Efecto de medicamentos homeopáticos sobre crecimiento, supervivencia y microbiota gastrointestinal, en juveniles del pectínido Argopecten ventricosus / Effect of homeopathic medicines on growth, survival and gastrointestinal microbiota of juvenile scallop Argopecten ventricosus

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estudiar el efecto de medicamentos homeopáticos sobre el crecimiento, supervivencia y microbiota del tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) de almeja Catarina Argopecten ventricosus. Materiales y Métodos. Se aplicaron cinco tratamientos homeopáticos derivados de bacterias [(T1) ViP-ViA 1D, (T2) ViP-ViA 7C], minerales [(T3) AcF-MsS 1D, (T4) PhA-SiT 7C], o venenos [(T5) ViT 31C] y tres controles: (C1) etanol diluido 1:99, (C2) etanol dinamizado 1C y (C3) agua destilada. La microbiota se determinó secuenciando la región V3-V5 del gen 16S rRNA. Resultados. El mayor crecimiento en longitud de la concha correspondió a T1 (117 µm d-1) y T2 (108 µm d-1), la mayor supervivencia a T3 y T5 y el mejor resultado global a T3. Las curvas de rarefacción de los grupos tratados y controles mostraron una clara separación. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) entre filos (Proteobacteria > Actinobacteria > Firmicutes > Bacterloidetes> Chloroflexi y para los Géneros: Symbiobacterium > Microbacterium > Methylobacillus > Bacillus > Paenibacillus > Burkholderia > Nostoc > Methylobacterium > Leucobacter). El género Symbiobacterium fue dominante (p≤0.05) para T5, respecto a todos los tratamientos y grupos controles. La especie Microbacterium maritypicum (Actinobacteria) mostró la mayor abundancia relativa (p≤0.05) en T1 y T3 y Symbiobacterium toebii (Firmicutes) en T5 y T2 (p≤0.05), ambas con respecto al inicio del estudio T0. Conclusiones. Se presenta por primera vez la composición de la microbiota del TGI de A. ventricosus y la aplicabilidad potencial de la homeopatía para mejorar el rendimiento productivo y modular la microbiota gastrointestinal de la especie.

ABSTRACT Objective. To study the effect of homeopathic medicines on growth, survival and gastrointestinal (GIT) microbiota of Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus. Materials and methods. Five homeopathic (HOM) treatments derived from bacteria [(T1) ViP-ViA 1D, (T2) ViP-ViA 7C], minerals [(T3) AcF-MsS 1D, (T4) PhA-SiT 7C] or venoms [T5) ViT 31C] and three controls: [(C1) diluted ethanol 1:99, (C2) diluted/succussed ethanol 1C and (C3) distilled water] were evaluated (21 days) in triplicate. Microbiota was analysed by sequencing the V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA genes. Results. The best growth in shell-length corresponded to T1 (117 µm d-1) and T2 (108 µm d-1) and the highest survival to T3 and T5, stating T3 as the best HOM-treatment. A clear separation was found in rarefaction curves of HOM-treated against un-treated control scallops. Significant differences (p≤0.05) were found for Phyla (Proteobacteria> Actinobacteria> Firmicutes> Bacterloidetes>Chloroflexi and for Genera: Symbiobacterium> Microbacterium> Methylobacillus> Bacillus> Paenibacillus> Burkholderia> Nostoc> Methylobacterium> Leucobacter). The genus Symbiobacterium was dominant in T5, finding significant differences (p≤0.05) with respect to all treatments. At species level, Microbacterium maritypicum (Actinobacteria) showed a greater relative abundance (p≤0.05) in T1 and T3 and Symbiobacterium toebii (Firmicutes) was also significantly higher (p≤0.05) in abundance in T5 and T2, both against initial T0. Conclusions. This study showed for a first time, the composition of GIT microbiota in A. ventricosus and focused on the potential applicability of homeopathy to improve overall performance and modulate the GIT microbiota of the species.

