Prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente e incidencia de viraje tuberculínico en contactos escolares mayores de 5 años en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and incidence of tuberculin conversion among school contacts older than 5 years in the City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. La tuberculosis continúa siendo un problema frecuente en contextos de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica. El objetivo principal fue establecer la prevalencia de infección latente y viraje tuberculínico en contactos escolares de casos de tuberculosis. Población y métodos. En un área programática del sur de la ciudad, se evaluó la prevalencia de infección y viraje tuberculínico de 691 niñas, niños y adolescentes utilizando la prueba cutánea de tuberculina. Se investigó la asociación entre pérdida de seguimiento por parte del equipo de salud y características demográficas, escolares y asistencia inicial, y se describió el grado de adherencia cuando la quimioprofilaxis con isoniacida fue indicada. Resultados. Según las definiciones consideradas, la prevalencia de infección latente fue entre el 3,4 % (IC95 %: 2,3-5,2) y el 11,6 % (IC95 %: 9,3-14,4) de los 610 contactos con al menos una prueba cutánea aplicada. La incidencia de viraje tuberculínico se encontró entre el 0,3 % y el 6,8 % de los 294 evaluados. La edad mayor de 18 años, la mayor prevalencia de necesidades básicas insatisfechas en la comuna escolar, la pertenencia al turno escolar vespertino, la negatividad en la baciloscopia del caso índice y la ausencia de aplicación de la prueba cutánea inicial se asociaron con pérdida de seguimiento del contacto. Conclusiones. La incidencia de viraje tuberculínico en contactos escolares fue baja. La adherencia a isoniacida continúa siendo limitada. Se identificaron factores asociados con la pérdida de seguimiento de contactos que podrían orientar estrategias necesarias para mejorar este proceso.

Introduction. Tuberculosis continues to be a common problem in settings of socioeconomic vulnerability. Our primary objective was to establish the prevalence of latent infection and tuberculin conversion among school contacts of tuberculosis cases. Population and methods. In a programmatic area in the south of the City of Buenos Aires, the prevalence of latent infection and tuberculin conversion was assessed in 691 children and adolescents using the tuberculin skin test. The association between loss to follow-up by the health care team and the demographic, school, and baseline care characteristics was studied, and the level of adherence when isoniazid chemoprophylaxis was indicated was described. Results. According to established definitions, the prevalence of latent infection was between 3.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3­5.2) and 11.6% (95% CI: 9.3­14.4) in the 610 contacts with at least one skin test. The incidence of tuberculin conversion was between 0.3% and 6.8% in the 294 assessed participants. Age older than 18 years, a higher prevalence of unmet basic needs in the school district, attending the afternoon school shift, negative sputum smear results in the index case, and absence of baseline skin test were associated with contact lost to follow-up. Conclusions. The incidence of tuberculin conversion among school contacts was low. Adherence to isoniazid treatment remains limited. Factors associated with loss of contact tracing were identified, which may guide strategies necessary to improve this process.

