Moral Schema Based on the Integration of the Mechanism of Moral Injury / 中国医学伦理学

Moral injury is a kind of trauma symptom caused by the impact of external immoral events on the internal moral value system of individuals or groups. Its origin lies in the deviation between individual’s internal moral schema and external moral situation. As a collection of moral consciousness units with value orientation in the regular activities of individuals in the moral environment, moral schema is composed of periphery and core. Moral schema realizes the domination of moral ego by supervising individual’s speech and behavior, exercising moderate control over individuals based on moral practice, and examining individual behavior with self-guilt as the tool of judgment. Moral schema is selective about what happened and acts as a filter for trauma events. Based on this, individuals can interpret or be subverted by moral events, thus playing a preventive role in moral injury.

A Conceptual Study on Buddhi, Dhee, Dhriti, Smriti, Smritikaaranas and Medha in Comparison to Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Factors

Building intricate scenarios and sharing these ideas with others, A full-fledged language capacity, as well as reasoning and planning skills are among the many cognitive abilities that distinguish man from other living beings. One of the tools of cognition and perception used to establish the precise qualities of an object according to Ayurveda is Buddhi (intellect). Perception occurs when the Indriyas (cognitive organs) perceives their objects along with Manas (mind), which subsequently analyze and forwards those to Buddhi producing knowledge. Dhee, Dhriti, Smriti are the components of Buddhi which aids for this and Medha is a type of intellect having the power to retain this knowledge. As per modern, cognition is the mental action or process that involves thought experiences, and the senses to acquire knowledge and understanding. The cognitive development is established through schema, assimilation, accommodation and equilibrium according to Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory. Buddhi, Dhee, Dhriti, Smriti, Smritikaarana, Medha can be correlated to these factors. Although the components of cognitive development theory were articulated for a developing kid, Ayurveda views these concepts as that which may be implied at any stage of life. One has to pass through each of these stages to achieve cognition. Hence, the present conceptual study thus focus on interpreting these Ayurvedic observations on the basis of modern theory of cognitive development and its factors.

Correlações entre esquemas iniciais desadaptativos e estilos de coping de adolescentes esportistas / Correlations between early maladaptive schemas and coping styles of adolescent athletes / Correlaciones entre los esquemas iniciales desadaptativos y los estilos de afrontamiento de adolescentes desportistas

Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as correlações entre esquemas iniciais desadaptativos (EIDs) e estilos de coping de atletas adolescentes. A amostra foi composta por 65 atletas, tanto do gênero feminino quanto masculino, com idades entre 12 e 18 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário sociodemográfico, Questionário de Esquemas para Adolescentes e Inventário Balbinotti de Coping para Atletas em Situação de Competição, em formato online. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e correlacionais. Os resultados revelaram correlações estatisticamente significativas positivas com o estilo de coping de afastamento (ρ = 0,246 a ρ = 0,555) e negativas com o estilo de copingde aproximação (ρ = -0,267 a ρ = -0,475). Também foram observados níveis mais elevados de EID de Padrões Inflexíveis (M = 4,40; DP = 1,38) em associação com o estilo de coping de aproximação (M = 4,11; DP = 0,81 a M = 3,59; DP = 0,76). Este estudo contribui com dados sobre a aplicabilidade da Terapia do Esquema no esporte de rendimento infanto-juvenil

This study aimed to measure the correlations among early maladaptive schema (EMSs) and coping strategies CS) in adolescents athletes. Sampling: 65 female and male athletes, aged between 12 and 18 years old. Instruments: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Schema Questionnaire for Adolescents and the Balbinotti Coping Inventory for Competitive Athletes, in online format. Descriptive and correlational analyzes were carried. The results presents statistically signifi cant positive correlations with the distance CS (ρ = 0.246 a ρ = 0.555) and negative correlations with approach CS (ρ = -0.267 a ρ = -0.475), besides higher levels of EMS of Infl exible Patterns (M = 4.40; DP = 1.38) and that the approach CS (M = 4.11; DP = 0.81 a M = 3.59; DP = 0.76). This study contributes with data about the applicability of Schema Therapy in children's performance sports

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las correlaciones entre los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos (EDTs) e los estilos de enfrentamiento (coping) de los atletas adolescentes. Muestreo: 65 deportistas femeninos y masculinos que tenían entre 12 y 18 años. Instrumentos: un cuestionario socio-demográfico, el Cuestionario de Esquemas para Adolescentes y el Inventario de Coping para Deportistas en Competición, en formato online. Se realizarón análisis descriptivos y correlacionales. Los resultados indican correlaciones positivas estadísticamente signifi cativas con el coping de la distancia (ρ = 0.246 a ρ= 0.555) y correlaciones negativas com el coping de la aproximación (ρ = -0.267 a ρ = -0.475), además niveles más altos de EDT de Patrones Infl exibles (M = 4.40; DP = 1.38) y del coping de la aproximación (M = 4.11; DP = 0.81 a M =