Chaetopterus antarcticus (Polychaeta: Chaetopteridae) in Argentinian shelf scallop beds: from infaunal to epifaunal life habits

Introduction: The shelf-break frontal area in the Argentine Sea, between 37ｼ S and 40ｼ S, is characterized by high frequency and abundance of the parchment worm Chaetopterus antarcticus Kinberg, 1866 associated to Zygochlamys patagonica scallop beds. This polychaete was usually collected within its U tubes, typical of infaunal habit. During 2007, a surprising massive settlement of worms on scallops was observed. Objective: Our objectives is to report the variability of life habits of C. antarcticus in scallop grounds distributed between 37º S and 40º S in Argentinean waters. Methods: The presence of the parchment tube worms on Z. patagonica was analyzed in 892 scallops coming from three samples collected in September (previously obtained for other purposes) and November 2007 and April 2008, between 99-106 m depth in Management Unit B (16.186 km2, 38º S - 39º 52' S). Polychaetes were identified and quantified on both valves. In addition, both epibiont and infaunal worms were registered through time. The settlement of C. antarcticus on scallops was monitored during the period 2007-2015 and the presence of free tubes, both empty and inhabited by worms, were registered during the period 2008-2015 from a total of 374 representative subsamples (10 l) collected with trawling tools between 37º S and 40º S. Results: Scallops collected in 2007 and 2008 showed that 468 (> 50 %) specimens were encrusted; in 66 % (311 specimens) of them C. antarcticus was settled. The temporal analysis showed that the spatial distribution of epibiotic worms decreased in 2009, 2010 and 2012, with its total absence in 2013, 2014 and 2015 in the study area. During the period 2007 - 2015, infaunal worms were registered throughout the area, collected in part of the locations monitored. Conclusions: The variability of life habits of C. antarcticus was not commonly registered previously in the study area; epibiotic behavior could be the result of intensive soft sediment disturbance due to trawling and hence, the selection of other available primary settlement substrate.

Introducción: El área del frente de talud en el Mar Argentino, entre 37° S y 40° S, se caracteriza por alta frecuencia y abundancia del poliqueto Chaetopterus antarcticus Kinberg, 1866 asociado a bancos de vieira Zygochlamys patagonica (King, 1832). Este poliqueto era colectado usualmente habitando los tubos en U, típicos de hábito infaunal. Durante 2007, un sorprendente asentamiento masivo de gusanos sobre vieiras fue observado. Objetivos: Los objetivos del trabajo son reportar la variabilidad del hábito de vida de C. antarcticus en fondos de vieiras entre 37° S y 40° S en aguas de Argentina. Métodos: La presencia de gusanos tubícolas sobre Z. patagonica se analizó en 892 vieiras colectadas en tres muestras durante Septiembre (muestra tomada con otros propósitos) y Noviembre 2007 y Abril 2008, entre 99-106 m de profundidad en la Unidad de Manejo B (16.186 km2, 38º S - 39º 52' S). Los poliquetos fueron identificados y cuantificados en ambas valvas. Además, los gusanos tanto epibiontes como infaunales se registraron en un período de tiempo. El asentamiento de C. antarcticus sobre vieiras se monitoreó durante 2007-2015 y la presencia de tubos libres, tanto vacíos como habitados por gusanos, durante 2008-2015 a partir de 374 submuestras representativas (10 l) colectadas con artes de arrastre entre 37° S y 40° S. Resultados: Las vieiras colectadas en 2007 y 2008 mostraron que 468 (> 50 %) especímenes estaban incrustados; C. antarcticus estaba asentado en 66 % (311 especímenes) de los mismos. El análisis temporal mostró que la distribución espacial de gusanos epibiontes decreció en 2009, 20101 y 2012, y su ausencia total en 2013, 2014 y 2015 en el área de estudio. Durante el período 2007 - 2015 los gusanos infaunales se registraron en toda el área, en parte de las localidades relevadas. Conclusiones: La variabilidad del hábito de vida de C. antarcticus no había sido registrada previamente en el área de estudio; el comportamiento epibiótico podría ser el resultado del disturbio intensivo de los sedimentos blandos debido al arrastre y en consecuencia, la selección de otro sustrato de asentamiento primario disponible.

