise regression analysis. The maximum yield of fertilized S. miltiorrhiza and the best amount of economic fertilization were estimated. Results: Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium deficiency treatments reduced the yields by 27.29%, 22.09%, and 23.83%, respectively, and the optimal treatment for increasing yield was N2P2K2 with a yield of 16 740 kg/hm2. Single factor fertilizer effect analysis showed that the yield of S. miltiorrhiza showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase in the application amount of these fertilizers. The main nutrient elements limiting yield and benefit of S. miltiorrhiza in middle south of Shandong were as follow: N > K > P. The analysis of the interaction between the two factors showed that the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers promoted each other at a certain application amounts, the interaction effect were as follow: NP > NK > PK. Through the effects of fertilization combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on growth, nitrogen significantly promoted the material accumulation in roots of S. miltiorrhiza. Potassium had a certain role in promoting the plant width and root width. The effect of fertilization on the content of active ingredients showed that potassium promoted the accumulation of phenolic acids and tanshinones, while potassium had the adverse effect. Conclusion: The quadratic function fitting result between the amount of fertilizer applied and the yield of S. miltiorrhiza is in line with the law of diminishing returns, which can better reflect the relationship between the amount of fertilizer and yield. The best fertilizer scheme in middle south of Shandong should be N 195.63 kg∙/hm2, P2O5 116.64 kg/hm2, and K2O 153.84 kg/hm2 estimated by ternary quadratic function fitting.
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Objective: To observe the protective effect of Salvia miltiorrhizae and Ligusticum chuanxiong effective constituents: danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, ligustrazine, and ferulic acid combination on primary cultured hippocampal neurons injured by oxygen glucose deprivation, and find out an optimized combination. Methods Primary cultured rats hippocampal neurons waschosen as research objects by adopting immunohistochemistry of the neuron-specific enolase IgG to authenticate, then the OGD model of the hippocampal neurons injured by oxygen glucose deprivation was established. The non-cytotoxic dose range of danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, ligustrazine, ferulic acid, and nimodipine was studied by MTT method. The compatibility of components was arranged by L9 (34) orthogonal design. Primary cultured rats hippocampal neurons was divided into 12 groups: control group, model group, Nimodipine positive control group, and orthogonal design 1-9 group. The activity of LDH was measured by colorimetry, the activity of SOD was tested by WST-1 and the levels of MDA were examined by TBA. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in cell culture supernate were examined by ELISA, the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected by Fluorochrome Hoechst33258 staining and the cell early apoptosis rate was detected with flow cytometry. The results of orthogonal test was analyzed by using range analysis method. Results The orthogonal compatibility of reagents played significant roles against the hypoxia damage of hippocampal neurons, improved the cellular morphology obviously, reduced the activity of LDH, increased the activity of SOD and decreased the content of MDA significantly, inhibited the release of TNF-α, and reduced the content of IL-1β and IL-6, reduced the apoptosis of cells apparently. The effect of active ingredients of S. miltiorrhiza and L. Chuanxiong on LDH activity was danshensu > ligustrazine > protocatechuic aldehyde > ferulic acid, and the best combination was danshensu (120 μg/mL), protocatechuic aldehyde (120 μg/mL), ligustrazine (80 μg/mL), and ferulic acid (20 μg/mL). The effect on SOD activity was ferulic acid > ligustrazine > danshensu > protocatechuic aldehyde. The best combination was danshensu (120 μg/mL), protocatechuic aldehyde (120 μg/mL), ligustrazine (80 μg/mL), and ferulic acid (40 μg/mL). The order of influence on MDA content was danshensu > protocatechuic aldehyde > ferulic acid > ligustrazine, and the best combination was danshensu (60 μg/mL), protocatechuic aldehyde (60 μg/mL), ligustrazine (80 μg/mL), and ferulic acid (20 μg/mL). The effect on TNF-α content were: ligustrazine > protocatechuic aldehyde > danshensu > ferulic acid, and the best combination was danshensu (60 μg/mL), protocatechuic aldehyde (60 μg/mL), ligustrazine (40 μg/mL), and ferulic acid (10 μg/mL). The order of influence on the content of IL-1β was ligustrazine > ferulic acid > danshensu > protocatechuic aldehyde, and the best combination was danshensu (30 μg/mL), protocatechuic aldehyde (30 μg/mL), ligustrazine (80 μg/mL), and ferulic acid (20 μg/mL). The effect on the content of IL-6 was protocatechuic aldehyde > ligustrazine > ferulic acid > danshensu, and the best combination was danshensu (120 μg/mL), protocatechuic aldehyde (120 μg/mL), ligustrazine (80 μg/mL), and ferulic acid (10 μg/mL). The effect on the early apoptosis rate was ferulic acid > protocatechuic aldehyde > ligustrazine > danshensu, and the best combination was danshensu (60 μg/mL), protocatechuic aldehyde (30 μg/mL), ligustrazine (20 μg/mL), and ferulic acid (40 μg/mL). Conclusion The protective mechanism of the effective constituents of S. miltiorrhizae and L. chuanxiong were relied on reducing the oxidative damage, reducing inflammation damage, and antagonizing cell apoptosis. According to the experimental results, we need to change the prescription ratio and guide clinical medication for different clinical courses.