Cognitive distortions of sexual victimizers of children and adolescents: associations with experiences in the family of origin, early maladaptive schemas, self-esteem and self- efficacy / Distorções cognitivas de vitimizadores sexuais de crianças e adolescentes: associações com experiências na família de origem, esquemas inicias desadaptativos, autoestima e autoeficácia / Distorsiones cognitivas de los abusadores sexuales de niños y adolescentes: asociaciones con experiencias en la familia de origen, esquemas iniciales de desadaptación, autoestima y autoeficacia

Abstract Introduction: Cognitive distortions of child sexual offenders have been researched because they might be the foundation for tort conduct. Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze cognitive distortions in individuals convicted for statutory rape against children and/or teenagers and verify connections with their family of origin, early maladaptive schema, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, as well as to assess the predictive power of these variables in the occurrence of cognitive distortions. Method: this was a descriptive, correlational and explanatory research performed with 49 men currently serving time without parole. The following instruments were administered: Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, as well as a documentary review of the legal proceedings of the participants. Results: the study revealed connections between cognitive distortions and substance abuse by the father (r=0,417; p=0,034), as well as vulnerability to harm (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectiveness (r=0,405; p=0,013), and grandiosity (r=0,339; p=0,040) schema. The vulnerability to harm scheme was the only predictive variable for cognitive distortions, accounting for 73,4 % of the variance. Conclusion: importance of analyzing cognitive distortions in child sexual victimizers and the possibility of schema therapy as an alternative treatment.

Resumo Introdução: As distorções cognitivas de indivíduos que vitimizam sexualmente crianças e/ou adolescentes vêm sendo objeto de investigação, pois podem estar na base da conduta delitiva. Objetivo: analisar as distorções cognitivas de indivíduos presos pelo crime de estupro de vulnerável contra crianças e/ou adolescentes e verificar associações com experiências na família de origem, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, autoestima e autoeficácia, bem como avaliar o poder preditivo dessas variáveis para a ocorrência de distorções cognitivas. Método: Tratase de uma pesquisa descritiva, correlacional e explicativa, realizada com 49 homens cumprindo pena em regime fechado. Foram aplicados os instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale e foi feito um levantamento documental dos processos judiciais dos participantes. Resultados: O estudo revelou associações entre as distorções cognitivas e o abuso de substâncias paterno (r=0,417; p=0,034), assim como com os esquemas de vulnerabilidade ao dano (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectividade (r=0,405; p=0,013) e grandiosidade (r=0,339; p=0,040). O esquema de vulnerabilidade ao dano foi a única variável preditiva das distorções cognitivas, explicando 73,4 % da variância. Conclusão: importância da análise de distorções cognitivas em vitimizadores sexuais infantis e a possibilidade da terapia dos esquemas como alternativa de tratamento.

Resumen Introdución: Las distorsiones cognitivas de individuos que victimizan sexualmente a niños han sido objeto de investigación, pues pueden ser la base de un comportamiento criminal. Objetivo: Analizar las distorsiones cognitivas de personas encarceladas por el delito de violencia sexual contra niños y / o adolescentes y verificar las asociaciones con experiencias en la familia de origen, esquemas iniciales desadaptativos, autoestima y autoeficacia, así como evaluar el poder predictivo de estas variables en las distorsiones cognitivas. Método: Es una investigación descriptiva, correlacional y explicativa, llevada a cabo con 49 hombres encarcelados en régimen cerrado. Se aplicaron los instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale y se realizó una encuesta documental de los procesos judiciales de los participantes. Resultados: El estudio reveló asociaciones entre las distorsiones cognitivas y el abuso de sustancias paterno (r = 0,417; p = 0,034), así como con los esquemas de vulnerabilidad a daños (r = 0,416; p = 0,008), defectos (r = 0,405; p = 0,013) y magnitud (r = 0,339; p = 0,040). El esquema de vulnerabilidad al daño fue la única variable predictiva para las distorsiones cognitivas, explicando el 73,4 % de la varianza. Conclusiones: importancia de analizar las distorsiones cognitivas en los abusadores sexuales infantiles y la posibilidad de la terapia de esquema como un tratamiento alternativo.

Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos em Adultos com Histórico de Eventos Estressores Precoces / Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adults with a History of Early Life Stressors / Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos en Adultos con Antecedentes de Eventos Estresantes Tempranos

Esse estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar a relação entre os subtipos de Eventos Estressores Precoces e os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos em adultos. Foram utilizados o Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) e o Questionário de Esquemas de Young - forma reduzida (Young Schema Questionnaire - short form) em uma amostra, não-clínica de 200 pessoas, na qual metade (n=100) apontou a presença de Eventos Estressores Precoces. Os dados foram processados no software IBM SPSS Statistics - versão 22, por meio de estatística descritiva, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, e comparação de médias através do Teste t de Amostras Independentes. As análises de correlação revelaram que cada subtipo de abuso e negligência se relacionou de diferentes formas com os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos, sugerindo que a influência diferencial de cada tipo deve ser estudada. Dentre todos os subtipos de Eventos Estressores Precoces, o abuso emocional se destacou, apresentando maior prevalência e correlações com mais esquemas.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the subtypes of Early Life Stressors and the Early Maladaptive Schemas in adults. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) were used in a non-clinical sample of 200 people in which half (n = 100) had a previous history of Early Life Stressors. The data was processed in the IBM SPSS Statistics - version 22 software, using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations coefficients and comparison of means by using the Independent Samples t-Test. Correlation analysis revealed that each type of abuse and neglect was related in different ways to the Early Maladaptive Schemes, which suggests that the differential influence of each type should be studied. Among all the subtypes of Early Stressful Events, the emotional abuse was the one that stood out, showing a higher prevalence and correlations with more schemes than other form of maltreatment, such as physical and sexual abuse.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la relación entre los subtipos de Eventos Estresantes Tempranos y los Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos en adultos. Se utilizaron el "Cuestionario de Trauma Infantil" (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) y el "Cuestionario de esquemas - forma reducida" (Young Schema Questionnaire - short form) en una muestra no clínica de 200 personas, en la que la mitad (n = 100) indicó la presencia de EEP. Los datos fueron processados en el software IBM SPSS Statistics, versión 22, utilizando estadística descriptiva, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y comparación de medias utilizando la Prueba t para Muestras Independientes. Los análisis de correlación revelaron que cada subtipo de abuso y negligencia se relacionó de diferentes formas con los Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos, sugiriendo que se debería estudiar la influencia diferencial de cada tipo. Entre todos los subtipos de Eventos Estresantes Tempranos, se destacó el abuso emocional, que tuvo una mayor prevalencia y correlaciones con más esquemas.

The influence of mindfulness cognitive therapy on the early maladaptive schema in patients with depression / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of mindfulness-base cognitive therapy (MBCT) in improving patients with depression, and to explore its effect on patients early maladaptive schemas (EMSs).Methods:Sixty patients with depressive disorder were included in the pre- and post-control design, and MBCT treatment was carried out for 8 weeks. The Hamilton depression scale-17 (HAMD-17), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ), and Young schema questionnaire-short form (YSQ-SF) were used for evaluation. The scores of the three time points were compared by one-way repeated measure ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between the improvement degree of depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as the changes of mindfulness level and schema.Results:There were significant differences in the total scores of HAMD-17, HAMA and FFMQ at baseline((15.4±5.0), (21.0±9.6), (115.8±11.7)), 4 weeks after intervention((11.4±6.7), (15.9±10.1), (121.9±14.2)) and 8 weeks((11.0±6.2), (15.4±8.7), (122.6±15.5)) after intervention ( F=25.22, 20.95, 14.02, all P<0.01). Further pairwise comparison, compared with baseline, the total scores of HAMD-17 and HAMA in patients with depression decreased (all P<0.05), and the total scores of FFMQ increased (all P<0.05) in 8 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment.There were no significant differences in the total scores of HAMD-17, HAMA and FFMQ between 8 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment (all P>0.05). There were significant differences on the scores of the emotional deprivation, abandonment/instability, failure, vulner ability to harm or illness, enmeshment/undeveloped self, unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness, and entitlement/grandiosity subscales in the YSQ-SF( H=2.00-17.11, all P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that the FFMQ total score difference has a linear relationship with the HAMA total score difference ( β=-0.363). There was a linear relationship between the emotional deprivation scale score difference and the HAMD-17 total score difference ( β=-0.292). Dependence/incompetence and submission scale score difference showed a linear relationship with the HAMA total score difference ( β=0.334, 0.278). Conclusion:MBCT can improve the anxiety and depression symptoms of patients with depression, and the improvement of some EMSs may be the mechanism of MBCT in the treatment of depression.

Quais são as relações entre esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, habilidades sociais e satisfação conjugal? / Which are the relationships between early maladaptive schemas, social skills and marital satisfaction?