Is tricuspid valve really tricuspid? / 대한해부학회지

Advancement in imaging techniques and interventional cardiology procedures have generated renewed interest in anatomy of tricuspid valve complex. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the morphology of tricuspid valve leaflets using objective criteria. Thirty-six embalmed cadaveric hearts were utilized for the present study. Leaflet morphology was studied using newly defined criteria. Commissural zones were identified and leaflets were delineated. Presence of scallops was also recorded. Single leaflet was observed in six cases, double in 26 cases, and triple in four cases. The anterior leaflet is large with multiple scallops and frequently accrues portion of inferior leaflet. The septal leaflet is in the form of a plateau and also frequently accrues parts of inferior leaflet. The inferior leaflet rarely occurs as independent leaflet. A wide un-indented basal zone exists across the valve leaflets. The study found that the tricuspid valve is rarely tricuspid. It also generated the hypotheses that the tricuspid valve does not open completely due to presence of a wide basal zone and the valve does not close completely owing to incongruence and lack of coaptation of leaflets. The findings provide clear understanding of leaflet morphology of tricuspid valve. This will help imaging specialists for interpretation of images and cardiologists for interventional procedures. The findings also enhance our understanding of pathophysiology of conditions like functional tricuspid regurgitation.

Effects of scallop shell extract on scopolamine-induced memory impairment and MK801-induced locomotor activity

Objective To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of the organic components of scallop shells (scallop shell extract) on memory impairment and locomotor activity induced by scopolamine or 5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo (a,d) cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK801). Methods Effect of the scallop shell extract on memory impairment and locomotor activity was investigated using the Y-maze test, the Morris water maze test, and the open field test. Results Scallop shell extract significantly reduced scopolamine-induced short-term memory impairment and partially reduced scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment in the Morris water maze test. Scallop shell extract suppressed scopolamine-induced elevation of acetylcholine esterase activity in the cerebral cortex. Treatment with scallop shell extract reversed the increase in locomotor activity induced by scopolamine. Scallop shell extract also suppressed the increase in locomotor activity induced by MK801. Conclusions Our results provide initial evidence that scallop shell extract reduces scopolamine-induced memory impairment and suppresses MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion.

Effects of scallop shell extract on scopolamine-induced memory impairment and MK801-induced locomotor activity

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of the organic components of scallop shells (scallop shell extract) on memory impairment and locomotor activity induced by scopolamine or 5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo (a,d) cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK801).@*METHODS@#Effect of the scallop shell extract on memory impairment and locomotor activity was investigated using the Y-maze test, the Morris water maze test, and the open field test.@*RESULTS@#Scallop shell extract significantly reduced scopolamine-induced short-term memory impairment and partially reduced scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment in the Morris water maze test. Scallop shell extract suppressed scopolamine-induced elevation of acetylcholine esterase activity in the cerebral cortex. Treatment with scallop shell extract reversed the increase in locomotor activity induced by scopolamine. Scallop shell extract also suppressed the increase in locomotor activity induced by MK801.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our results provide initial evidence that scallop shell extract reduces scopolamine-induced memory impairment and suppresses MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion.

Efecto de la temperatura en respuestas fisiológicas de la concha de abanico Argopecten purpuratus

Se determinó el efecto de la temperatura sobre la tasa de aclaramiento (TA), ingestión (TI) y consumo especifico de oxígeno (CEO) en individuos de Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1891) de distintos grupos de tallas. Las pruebas de TA y TI se realizaron a una concentración de Chaetoceros calcitrans de aproximadamente 1x10(6) cel.mL-1, se evaluaron dos temperaturas 17 y 22°C y se conformaron diferentes grupos de tallas promedio de 7.6 ± 0.265, 4.9 ± 0.058 y 3.7 ± 0.173 cm. En las pruebas de CEO los grupos de tallas promedio fueron 8.1 ± 0.351, 5.6 ± 0.058 y 4.3 ± 0.100 cm. Los resultados muestran un efecto significativo de la temperatura en la TA (L.h-1) y TI (cel.h-1 x 10(5)) sobre los individuos de mayor tamaño (7.6 ± 0.265 cm), observándose a 22°C un incremento promedio, respecto a 17°C, de hasta 250% para TA y 48% para TI. Además, se observó una relación directa del tamaño corporal con las TA y TI en ambas temperaturas. Se registró el efecto de la temperatura de 22°C sobre CEO en todos los grupos evaluados, con un incremento de 239.8, 165.3 y 183.4% para individuos de tallas de 8.1 ± 0.351, 5.6 ± 0.058 y 4.3 ± 0.100 respectivamente. Asimismo, los resultados muestran una relación indirecta del tamaño corporal con la CEO, en ambas temperaturas evaluadas.