School-based physical activity-related health services and their health benefits within the World Health Organization health-promoting school framework: a systematic review of systematic reviews / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo systematically review the types of health-promoting school (HPS) curriculum and physical activity-related health services based on the WHO-HPS framework, and their impact on health of children and adolescents. MethodsThe databases of EBSCO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI were searched on school-based physical activity-related services and their health benefits based on the WHO-HPS framework from 2017 to June, 2023. A systematic review of systematic reviews was conducted. ResultsA total of seven English articles were included, covering 147 studies from five countries including Switzerland, the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom and Sweden. The systematic reviews were published in the journals related to child physical education and health, HPS, and school-based physical activity. Based on the WHO-HPS framework, HPS curriculum implemented in schools primarily involved physical education classes (such as incorporating specialized sports programs like yoga and dance, increasing physical activity time) and health education programs related to physical activity. Additional activities included extracurricular programs (such as implementing children's sports, recreational and leisure programs, lunchtime enjoyment activities, and game plans, increasing physical activity time within regular school hours, creating opportunities for physical activity during breaks and after school, and providing daily physical activity plans) and integration of physical activity in other subjects. Physical activity-related health services mainly included health screening and monitoring related to physical activity, adolescent health management, and health promotion activities. The health benefits of the interventions included improvement in aerobic capacity, body mass index, cardiorespiratory function, overall physical health, and significant increases in muscle endurance and strength. They also contributed to the cessation or reduction of prolonged sedentary behavior, increased levels of all-day physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, increased physical activity participation, significant increases in physical activity during school hours, increased proportion of moderate to vigorous physical activity during school time, increased physical activity time, improved leisure and recreational time related to physical activity, enhanced vitality, school quality of life, and energy, improved academic performance, reduced television viewing time, decreased obesity risk, reduced anxiety, improved adaptability and happiness, and promoted positive mental health. Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in students' health-related knowledge on physical activity. ConclusionImplementing HPS curriculum and physical activity-related services in schools may improve various aspects of students' health, including physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behavior, behavioral health related to physical activity, and health literacy related to physical activity.

Abrangência do Programa Saúde na Escola em Vitória de Santo Antão-PE / Scope of the School Health Program in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

RESUMO A pesquisa objetivou descrever, por meio de um estudo de avaliação, o alcance do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) em Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, no ano de 2016. Os dados foram coletados entre outubro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017, mediante fonte documental das Secretarias Municipal de Saúde, de Educação e da Gerência Regional de Educação. O município apresentou 52 escolas cadastradas, e 26 realizaram alguma atividade referente ao programa. As ações englobaram atividades do componente I, como, por exemplo, 'Avaliação antropométrica', 'Verificação da situação vacinal', 'Promoção e avaliação da saúde bucal'. As temáticas do componente II também foram verificadas, como 'Promoção das práticas corporais e atividade física', 'Ações de segurança alimentar e alimentação saudável', 'Promoção da saúde ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável', com foco nas arboviroses. O quantitativo de ações na zona urbana foi superior quando comparada a área rural. Um bom número de escolas cadastradas contrastando com a baixa ativação (implementação) do PSE ou, ainda, um alcance 'muito ruim' dos estudantes permearam as respostas da pesquisa, possibilitando a solidificação de subsídios para o surgimento de questionamentos essenciais às novas intervenções nesse campo de pesquisa e fornecendo outros conhecimentos sobre o programa para o público geral.

ABSTRACT The research aimed to describe, through an evaluation study in 2016, the scope of the School Health Program (PSE) in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão State of Pernambuco in the Northeast region of Brasil. Data were collected between October 2016 and February 2017 using documental source from the Municipal Health and Education secretaries and the Regional Education Management. The municipality had 52 registered schools and 26 carried out some activity related to the program. The actions encompassed component I activities such as 'Anthropometric assessment', 'Verification of vaccination status', 'Oral health promotion and assessment', for example. The themes of component II were also verified such as 'Promotion of body practices and physical activity', 'Food safety and healthy eating actions', 'Promotion of Environmental Health and sustainable development', with focus on arboviruses. The number of actions in the urban area was higher when compared to the rural area. A good number of registered schools contrasting with the low activation (implementation) of the PSE, or even a 'very bad' reach of students, permeated the survey answers, enabling the solidification of subsidies of essential questions to new interventions in this research field and providing other knowledges about the program to the general public.

Reflections of the social determinants of health on school children's learning / Reflexiones de los determinantes sociales de la salud sobre el aprendizaje de los escolares / Reflexos dos determinantes sociais da saúde na aprendizagem de crianças escolares