Este estudo investigou as relações entre habilidades sociais, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos e satisfação conjugal. Trata-se de um estudo analítico, observacional, transversal e correlacional. A amostra foi composta por 375 participantes entre 19 e 55 anos (M = 26.45, SD = 5.92), a maioria do sexo feminino, com ensino superior, residentes no Nordeste do Brasil, namorando, sem filhos e em relacionamentos heterossexuais. Foram utilizados o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Conjugais, a Escala de Satisfação Conjugal e o Questionário de Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos e realizadas análises de correlação e mediação. Os resultados indicaram que: (a) maior satisfação conjugal está relacionada a maior repertório de habilidades sociais e menos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, (b) quanto menos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, maior o repertório de habilidades sociais, e (c) a influência dos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos na satisfação conjugal é melhor explicada a partir da mediação das habilidades sociais. Conclui-se que o repertório de habilidades sociais tem papel central no estabelecimento de relações conjugais satisfatórias.

This study investigated the relationships between social skills, early maladaptive schemas, and marital satisfaction. This is an analytical, observational, cross-sectional, and correlational study. The sample consisted of 375 participants between 19 and 55 years (M = 26.45; SD = 5.92), majority were women, had higher education, lived in the northeast region of Brazil, were in courtship, with no children, and in heterosexual relationships. They completed The Inventory of Marital Social Skills, the Marital Satisfaction Scale, and the Young Schema Questionnaire. Correlation and mediation analyses were performed. The results indicated that: (a) greater marital satisfaction is related to a greater repertoire of social skills and fewer early maladaptive schemas, (b) the fewer early maladaptive schemas, the greater the repertoire of social skills, and (c) the influence of the early maladaptive schemas on marital satisfaction is better explained from the mediation of social skills. It is concluded that the repertoire of social skills plays a central role in establishing satisfactory conjugal relationships.

Validação do inventário de compensação de Young para a população campinense / Validation of Young Compensation Inventory for the Campinense Population

RESUMO O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi de adaptar e analisar se o YCI apresenta validade psicométrica para aplicação na cidade de Campina Grande - Paraíba. Para o estudo, contou-se com a participação de 480 adultos com idade média de 24,49 anos (DP = 7,296). Os dados foram coletados na cidade de Campina Grande através de um questionário online. Todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais acima de 0,30. A escala apresentou KMO = 0,846 e x² = 6094,745 p<0,000 e o percentual de variância cumulativa foi 35,66%. A versão para o inventário foi composta pelos fatores: (I) Ordem excessiva/Individualidade (α = 0,79); (II) Busca de reconhecimento/Manipulação (α = 0,81); (III) Agressão/Hostilidade (α = 0,70); (IV) Rebelião (α = 0,70). Conclui-se que a versão adaptada apresenta parâmetros psicométricos adequados. Porém, salienta-se que ainda são necessários estudos posteriores com populações de diferentes regiões e com amostras clínicas e não clínicas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to adapt and analyze if the YCI has psychometric validity for application in the city of Campina Grande - Paraíba. For this study, we counted on the participation of 480 adults with a mean age of 24.49 years (DP = 7,296). The data were collected in the city of Campina Grande through an online questionnaire. All items had factorial loads above 0.30. The scale had KMO = 0.846 and x² = 6094,745 p<0,000 and the percentage of cumulative variance was 35.66%. The version for the inventory was composed by the factors: (I) Excessive Order/Individuality (α = 0,79); (II) Recognition-seeking/Manipulation (α = 0,81); (III) Aggression/Hostility (α = 0,70); (IV) Rebellion (α = 0,70). We conclude that the adapted version presents adequate psychometric parameters. However, it should be noted that further studies are still needed with populations from different zones and with clinical and non-clinical samples.

Validity evidence of the Brazilian version of the Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory (YRAI) for the population of Rio Grande do Sul / Evidências de validade do inventário de evitação de Young-Rygh (YRAI) para a população do Rio Grande do Sul / Evidencia de validez de la versión Brasileña del inventario de evasión de Young-Rygh (YRAI) para la población de Rio Grande do Sul

This study examines the factorial structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory (YRAI). Five hundred and four adults from the state of Rio Grande do Sul participated, with an average age of 34.2 (SD = 12.9), who completed the Young Scheme Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), the Symptom Assessment Scale (SCL-90-R), and YRAI, through an online platform. An exploratory factor analysis was made to verify the distribution of items in common factors and convergent analysis with Spearman's non-parametric correlation to verify associations with psychopathological symptoms (SCL-90-R) and schemes (YSQ-S3). Three factors were found: Somatization and Search for Stimulation (α = 0,84), Cognitive Avoidance (α = 0,78), and Emotional Withdrawal (α = 0,62), with an omega value between 0,75 and 0,87. It was concluded that the Brazilian version of YRAI has appropriate psychometric properties, being valid for the concerned population. In addition, the interpretation of the construct validity was consistent with the theory.