The effect of temperature on the clearance rate (CR), ingestion rate (IR) and specific oxygen consumption (SOC) in individuals of Argopecten purpuratus at different size groups were determined. The CR and IR tests were performed at a concentration of approximately 1x10(6) cel.mlL-1 of Chaetoceros calcitrans, two temperatures 17 and 22 °C were evaluated and different groups of average size were formed of 7.6 ± 0.265, and 0.058 ± 4.9 3.7 ± 0.173 cm. In SOC test the average size groups were 8.1 ± 0.351, 0.058 ± 5.6 and 4.3 ± 0.100 cm. The results show a significant effect of temperature in CR (Lh-1) and IR (cel.h-1 x 10(5)) on the larger individuals (7.6 ± 0.265 cm), it was observed at 22 °C an average increase, about 17 °C, up to 250% to CR and 48% to IR. In addition, a direct relationship of body size with CR and IR in both temperatures was observed. The effect of temperature at 22 ° C on SOC in all groups was evaluated, with an increase of 239.8, 165.3 and 183.4% for size individuals of 8.1 ± 0.351, 0.058 ± 5.6 and 4.3 ± 0.100 respectively. Furthermore, in both evaluated temperatures, the results show an indirect relationship of body size with the SOC.

Quality and shelf life of the gonad of lion's paw scallop transported and stored whole in refrigeration / Qualidade e vida de prateleira da gônada do bivalve pata de leão, transportado e armazenado inteiramente em refrigeração

The effect of refrigerated 48h transport and 4 days storage on the quality and shelf life of the whole lion's paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus gonad was evaluated. Proximal composition, adenosine 5´triphosphate (ATP) and related products, K-value, total volatile bases (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA-N), pH, fatty acid profile and microbiological analyses were quantified. Gonad holds a significant composition of essential fatty acids while levels of gonadal ATP were initially low; moreover, K-value of the gonad remained constant. With respect to TVB-N and TMA-N, only the former exceeded allowed limits. The pH level showed no significant variation during storage and, despite the high level of TVB-N, according to the TMA-N as well as microbiological analyses it was demonstrated innocuity after 4 days under the transportation and storage conditions utilized.

Avaliou-se o efeito do transporte em refrigeração por 48 horas e quatro dias de armazenamento sobre a qualidade e vida de prateleira da gônada do bivalve pata de leão, Nodipecten subnodosus. Determinou-se a composição centesimal, a adenosina 5'trifosfato (ATP) e afins, o índice K, bases voláteis totais (TVB-N), trimetilamina (TMA-N), pH, perfil de ácidos graxos e análise microbiológica. A Gônada apresentou uma importante composição de ácidos graxos essenciais e baixos níveis iniciais de ATP, enquanto o índice K manteve-se constante. Quanto a TVB -N e TMA- N, apenas as primeiras ultrapassaram os limites admissíveis. Os valores de pH não mostraram nenhuma mudança significativa durante o armazenamento e, apesar dos altos níveis de TVB -N, de acordo com a análise quantitativa e microbiológica TMA- N, a segurança do produto foi demonstrada após quatro dias sob as condições de transporte e armazenamento utilizado.