ABSTRACT Objective: understanding the repercussions of the social determinants of health on school children's learning, linked to the public-school network, from the point of view of health and education professionals. Method: qualitative study, participant-action type, articulated to Freire's Research Itinerary, through three moments: Thematic Investigation; Coding and Decoding; Critical Unveiling. The participants were 27 health professionals and 18 education professionals, working in four municipalities of Santa Catarina. Individual interviews and a Culture Circle took place between November 2020 and March 2021. The analysis was developed in the discussions in the Culture Circle, with reflection on the themes. Results: unfavorable living conditions, unhealthy habits, and weak social relationships tend to negatively influence children's school learning. There is a need for the implementation of actions involving the health and education sectors, such as the Health at School Program. Conclusion: the articulated action of health and education professionals on social determinants is the way to promote health and children's school performance, in order to minimize the effects of existing inequities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender los reflejos de los determinantes sociales de la salud en el aprendizaje de los escolares, vinculados a la red pública de enseñanza, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud y de la educación. Método: estudio cualitativo, de tipo acción-participante, articulado al Itinerario de Investigación de Freire, a través de tres momentos: Investigación temática; codificación y descodificación; desvelamiento crítico. Participaron 27 profesionales de la salud y 18 de la educación, que trabajan en cuatro municipios de Santa Catarina. Entre noviembre de 2020 y marzo de 2021 se celebraron entrevistas individuales y un Círculo de Cultura. El análisis se desarrolló en los debates del Círculo de Cultura, con reflexión sobre los temas. Resultados: las condiciones de vida desfavorables, los hábitos poco saludables y las relaciones sociales débiles tienden a influir negativamente en el aprendizaje escolar de los niños. Es necesario poner en marcha acciones que impliquen a los sectores sanitario y educativo, como el Programa Salud en la Escuela. Conclusión: la acción articulada de los profesionales de la salud y de la educación sobre los determinantes sociales es el camino para promover la salud y el rendimiento escolar de los niños, con el fin de minimizar los efectos de las desigualdades existentes.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender os reflexos dos determinantes sociais da saúde na aprendizagem de crianças escolares, vinculadas à rede pública de ensino, sob a ótica dos profissionais da saúde e da educação. Método: estudo qualitativo, do tipo ação participante, articulado ao Itinerário de Pesquisa de Freire, percorrendo três momentos: Investigação Temática; Codificação e Decodificação; Desvelamento Crítico. Participaram 27 profissionais da saúde e 18 da educação, atuantes em quatro municípios de Santa Catarina. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais e um Círculo de Cultura entre novembro de 2020 a março de 2021. A análise desenvolveu-se nas discussões no Círculo de Cultura, com reflexão dos temas. Resultados: as condições de vida desfavoráveis, hábitos pouco saudáveis e as relações sociais frágeis tendem a influenciar negativamente na aprendizagem escolar das crianças. Há necessidade de implementação de ações envolvendo o setor saúde e educação, como o Programa Saúde na Escola. Conclusão a atuação articulada dos profissionais de saúde e educação sobre os determinantes sociais é o caminho para promover saúde e o desempenho escolar infantil, com vistas a minimizar os efeitos das iniquidades existentes.

Framework and Contents of International Policies of Inclusive Physical Activity to School Health / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To systematically analyze the framework and core content of physical activity inclusive school health policies. Methods This study conducted systematic content analysis of key messages of WHO key documents related to physical activity and school health services, and constructed policy and research framework. WHO's key policy documents in the field of school health included: Making Every School a Health-Promoting School Implementation Guidelines, WHO Guidelines on School Health Services, and the Global Criteria and Indicators for Making Every School a Health-Promoting School, and the key documents in the field of physical activity mainly include Global Action Plan for Physical Activity Promotion 2018-2030: Strengthening Physical Activity for a Healthy World, and WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior (Children and adolescents). Results Physical activity, as a health strategy and development strategy, is one of the most important tools for achieving health-promoting schools. In the area of health and education, the key to building health-promoting schools is to focus on child functioning and development, with the goal of promoting healthy inclusion and equity in schools. In the school setting, physical activity for children and adolescents is integrated into the school health service continuum with a focus on health promotion. At the macro level, the state and relevant authorities should establish a strategic structure and strategic planning for the integration of physical activity into the school health service system. At the meso level, educational institutions should develop and improve school health service policies and programs, and improve school health service tools based on the requirements of WHO school health service guidelines. Child health services are achieved through the provision of high-quality physical education programs and after-school physical activities. At the micro level, guided by global standards for building health-promoting schools, physical activity is promoted in the form of lessons and activities for healthy child development. Integrating physical activity into the school health service system can be done in six areas: school health leadership and governance, school infrastructure funding, school health service delivery that supports physical activity, human resources for school health, school health-related medicine and technology, and school health information system. We need to implement health-promoting school policies, strengthen multi-level school leadership and governance, raise the necessary funds to develop human resources adapted to the construction of health-promoting schools and build programs to support physical activity. Conclusion School health service is an important area for promoting children's health and achieving the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, and physical activity is an important strategy of school health services. Policy documents issued by WHO construct the integration of physical activity into the policy framework of the school health service system, of which the core component is to integrate physical activity into the health-promoting school with educational and physical activity approaches. According to the WHO six building blocks of health service system, the integration of physical activity into the school health requires strengthening school health leadership and governance, improving school infrastructure financing, developing school health human resources, developing school-based health-related medical technologies, and establishing a health information system for sharing student health data.