Este estudo examina a estrutura fatorial, consistência interna e a validade convergente do Inventário de Evitação de Young-Rygh (YRAI). Participaram 504 adultos do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com média de idade de 34,2 anos (DP = 12,9), que preencheram o Questionário de Esquemas de Young (YSQ-S3), a Escala de Avaliação dos Sintomas (SCL-90-R) e o YRAI, através de uma plataforma online. Realizaram-se a análise fatorial exploratória para verificar a distribuição dos itens em fatores comuns e a análise convergente com correlação não paramétrica de Spearman para verificar associações com sintomas psicopatológicos (SCL-90-R) e esquemas (YSQ-S3). Três fatores foram interpretados: Somatização e Busca por Estimulação (α = 0,84), Evitação Cognitiva (α = 0,78) e Retraimento Emocional (α = 0,62), com valor de ômega entre 0,75 e 0,87. Concluiu-se que a versão brasileira do YRAI possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas, sendo válida para a população em questão. Além disso, a interpretação da validade de constructo mostrou-se condizente com a teoria.

Este estudio examina la estructura factorial, consistencia interna y validez convergente del Inventario de Evitación de Young-Rygh (YRAI). Participaron 504 adultos de Rio Grande do Sul con edad media de 34,2 años (DE = 12,9), que completaron el Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young (YSQ-S3), Escala de Evaluación de Síntomas (SCL-90-R) y YRAI, por una plataforma online. El análisis factorial exploratorio se realizó para verificar la distribución de ítems en factores comunes. El análisis convergente con la correlación no paramétrica de Spearman para verificar las asociaciones con los síntomas (SCL-90-R) y esquemas psicopatológicos (YSQ-S3). Se encontraron tres factores: Somatización y Búsqueda de Estimulación (α = 0,84), Evitación Cognitiva (α = 0,78) y Retracción Emocional (α = 0,62). Com un valor omega entre 0,75 y 0,87. Se concluyó que la versión brasileña de YRAI tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, siendo válida para esta población. Además, la validez de constructo fue consistente con la teoría.

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression, Distress and Discomfort Tolerance in Migraine Headache

ABSTRACT Background: Depression and maladaptive schemas were found to worsen the pain experience in individuals with chronic pain. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between depressive symptoms, early maladaptive schemas, distress and discomfort tolerance in female patients with migraine. Methods: Seventy eight female migraine patients(37 depressed and 41 non-depressed subjects according to BDI scores) and 55 healthy controls were evaluated with Numeric Pain Rating Scale(NPRS),Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3(YSQ-SF-3),Discomfort Intolerance Scale(DIS) and Distress Tolerance Scale(DTS). Results: Distress and discomfort tolerance were lower in both migraine groups than control subjects. EMSs were higher in depressed migraine patients than in non-depressed migraine group and non-clinical controls. A positive correlation between BDI and YSQ-SF-3 scores(p<0.001), a negative correlation between BDI and DIS(p<0.01), and also a negative correlation between BDI and DTS(p<0.001) were found among migraine patients. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that 20% of the depressive symptoms were explained with DIS scores, while explanatoriness raised up to 46% by addition of YSQ-SF-3 scores to the model. Discussion: Cognitive interventions for modifying EMSs and improving distress and discomfort tolerance might be added to the treatment strategies in female migraine patients.

Implicaciones en el movimiento humano de las adaptaciones del esquema e imagen corporal secundarias a una amputación / Implications in human movement of the adjustments about the scheme and body image as an outcome of an amputation

Introducción: el movimiento corporal humano es el resultado de la interacción entre elementos psicológicos, biológicos y sociales. Las amputaciones generan alteraciones en la estructura mental del individuo ocasionando restricciones en la participación social; por ello, es necesario comprender la influencia de la imagen y el esquema corporal de los sujetos con amputación según la teoría del movimiento continuo. Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, Clinical Key, PEDro, SciELO en el mes de abril de 2020; la selección de artículos se dividió en 3 fases, utilizando los términos"body schema", "body image", "amputee" y "movement".Resultados: se encontró un total de 142 artículos, de los cuales se incluyeron 13 que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Discusión: posterior a una amputación se producen alteraciones de la imagen y el esquema corporal, además de cambios plásticos en el sistema nervioso central; derivado de esto existirán modificaciones en el movimiento corporal de la persona.Se requiere favorecer el manejo integral del sujeto con amputación basado en la teoría del movimiento continuo abarcando esferas psicológicas, biológicas y sociales. Conclusión: la aceptación e integración de la imagen y esquema corporal son fundamentales para restablecer la capacidad máxima de movimiento de la persona con amputación.