Study on Inhibitory Effects Mechanism of Scallop Skirt Glycosaminoglycan on Oxidative Stress Injury in Vein Endothelium Cells Induced by OX-LDL / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the inhibitory effects mechanism of scallop skirt glycosaminoglycan(SS-GAG)on inju-ry in human umbilical vein endothelium cells (HUVEC). METHODS:In the test,there was a negative control group,a model group and the groups of SS-GAG at high,middle and low concentrations(mass concentrations of 200,100 and 50 mg/L respective-ly). The cells in latter 3 groups were cultured in SS-GAG at different mass concentrations for 12 h,and then in 50 μmol/L oxidized low-density lipoprotein(OX-LDL)for 24 h. MTT method was used to detect cell viability and the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH),the flow cytometer to determine the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS),real-time fluorescence quantitative poly-merase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect mRNA expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1), and Western blot to detect NOX4 protein expression. RESULTS:Compared to the cells in the negative control group,those in the model group demonstrated lower viability,higher activity of LDH,higher level of ROS,and stronger expressions of LOX-1 mRNA and NOX4 protein. There was statistical significance (P<0.01). Compared to the cells in the model group,those in the groups of SS-GAG at high,middle and low concentrations showed higher viability,lower activity of LDH,lower level of ROS and weaker expressions of LOX-1 mRNA and NOX4 protein. There was statistical significance (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:SS-GAG can protect HUVEC to some degree by a mechanism which may be related to inhibiting ROS production via LOX-1/NOX4 pathway and relieving oxidative stress injury.

Análise bacteriológica de músculo e gônadas de vieira, Nodipecten nodosus (Mollusca: Bivalvia), congelados e irradiados / Bacteriological analysis of frozen and irradiated scallops’ muscle and gonads Nodipecten nodosus (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

No presente trabalho foram analisadas amostras de músculo e gônadas de vieira crus e congelados, oriunda de maricultura de Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade a verificação da eficiência da irradiação, utilizando-se doses de 2kGy e 5kGy. Na Contagem de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas (CBHAM) observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa do grupo controle em relação ao grupo irradiado a 5kGy; enquanto que para a Contagem de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Psicrotróficas (CBHAP) não se observou nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos avaliados. O Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Enterococcus spp. não teve sua presença evidenciada em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Conclui-se que a irradiação, nesta pesquisa, foi eficiente somente para bactérias mesófilas na dose de 5kGy.

The present article investigated the effectiveness of irradiation process to conservate frozen raw scallops’ muscle and gonads. Samples of this animal were collected from cultivated areas at Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The samples were submitted to treatment of 2 and 5 kGy doses. Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria Count showed a statistically significant difference from the control group related to the 5kGy one, while for the Heterotrophic Bacteria Aerobic Psychrotrophic Count were not observed any statistically significant difference among the analysed groups. The Most Probable Number of Enterococcus spp. was not evident in any of the samples. It was concluded that irradiation was effective only for mesophilic bacteria using the 5kGy dose in this research.

Sexual stages of the female portion in the scallop Nodipecten nodosus (Linné, 1758) and astaxanthin quantity in each stage / Estágios sexuais da porção feminina da gônada da vieira Nodipecten nodosus (Linné, 1758) e a quantidade de astaxantina em cada estágio

This work describes the gametogenic cycle of the scallop Nodipecten nodosus kept in a culture system. To this end, during one year, samples were taken from the broodstocks every 30 days to be submitted to macroscopic and microscopic analyses and to measure the amount of astaxanthin. To perform the microscopic evaluation, 5 μ slices from the median portion of the female part of the gonad were submitted to the pattern methodology for histological analyses with paraffin and HE coloration. The remaining portion of the female gonad was lyophilised to extract and quantify the levels of astaxanthin using HPLC. The microscopic analyses revealed four well defined stages for the reproductive cycle. Analyses of data taken throughout the year indicated preferential spawning periods from December to January and from July to September. The astaxanthin analyses showed higher amounts of this carotenoid during the advanced pre-spawning and the initial spawning periods than during gametogenesis, initial pre-spawning, advanced spawning, and the spent stages. According to these results, it was possible to establish a descriptive table of the sexual stages of the female portion of the gonad and the amount of astaxanthin in the sexual stage of the scallop Nodipecten nodosus.

Este trabalho descreve o ciclo gametogênico da vieira Nodipecten nodosus mantida em ambiente de cultivo. Para isto, durante um ano, amostras de indivíduos reprodutores foram coletadas a cada 30 dias e submetidas à avaliação macroscópica e microscópica e à quantificação de astaxantina. Para a avaliação microscópica, secções de 5 μ da porção mediana feminina da gônada foram submetidas à metodologia de análise histológica padrão em parafina e coloração HE. O restante da porção feminina da gônada foi liofilizado para extração e quantificação de astaxantina em HPLC. A avaliação microscópica permitiu a descrição de quatro estágios bem definidos para o ciclo reprodutivo. Na análise ao longo do ano, foram observados períodos preferenciais de desova em dezembro e janeiro e de julho a setembro. A análise da quantidade de astaxantina, mostrou, nos estádios de pré-desova avançada e de desova inicial, uma maior quantidade desse carotenoide em comparação aos estádios de gametogênese, pré-desova inicial, desova avançada e repouso. Em função desses resultados, foi possível estabelecer um quadro descritivo dos estágios sexuais da porção feminina da gônada e quantidade de astaxantina em cada estágio sexual da vieira Nodipecten nodosus.