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Objective: To investigate the protective effects of the extracts and active components from stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza on oxidative stress and high glucose-injured human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: The models of oxidative stress and high glucose injury in HUVECs were established. The ethanol extract of S. miltiorrhiza stems and leaves (CJ), ethanol extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots (CG), water extract of S. miltiorrhiza stems and leaves (SJ), water extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots (SG), rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, rutin, isoquercitrin, cryptotanshinone, aminoguanidine and VC were administrated to cells. MTT were used to observe the cell viability. The levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET-1), ICAM-1 and TNF-α were detected. Result:s Compared with the control group, H2O2 decreased the levels of GSH-Px, CAT and NO (P < 0.01) and increased the level of ET-1 (P < 0.01), glucose increased the levels of ICAM-1 and TNF-α (P < 0.01) and decreased the level of NO (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the levels of GSH-Px, CAT and NO in CJ, CG, SJ and SG groups were increased, and the levels of ET-1, ICAM-1 and TNF-α were decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). VC, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and rutin high and medium dose groups, and isoquercitrin, cryptotanshinone high dose group significantly increased the levels of GSH-Px, CAT and NO (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and decreased the level of ET-1 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). ICAM-1 levels were significantly decreased in the high dose groups of salvianolic acid B, isoquercitrin and rutin as well as in the high and medium dose groups of rosmarinic acid (P < 0.01). In addition to the aminoguanidine group, the levels of TNF-α of other groups were significantly lower than the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Except the aminoguanidine group and isoquercetin low dose group, the levels of NO of other groups were significantly higher than the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion: In certain concentration range of alcohol extract and water extract of stems, leaves and roots of S. miltiorrhiza, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, rutin and isoquercitrin have protective effects on HUVECs injured by H2O2 and glucose. And the mechanisms are related to inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule expression and regulation of NO and TNF-α production. This study will provide reference for the discovery and transformation of the resource value of non-medicinal stems and leaves produced during the production of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Objective: Investigate the effects of different intensity of white light, red light and blue light on root morphology and bioactive compounds accumulations of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Methods: The seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza were treated with 4 intensities of white light, red light and blue light, respectively, the morphologic index of root such as the lateral root number, lateral root diameter as well as the content of seven bioactive compounds were determined. Results: The influences of different light quality on the above-ground morphological indexes of S. miltiorrhiza were distinct. Red light of 100 μmol/(m2∙s) and 200 μmol/(m2∙s) promoted the occurrence of lateral root, and blue light of 200 μmol/(m2∙s) and 300 μmol/(m2∙s) significantly increased the root biomass. The accumulation of different bioactive compounds was distinctly affected by light quality and light intensity, the accumulation of tanshinones was more sensitive to the light treatments than that of phenolic acids. Conclusion: Light regulates the lateral root development and accumulations of bioactive compounds simultaneously, the application of artificial light is a promising method to improve the yield and quality of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Objective To establish a rapid and nondestructive method for the determination of multi-components in Salvia miltiorrhiza to improve the quality control of S. miltiorrhiza based on Near infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) method. Methods A total of 106 batches of S. miltiorrhiza samples from different origins were collected. The content of 11 components (tanshinol sodium, protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, alkannic acid, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A, dihydrotanshinone, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA) in all of the samples which was conducted as the reference value were determined by a UPLC method established in the previous research. And the NIRS spectrum were obtained under the integrating sphere diffuse reflection mode. The different processes of modeling were optimized by partial least squares (PLS) and other chemometrics methods, including the selection of calibration set and validation set, different pretreatment method, different spectral section, and the determination of factors. A linear quantitative calibration model between the near infrared spectrum and the content of the components to be measured was tried to be established so that the content of the components could be measured by NIRS rapidly. Results The predicted value of NIRS and the measured value of UPLC of five components in S. miltiorrhiza, including salvianolic acid B, dihydrotanshinone, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA, presented a good linearity, indicating the calibration models had a preferable forecast results. The correlation coefficient were 0.981 1, 0.936 3, 0.960 5, 0.910 9, 0.978 0 respectively, and the mean and square deviation of the prediction set (RMSEP) were 0.957 0, 0.037 7, 0.041 6, 0.114, 0.063 9, respectively; But the model of the other constituents failed to reach the quantitative level. Conclusion The content of salvianolic acid B, dihydrotanshinone, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA in S. miltiorrhiza can be determined rapidly and nondestructive by the NIRS combined with PLS method, which lays a foundation for the rapid and field determination method for the medicinal materials and decoction pieces of S. miltiorrhiza.