Introduction: Human body movement is the result of the interaction among psychological, biological and social elements; ampu-tations generate alterations in the individual's mental structure causing restrictions on social participation; therefore, it is necessary to understand the influence of the image and body schema of amputee subjects according to the theory of continuous movement. Methods:A review of the literature was carried out in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Clinical Key, PEDro, SciELO in April 2020; the selection of articles was divided into 3 phases, using the terms "body schema", "body image", "amputee" and "movement". Results: A total of 142 articles were found, of which 13 that met the selection criteria were included. Discussion: After an amputation, alterations of the image and body schema will occur. In addition to plastic changes in the central nervous system, therefore will be modifications in the person's body movement. It is necessary to favor the comprehensive management of the subject with amputation based on the theory of continuous movement, covering psychological, biological and social spheres. Conclusion: The acceptance and integration of the image and body schema are fundamental to reestablish the maximum capacity of movement of the person with amputation

Esquemas iniciais desadaptativos como mediadores entre os maus tratos na infância e a violência no namoro na adolescência / Early maladaptive schemas as mediators between child maltreatment and dating violence in adolescence

Resumo Este estudo investigou a associação entre a exposição aos maus tratos na infância e a perpetração de violência física nas relações afetivo-sexuais de adolescentes (n = 397; 14-19 anos). Um modelo de mediação foi conduzido para determinar se tais relações podem ser mediadas por Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos (EIDs), a partir da abordagem teórica da Terapia dos Esquemas. Além disso, buscou-se verificar se o modelo é invariante para adolescentes do sexo feminino e masculino. Os resultados indicaram que adolescentes perpetradores de violência no namoro, com histórico de maus tratos na infância, tiveram escores significativamente mais altos na perpetração de violência íntima, do que adolescentes sem histórico de maus tratos. Os EIDs do domínio de Desconexão e Rejeição foram considerados mediadores entre a exposição aos maus tratos e a violência no namoro na adolescência, sendo que este modelo se mostrou mais adequado ao sexo feminino. Implicações clínicas destes achados foram discutidas.

Abstract This study investigated the association between exposure to child maltreatment and dating physical violence in the affective-sexual relationship among adolescents (n =397, 14-19 years). A mediation model was conducted to determine whether these associations can be mediated by early maladaptive schemas (EMS), from the Schema Therapy's theoretical approach. Also, it sought to verify the invariant model by gender. The results showed that teen dating violence perpetrators with a history of child maltreatment had significantly higher scores in the perpetration of intimate violence than adolescents with no history of maltreatment. Disconnection and rejection realm schemas were mediators between exposure to child maltreatment and dating physical violence in adolescence, and this model was adequate to females. The clinical implications of these findings were also discussed.

Translation, adaptation, and evidence of content validity of the Schema Mode Inventory / Tradução, adaptação e evidências de validade de conteúdo do schema mode inventory / Traducción, adaptación y evidencia de validez de contenido del inventario de modo de esquema

Content validity indicates the extent to which each item of an instrument measures the phenomenon of interest and its dimension within what it proposes to investigate. This research aimed to perform the translation and to raise the validity evidence of the Schema Mode Inventory instrument, thus initiating its cultural adaptation. Eight specialists from the Schema Therapy area participated as evaluators, who answered two instruments: one investigating the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) and another one the Kappa Concordance Analysis. From the semantic bias, results show that a large part of the instrument measures what it proposes to measure, demonstrating content validity evidence for the Brazilian context (CVC: 0.56 to 0.99; Mean Kappa overall: 0.74).

A validade de conteúdo representa a extensão com que cada item de um instrumento comprova o fenômeno de interesse e sua dimensão dentro daquilo que se propõe a investigar. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram realizar a tradução e apresentar as evidências de validade de conteúdo do instrumento Schema Mode Inventory - versão reduzida, iniciando assim sua adaptação cultural. Para isso, participaram oito especialistas da área da Terapia do Esquema, que responderam a dois instrumentos: um que investiga o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) e outro que realiza a Análise de Concordância Kappa. Os resultados indicaram que, considerando o viés semântico, grande parte do instrumento mede o que sugere medir, possuindo então evidências de validade de conteúdo para o contexto brasileiro (CVC: de 0,56 a 0,99; Kappa médio geral: 0,74).

La validez de contenido representa la extensión con que cada elemento de un instrumento comprueba el fenómeno de interés y su dimensión dentro de lo que se propone investigar. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar la traducción y levantar las evidencias de validez de contenido del instrumento Schema Mode Inventory - versión reducida, iniciando así su adaptación cultural. Ocho especialistas del área de Terapia de esquema participaron como evaluadores, quienes respondieron dos instrumentos: uno investigando el Coeficiente de Validez del Contenido (CVC) y otro el Análisis de Concordancia Kappa. Los resultados indicaron que, por el sesgo semántico, gran parte del instrumento mide lo que sugiere medir, poseyendo entonces evidencias de validez de contenido para el contexto brasileño (CVC: 0,56 a 0,99; Kappa promedio general: 0,74).