Carotenoid extraction from the gonad of the scallop Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) / Extração de carotenóides da gônada da vieira Nodipecten nodosus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae)

In marine bivalve mollusks, unsaturated molecules called carotenoids are present in the natural diet and play an important role in different biological process, especially in reproduction. In order to gain more insights into these compounds in Nodipecten nodosus it was necessary to develop a suitable protocol for extraction of carotenoids from the gonads. Female gonads of cultured scallops (75 mm length) were lyophilized and macerated in liquid N2. To verify the effect of composition in organosolvents on the extracting solutions, two organic solvents were tested: acetone and hexane (Ac = O:Hex) at four ratios, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 2:3, in four static extraction times: 0, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Total carotenoids and astaxanthin contents were determined in the crude extracts by UV-visible spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Triplicate aliquots of 50 mg were used for each treatment. The results indicated that the best single extraction (0.312 ± 0.016 µg carotenoids/mg) was attained with Ac = O: Hex 1:3, for 15 minutes. Through exhaustive extraction methodology (10x), a superior yield (0.41 ± 0.001 µg carotenoids/mg) was obtained from a gonad sample in comparison to the highest value found for a single extraction. Astaxanthin content was reduced by 8.6 percent in carotenoid extract preservation assay, i.e., -18 °C, 26 days incubation, under N2 atmosphere.

Em moluscos bivalves marinhos, carotenóides insaturados estão presentes na dieta natural, com um importante papel em diversos processos biológicos, em especial na reprodução. A elucidação dos efeitos destes compostos em Nodipecten nodosus requer o desenvolvimento de um protocolo adequado para a extração de carotenóides das gônadas desses animais. Para isso, gônadas de vieiras cultivadas (75 mm de comprimento) foram liofilizadas e maceradas em N2 líquido. Amostras em triplicata com 50 mg foram coletadas para a utilização em cada tratamento. Os conteúdos de carotenóides totais e astaxantina foram determinados via espectrofotometria de luz UV-visível e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), respectivamente. O efeito da composição em organosolventes das soluções de extração foi testado utilizando-se acetona (Ac = O) e hexano (Hex) em quatro proporções (Ac = O:Hex): 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, e 2:3; em quatro tempos de extração: 0, 5, 10, e 15 minutos. Os resultados mostraram que o melhor rendimento de extração (0,312 ± 0,016 µg carotenóides/mg) foi obtido com Ac = O:Hex, 1:3, por 15 minutos. Com a utilização de protocolo de extração exaustiva (10x), uma quantidade superior (0,41 ± 0,001 µg de carotenóides/mg) foi obtida de amostras de gônada, comparativamente aos valores obtidos em extrações únicas. O conteúdo de astaxantina foi reduzido em 8,6 por cento em testes de preservação deste metabólito em extratos crus (-18 °C, 26 dias de incubação em atmosfera de N2).

Effects of Glycosaminoglycan From Scallop Skirt on The Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor During The U937 Foam Cell Formation / 现代生物医学进展

Objective: To study the effects of glycosaminoglycan from scallop skirt (SS-GAG) on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the mechanism of anti-atherosclerosis action of SS-GAG. Methods: U937 cells were incubated with 80mg/L oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 48h to establish a macrophage-derived foam cell model. In addition, U937 cells were divided into 6 groups: ①control group; ②ox-LDL group; ③ox-LDL+200mg/L SS-GAG group; ④ox-LDL+400 mg/L SS-GAG group; ⑤ox-LDL+800 mg/L SS-GAG group; ⑥ox-LDL +Heparin 100 mg/L group.After 48h's incubation, the concentration of VEGF in the medium was determined by ELISA. Results: The expression of VEGF in U937 foam cells was obviously higher than that of the control group. After treatment with heparin (100 mg/L) and SS-GAG of different concentrations (200mg/L, 400 mg/L, 800 mg/L), the expression of VEGF decreased obviously, especially in the ox-LDL+800 mg/L SS-GAG group (P＜0.01). Conclusion: The antiatherogenic effect of SS-GAG is probably due to its ability to inhibit VEGF expression.