Framework and Contents of International Policies of Inclusive Physical Activity to School Health / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To systematically analyze the framework and core content of physical activity inclusive school health policies. Methods This study conducted systematic content analysis of key messages of WHO key documents related to physical activity and school health services, and constructed policy and research framework. WHO's key policy documents in the field of school health included: Making Every School a Health-Promoting School Implementation Guidelines, WHO Guidelines on School Health Services, and the Global Criteria and Indicators for Making Every School a Health-Promoting School, and the key documents in the field of physical activity mainly include Global Action Plan for Physical Activity Promotion 2018-2030: Strengthening Physical Activity for a Healthy World, and WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior (Children and adolescents). Results Physical activity, as a health strategy and development strategy, is one of the most important tools for achieving health-promoting schools. In the area of health and education, the key to building health-promoting schools is to focus on child functioning and development, with the goal of promoting healthy inclusion and equity in schools. In the school setting, physical activity for children and adolescents is integrated into the school health service continuum with a focus on health promotion. At the macro level, the state and relevant authorities should establish a strategic structure and strategic planning for the integration of physical activity into the school health service system. At the meso level, educational institutions should develop and improve school health service policies and programs, and improve school health service tools based on the requirements of WHO school health service guidelines. Child health services are achieved through the provision of high-quality physical education programs and after-school physical activities. At the micro level, guided by global standards for building health-promoting schools, physical activity is promoted in the form of lessons and activities for healthy child development. Integrating physical activity into the school health service system can be done in six areas: school health leadership and governance, school infrastructure funding, school health service delivery that supports physical activity, human resources for school health, school health-related medicine and technology, and school health information system. We need to implement health-promoting school policies, strengthen multi-level school leadership and governance, raise the necessary funds to develop human resources adapted to the construction of health-promoting schools and build programs to support physical activity. Conclusion School health service is an important area for promoting children's health and achieving the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, and physical activity is an important strategy of school health services. Policy documents issued by WHO construct the integration of physical activity into the policy framework of the school health service system, of which the core component is to integrate physical activity into the health-promoting school with educational and physical activity approaches. According to the WHO six building blocks of health service system, the integration of physical activity into the school health requires strengthening school health leadership and governance, improving school infrastructure financing, developing school health human resources, developing school-based health-related medical technologies, and establishing a health information system for sharing student health data.

Practices, Scope and Determinants of School Health Services in Osun State, Nigeria.