Adaptação brasileira do Questionário de Esquemas de Young - Versão Breve (YSQ-S3) / Brazilian adaptation of the Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (YSQ-S3) / Adaptación brasileña del Young Scheme Questionnaire - Versión Breve (YSQ-S3)

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever o processo de adaptação semântica do Questionário de Esquemas de Young - versão breve (YSQ-S3) para o português brasileiro e apresentar dados preliminares da consistência interna do instrumento. Trata-se de um estudo instrumental que seguiu os passos de tradução, síntese, avaliação por experts, avaliação pelo público-alvo, retrotradução e estudo piloto. Inclui uma etapa de estudo de evidências preliminares, na qual foram aplicados o YSQ-S3 e uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos com 200 participantes para análise da consistência interna utilizando alfa de Cronbach. Os resultados indicam que o instrumento apresenta boa adequação semântica para uso no Brasil. A consistência interna total foi classificada como excelente. Destaca-se a importância do seguimento de estudos de evidências de validade. (AU)

This study aimed for the semantic adaptation of the Young Schema Questionnaire - short form (YSQ-S3) to Brazilian Portuguese and presents preliminary data on the internal consistency of the instrument. It was an instrumental study that followed the steps of translation, synthesis, expert and focus group evaluation, back-translation and pilot study. It included a preliminary evidence study stage, in which the YSQ-S3 and a sociodemographic data sheet with 200 participants were analyzed for internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. The results indicate that the Brazilian version of the YSQ-S3 presents good semantic adequacy. Overall internal consistency was rated as excellent. A validation study of this version is currently being carried out. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir el proceso de adaptación semántica del Young Scheme Questionnaire - versión breve (YSQ-S3) para el idioma brasileño y presentar datos preliminares de la consistencia interna del instrumento. Se trata de un estudio instrumental que siguió los pasos de la traducción, síntesis, evaluación por los expertos, evaluación del público objetivo, retrotraducción y estudio piloto. Incluye una etapa de estudio de evidencias preliminares en las que se aplicaron el YSQ-S3 y una ficha de datos sociodemográficos con 200 participantes para el análisis de la consistencia interna a partir del alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados indicaron que el instrumento presenta buena adecuación semántica para uso en Brasil. La consistencia interna total fue clasificada como excelente. Se destaca la importancia del seguimiento de estudios de evidencias de validez. (AU)

Imagem corporal positiva e satisfação com a vida em pessoas idosas / Positive body image and satisfaction with life elderly people

O presente estudo pretende avaliar se as variáveis sociodemográficas, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e os fatores relacionados com a aparência que influenciam a satisfação com a vida nas pessoas idosas. O estudo, com enfoque transversal e quantitativo, apresentou uma amostra de 53 pessoas idosas não institucionalizadas, com idades compreendidas entre 65 e 89 anos. A recolha de informações foi efetuada através de um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala de Apreciação Corporal (BAS-2),CARSAL/CARVAL e a Satisfação com a Vida (SWLS). Todos os participantes praticam algum tipo de atividade e quase todos os participantes se preocupam com a aparência (90,2%). Apesar de a maioria apresentar uma imagem corporal positiva, a média do IMC é superior ao valor normal (M = 28,13; DP = 4,81). A variável valência (CARVAL) apresenta uma relação positiva com a "prática atual de exercício físico" e uma relação negativa com as variáveis "gostar do corpo", "satisfação com a vida" e "imagem corporal positiva". As variáveis saliência e valência (CARSAL e CARVAL) apresentam um efeito direto com a imagem corporal positiva, enquanto que a valência apresenta um efeito direto de satisfação com a vida. O IMC não influencia a perceção de uma imagem corporal positiva nas pessoas idosas e a prática de exercício físico parece influenciar a satisfação com a vida. A imagem corporal positiva e satisfação com a vida são influenciadas pela avaliação emocional que as pessoas idosas fazem da sua aparência.(AU)

This study aims to assess whether sociodemographic variables, BMI and appearance-related factors influence life satisfaction in older people. In this cross-sectional and quantitative study, 53 non-institutionalized elderly people between the ages of 65 to 89 years participated. They answered a set of instruments consisting of: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Body Mass Index (BMI), the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2), the CARSAL/CARVAL and the Satisfaction with Life (SWLS). All participants practice some type of activity and almost all participants are concerned with appearance (90.2%). Although most have a positive body image, the average BMI is higher than the normal value (M = 28.13; SD = 4.81). The CARVAL variable has a positive connection with current physical exercise practice and a negative connection with body liking, life satisfaction and positive body image. The CARSAL and CARVAL variables have a direct effect on positive body image while CARVAL has a direct effect on life satisfaction. BMI does not influence the perception of a positive body image in the elderly and the practice of physical exercise seems to influence satisfaction with life. Positive body image and life satisfaction is influenced by the emotional assessment that older people make of their appearance.(AU)

The latent structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form

Objective: The current study aimed to examine the latent structure of a web-based, Brazilian Portuguese version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). Method: The sample consisted of 15,557 adult participants - 4,702 men and 10,855 women - with age ranging from 18 to 60 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the a priori conceptual 15-factor model presumed to underlie the YSQ-SF item set. Results: Most items displayed high levels of reliability (factor loadings greater than 0.7) and low liability to random measurement error (residual variances below 0.02), indicating that the a priori YSQ-SF factor structure is adequate. Discussion: These findings offer empirical evidence supporting YSQ-SF construct validity and, consequently, its application in adults.