Effects of Glycosaminoglycan From Scallop Skirt on The Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor During The U937 Foam Cell Formation / 现代生物医学进展

Objective: To study the effects of glycosaminoglycan from scallop skirt (SS-GAG) on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the mechanism of anti-atherosclerosis action of SS-GAG. Methods: U937 cells were incubated with 80mg/L oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 48h to establish a macrophage-derived foam cell model. In addition, U937 cells were divided into 6 groups: ①control group; ②ox-LDL group; ③ox-LDL+200mg/L SS-GAG group; ④ox-LDL+400 mg/L SS-GAG group; ⑤ox-LDL+800 mg/L SS-GAG group; ⑥ox-LDL +Heparin 100 mg/L group.After 48h's incubation, the concentration of VEGF in the medium was determined by ELISA. Results: The expression of VEGF in U937 foam cells was obviously higher than that of the control group. After treatment with heparin (100 mg/L) and SS-GAG of different concentrations (200mg/L, 400 mg/L, 800 mg/L), the expression of VEGF decreased obviously, especially in the ox-LDL+800 mg/L SS-GAG group (P＜0.01). Conclusion: The antiatherogenic effect of SS-GAG is probably due to its ability to inhibit VEGF expression.

Effects of Glycosaminoglycan From Scallop Skirt on The Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor During The U937 Foam Cell Formation / 现代生物医学进展

Objective: To study the effects of glycosaminoglycan from scallop skirt (SS-GAG) on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the mechanism of anti-atherosclerosis action of SS-GAG. Methods: U937 cells were incubated with 80mg/L oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 48h to establish a macrophage-derived foam cell model. In addition, U937 cells were divided into 6 groups: ①control group; ②ox-LDL group; ③ox-LDL+200mg/L SS-GAG group; ④ox-LDL+400 mg/L SS-GAG group; ⑤ox-LDL+800 mg/L SS-GAG group; ⑥ox-LDL +Heparin 100 mg/L group.After 48h's incubation, the concentration of VEGF in the medium was determined by ELISA. Results: The expression of VEGF in U937 foam cells was obviously higher than that of the control group. After treatment with heparin (100 mg/L) and SS-GAG of different concentrations (200mg/L, 400 mg/L, 800 mg/L), the expression of VEGF decreased obviously, especially in the ox-LDL+800 mg/L SS-GAG group (P＜0.01). Conclusion: The antiatherogenic effect of SS-GAG is probably due to its ability to inhibit VEGF expression.

Effects of scallop skirt glycosaminoglycan on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in rats / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

AIM To investigate if scallop (Placopecta magellanicus) skirt glycosaminoglycan (SS-GAG) inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) as heparin does so and to clarify its mechanism. METHODS The inhibitory effects of SS-GAG on the proliferation of rat thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta VSMC induced by fetal bovine serum (FBS) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were determined by cell counting, crystal violet staining and MTT colorimetry. The effects of SS-GAG on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in VSMC proliferation induced by bFGF were evaluated by immunohistochemical technique (LSAB method) and computer image analysis system. RESULTSSS-GAG exerted antagonistic effects on VSMC proliferation induced by 20% FBS and 50 μg·L-1 bFGF at concentrations ranging from 50 mg·L-1 to 200 mg·L-1 and repressed the increasing expression of PCNA and PDGF. CONCLUSION SS-GAG significantly inhibits the proliferation of VSMC, which may be carried out through repression of PDGF and PCNA expression.