Introduction: A healthful school environment is that which embraces the health and safety of learners and other members of the school community. Undergoing pre-school medical examination (PSME) is not only necessary to screen for previously undiagnosed health conditions and subsequent recognition of those with special care but it is also imperative to have base-line health information about the pupils. This study seeks to elucidate the practices and determinants of school health services (SHS) in Osun state. Methodology: In the cross-sectional descriptive study, a total of 229 heads of schools (102 primary and 127 secondary) in Osun state were interviewed using a selfadministered questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16. Level of significance was set at p-value of 0.05. Results: All the respondents were aware of SHS with 114(50.7%) having good knowledge. Although up to 209 (91.3%) are aware of PSME and 188 (83.6) agreed that it was necessary, only 46 (20.1%) have their pupils undergo PSME. Most schools (76.8%) provide toilet facilities mainly of the pit type. Overall knowledge of SHS was good in 114 (50.7%) of the respondents. Medical services are provided through First Aid box. 221(96.5%) and School clinic 43(19.5%) most (92.7%) of which are free. Overall practice of SHS was good in 42 (18.7%) of the respondents. Respondents from secondary and private schools had better knowledge and practice of SHS. Conclusion: The practice of SHS is below expectation. There is a need to improve knowledge of heads of schools concerning SHS emphasizing the importance of SHS.

O trabalho docente e a qualidade de vida dos professores na educação básica / Elementary school teachers and their quality of life / El trabajo docente y la calidad de vida de profesores en la educación básica

Objetivos Investigar alguns fatores relacionados com a qualidade de vida de professores de educação básica do município de Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, considerando as características do trabalho docente. Métodos 349 professores das redes municipal e estadual de educação, que trabalhavam em escolas das diferentes regiões do município, responderam a um questionário com questões relacionadas ao trabalho e ao Whoqol-bref. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e testes de diferenças entre médias dos indicadores de qualidade de vida geral e dos domínios físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente. Resultados Os professores com maior carga horária semanal e aqueles da rede estadual de ensino apresentaram menores índices de qualidade de vida em todos os domínios investigados. Professores com mais tempo de serviço no magistério apresentaram menores índices de qualidade de vida considerando o domínio físico (p=0,007) e relações sociais (p<0,001). Os professores em cargo de direção/supervisão apresentaram escores superiores de qualidade de vida no domínio meio ambiente em relação aos professores de sala de aula. Conclusões Em síntese a redução da carga horária parece ser o principal fator associado com menores índices de qualidade de vida na amostra.

Objectives Investigating some pertinent factors associated with elementary education teachers' quality of life working in the Brazilian city of Florianopolis and surrounding district. Methods 349 state and municipal school system elementary school teachers working in the city and its surrounding areas answered a questionnaire containing work-related questions and the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used and the differences between means were analyzed, considering physical, psychological, social relationships and environmental domains. Results Teachers working more hours per week and in the state school system had lower quality of life indices in all domains investigated. Those having more years of service in the teaching profession had lower quality of life indexes regarding the physical (p=0.007) and social relationships (p<0.001) domains. Teachers occupying management/supervisory posts had higher quality of life scores in the environmental domain compared to classroom teachers. Conclusions The hours worked seemed to be the main factor associated with lower quality of life scores in this sample of elementary school teachers.

Objetivos Investigar algunos factores relacionados con la calidad de vida de profesores de educación básica del municipio de Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, considerando las características del trabajo docente. Métodos 349 profesores de las redes municipal y estadual de educación, que trabajaban en escuelas de las diferentes regiones del municipio, respondieron a un cuestionario con preguntas relacionadas al trabajo y al Whoqol-bref. Fueron realizados análisis descriptivos y tests de diferencias entre medias de los indicadores de calidad de vida general y de los dominios físico, psicológico, relaciones sociales y medio ambiente. Resultados Los profesores con mayor carga horaria semanal y aquellos de la red estadual de enseñanza presentaron menores índices de calidad de vida en todos los dominios investigados. Profesores con más tiempo de servicio en magisterio presentaron menores índices de calidad de vida, considerando el dominio físico (p=0,007) y relaciones sociales (p<0,001). Los profesores en cargos de dirección/supervisión presentaron resultados superiores de calidad de vida en el dominio medio ambiente, en relación a los profesores que dan clases. Conclusiones En síntesis, la reducción de la carga horaria parece ser el principal factor asociado a menores índices de calidad de vida en la muestra.