Reliability and Validity of the Brief Schema Questionnaire for Adult / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a brief schema questionnaire for adults (BSQ-A) and investigate its validity and reliability. METHODS: A 36-item questionnaire was developed or selected by six psychiatrists. The questionnaire was administered to 209 subjects in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. The construct validity was investigated by performing principal component analysis, and the reliability was assessed in terms of the internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The principal component analysis revealed 18 factors underlying 18 early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). These 18 factors accounted for 87.488% of the common variance. The Cronbach's alpha was high, indicating that the reliability of the questionnaire was satisfactory. Every schema showed a positive correlation with most psychological measures. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the BSQ-A is a reliable and valid scale for assessing EMSs. Although there are many limitations, the present study is expected to form the basis of future research.

Body image disturbance in eating disorders: concept and development / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Body image disturbance (BID) in eating disorders (ED) has always been a focus of intense investigations and debates since its concept was brought out. Experimental studies conducted in clinical ED patients have not only provided insights into the components, mechanisms and roles of BID in ED psychopathology, but also brought changes to relevant theories and concepts. This article provided a review of theoretical and empirical literatures on BID in ED, as well as a summary and analysis of recent developments and future prospects in this field.

Young Schema Questionnaire: Factor Structure and Specificity in Relation to Anxiety in Chinese Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the factor structure of Young Schema Questionnaire-short form (YSQ-SF) in a sample of Chinese adolescents, and to explore which maladaptive schemas were associated with anxiety symptoms. METHODS: YSQ-SF was administered to 983 nonclinical Chinese adolescents aged 13–17 years. Confirmatory factor analyses with weighted least squares means and variance adjusted estimation were conducted to examine the factor structure of YSQ-SF. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to identify schemas associated with anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: A bifactor model with 15 correlated factors fitted the data better than other priori defined models. Stepwise regressions showed Vulnerability to harm, Abandonment, Emotional inhibition, Subjugation, and Unrelenting standards schemas were associated with anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, different anxiety symptoms were associated with common and distinctive schemas. CONCLUSION: Maladaptive schemas were already stably formed in Chinese adolescents, however there's no robust evidence for the existence of domain. The explanatory value of maladaptive schemas for understanding psychopathology of anxiety in adolescence is discussed.

Cuestionario de esquemas de Young CEY-S3: propiedades psicométricas en una muestra chilena mixta / Young Schema Questionnaire YSQ-S3: psychometric properties in an adult mixed sample from Chile

Resumen El Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young CEY-S3 es un instrumento que mide una taxonomía de 18 temas psicológicos centrales denominados esquemas desadaptativos tempranos, los cuales subyacerían a los trastornos de personalidad y a otros trastornos mentales. Esta investigación pretende estudiar las propiedades psicométricas del CEY-S3 en población chilena. Una muestra mixta de 85 pacientes de dos unidades de psiquiatría en hospitales públicos con diagnóstico de al menos un trastorno de la personalidad, y de 207 estudiantes universitarios no consultantes de dos universidades privadas. Los resultados muestran un buen ajuste para el modelo de 18 factores, una buena capacidad de discriminación por sexo y muestra clínica y no clínica, así como la consistencia interna de 17 de las 18 escalas es adecuada (α > 0.70). Estos resultados están en concordancia con los estudios de validación en distintas lenguas y culturas, lo que apoya su empleo en ámbitos clínicos o de investigación.

Abstract Young Schema Questionnaire, CEY-S3, is an instrument that measures a taxonomy of 18 central psychological themes called early maladaptive schemas, which would underlie personality disorders and other mental disorders. The aim of this investigation is analyze psychometric properties of CEY-S3 in a Chilean mixed sample of 85 patients with a diagnosis of personality disorders from two psychiatric units in public hospitals and a 207 university students sample from two private universities. The results show a good fit for the 18 factor model, a good ability to discriminate by sex and clinical and non-clinical sample, as well as the internal consistency of 17 of the 18 scales is adequate (α> 0.70). These results are in accordance with the validation studies in different languages and cultures, which supports their use in clinical or research fields.