Antitumor Activity in Vitro and Antioxidation in Vivo on Tumor-bearing Mice of Glycosaminoglycan from Scallop Shirt / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the antitumor activity and antioxidative action of glycosaminoglycan from scallop skirt(SS-GAG).METHODS:The effects of different concentration of SS-GAG on the proliferation of four tumor cell lines(HeLa,LOVO,A549,and U251)which had been cultured in vitro were observed by MTT.The effect of SS-GAG on mice within 30 d after innoculation of sarcoma 180 was observed.Multi-kind of biochemistry methods including xanthine oxidase method and thiobarbituric acid colorimetric method were used to study the effect of SS-GAG on total antioxidation activity,activity of SOD,and level of MDA in tumor-bearing mice,which were compared with those in control group.RESULTS:As compared with control group,SS-GAG significantly inhibited the growth of HeLa and U251 cell lines,inhibited the growth of LOVO and A549 cell lines to some degree,significantly prolonged the survival time of the mice with S180 ascites tumor,enhanced the total antioxidant activity and the SOD activity and decreased MDA content in serum(P

The protective effects of scallop skite-glycosaminoglycan on vascular endothelial cell injury induced by OX-LDL / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study on the protective effects on vein endothelial cell of scallop skite-glycosaminoglycan(SS-GAG)and the mechanism of anti-atherosclerosis action of SS-GAG.Methods The endothelial cell of human umbilical vein had been cultured in vitro, and we established an model of endothelial cell oxidative damage induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (OX-LDL), MTT assay and chemical methods were used to test the influence of SS-GAG on proliferation activity of endothelial cell oxidative damage and analyze nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).Results Oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein (OX-LDL) remarkably inhibited the ability of cell proliferation, decreased nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (P

Effects of glycosaminoglycan from scallop skirt on foam cell formation and its function / 医学研究生学报

Objective: To study the effects of glycosaminoglycan from scallop skirt (SS-GAG) on the formation of foam cells from porcine artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the expression of the total superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)activity, NO production and the mechanism of anti-atherosclerosis action of SS-GAG. Methods: SMCs were incubated with 15 mg/L oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) for 72 h to establish a smooth muscle cell-derived foam cell model. In addition, SMC cells were divided into 6 groups:①blank group,②model(Ox-LDL) group, ③Ox-LDL+200 mg/L SS-GAG group,④Ox-LDL+400 mg/L SS-GAG group,⑤Ox-LDL+800 mg/L SS-GAG group, ⑥Ox-LDL+Heparin 100 mg/L group. After 72 h incubation, intracellular total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), cholesteryl ester (CE) content and CE/TC ratio were measured through enzymatic method. The SOD, GSH-PX and NO concentration in the medium were also determined through Xanthine oxidase method or TBARs. Results: TC, CE, CE/TC in model group significantly increased, while FC, GSH-PX and NO concentration in the medium significantly decreased compared with blank group. After treatment with heparin (100 mg/L) and different concentrations of SS-GAG (200 mg/L, 400 mg/L,800 mg/L), TC, CE, and CE/TC significantly decreased (P

An experimental study of the antifatigued effect of haimaichong nutrient on the rats / 中国海洋药物

The antifatigued effect of Haimaichong on the rats has been studied.When the rats were given Haimaichong nutrient 15 days,the motion endurance,the activity of lactic dehydrogenase the removing speed of lactate and the contents of the glycogen in the liver and in the muscle have been enhanced markedly;The level of blood sugar during the long time of motion can be kept steadily;The product of urea nitrogen in the serum has been decreased notably in motion and removed swiftly after motion.The results suggest that Haimaichong nutrient have the antifatigued effect strikingly.

Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Scallop Skirt on the Releasing of Vasoactive Substance from Endothelial Cells Injured by Hydrogen Peroxide / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To observation the effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Scallop Skirt (SS-GAG) on the production of vasoactive substance in the endothelial cells injured by hydrogen peroxide(H2O2). METHODS: In H2O2-induced en-dothelial cell oxidative damage model group which was established with human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC, ECV304) cultured in vitro, SS-GAG groups (at different concentrations) and the normal group, levels of 6-keto-PGF1a, Thromboxane-B2 and Endothelin (ET) in the culture fluid were detected by radioimmunity assay and the content of nitric oxide was determined by nitrate reductase method. RESULTS: As compared with model group, SS-GAG (at different concentrations) significantly enhanced the levels of 6-keto-PGF1a and NO but significantly decreased levels of TXB2 and ET (P