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AIM To study the correlations between colors and contents of nine active constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.with four growth years (one,two,three and five years).METHODS The chromatic values (L*,a* and b*) were determined by precise color difference meter.HPLC was applied to determining the contents of water-soluble constituents (lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B,rosmarinic acid,protocatechuic aldehyde acid and salvianic acid A sodium) and liposoluble-soluble constituents (dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ,cryptotanshinone,tanshinone Ⅰ and tanshinone Ⅱ A).Then the correlations between colors and contents of various constituents were investigated by Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS L* and b * values of two growth-year S.miltiorrhiza,together with a* value of three growth-year S.miltiorrhiza,were the highest,but various chromatic values of five growth-year S.miltiorrhiza were all the lowest.The contents of various constituents in three growth-year S.miltiorrhiza reached the highest.Lithospermic acid and salvianic acid A sodium showed no significant correlations with various chromatic values,salvianolic B,rosmarinic acid and tanshinone Ⅱ A exhibited significantly positive correlations with them,and protocatechuic aldehyde had significantly negative correlations with them.CONCLUSION The quality of three growth-year S.miltiorrhiza is relatively high.
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The hydrosoluble active constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge has a wide range of physiological activities and pharmacological effects.Endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs) comprise a cell population that has the capacity to circulate, proliferate and differentiate into mature endothelial cells but that has not yet acquired characteristic mature endothelial markers nor formed precursor cells of blood vessels.It was found that the hydrosoluble active constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge could protect endothelial functions through modulation of EPCs functions, thus exerting therapeutic effects in endothelium injured related diseases.This paper reviewed the effects of the hydrosoluble active constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge on EPCs functions.We hope that the paper could provide a reference for further utilization of hydrosoluble active constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.
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Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is one of the commonly used traditional Chinese medicines, with widespread biological activities and a wide range of clinical application, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Tanshinone is one of the most pharmacologically active components isolated from SM, which has attracted considerable attention for many years. In this paper, the authors will make systematic arrangement and analysis for the published literatures on the research and development of tanshinones, including pharmacological activities, action mechanisms, and product development, and objectively analyze the related intellectual property rights, in order to provide a scientific evidence and reference for the further research and product development of tanshinones.
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Objective: To study the relationship between UPLC and anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza, and to provide a basis for clarifying the material basis of anti-inflammatory effects of S. miltiorrhiza. Methods: UPLC was used to analyze the different extraction sites of S. miltiorrhiza. The anti-inflammatory effect of anti-bronchial epithelial cell inflammation model was studied by different extraction sites. The spectral relationship was established by gravitational correlation analysis (GRA). Results: 50% grams of ethanol extract (S3), 80% ethanol eluent (S4), filtered precipitate (S5), and extracted aqueous layer extract (S9) had strong anti-inflammatory ability to inflammatory cells. The 50% ethanol eluate (S3) of the ethanol extract of Danshen was the strongest. The effect of chemical composition on the anti-inflammatory efficacy of each characteristic peak was as the following order: A9>A1>A2>A6>A15>A11>A12>A7>A10>A5>A14>A3>A18>A4>A13>A16>A8, and the top four peaks with strong contribution to anti-inflammatory effects were peaks 9, 1, 2, and 6, respectively. The results were as follows: tanshinone IIA, danshensu, salvianolic acid B, and 3’-methyl salvianolic acid B. Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory efficacy of S. miltiorrhiza is the result of combination of various components. It is clear that the four components are tanshinone IIA, danshensu, salvianolic acid B, and 3’-methyl salvianolic acid B. The efficacy of the largest contribution to the future to explore the efficacy of anti-inflammatory effects of S. miltiorrhiza provides new ideas.
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Objective: To evaluate the activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effects of the compatibility between two effective parts (DT, DF, DST, and DF + DST) of Salvia miltiorrhiza. with different doses on rats with acute blood stasis. Methods: Acute blood stasis rat model was induced by sc injection of adrenaline and ice water bath. The blood stasis mice were ig administered with different effective parts of S. miltiorrhiza. The whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and haematocrit (HCT) were determined to observe the effects of two effective parts of Danshen on hemorheology of blood stasis rats. And the thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and plasma fibrinogen (FIB) were tested to observe the effects of different effective parts of S. miltiorrhiza on blood coagulation function of blood stasis rats. In addition, the maximum aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was tested to observe the effect of different active parts of S. miltiorrhiza on platelet aggregation index of blood stasis rats. Then principal component analysis (PCA) and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods were both used to comprehensively evaluate the total activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effects of different effective parts of S. miltiorrhiza. Results: The hemorheological indexes and coagulation parameters of model group had the significant differences with normal group. Compared with model group, the effective parts of S. miltiorrhiza with different doses could improve the blood hemorheological indexes and coagulation parameters in acute blood stasis rats with dose-effect relation. Based on the PCA and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods, the group of high-dose DF + DST had the best effect of activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effect in all medication administration teams. Under the condition of same dose of the effective parts of S. miltiorrhiza, the DF + DST could obviously improve the hemorheology and blood coagulation function in acute blood stasis rats. Conclusion: The combination of DF and DST has the better effects of activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis in comparison with those of single part. It could provide the scientific basis for more effective application of the compatibility between salvianolic acids and tanshinones in modern clinic medicine.