Problemas visuales en niños de edad escolar / Visual Impairment in School-Age Children

Introducción: A partir de su formación permanente y continuada, desde la educación en el trabajo, el tecnólogo de la salud en optometría y óptica desarrolla modos de actuación en la atención primaria de salud, mediante la interacción con escuelas de la comunidad, para identificar problemas visuales en niños y contribuir a su rehabilitación, al brindar educación especializada a familias y docentes. Objetivo: Exponer los resultados de una investigación sobre problemas visuales en niños en edad escolar atendidos en el Policlínico Mario Escalona para la socialización de datos que contribuyan a la educación especializada de familias y docentes en la rehabilitación visual. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, desde enero de 2020 hasta abril de 2022, para conocer la incidencia del uso de dispositivos electrónicos en niños en edad escolar atendidos en el Policlínico Mario Escalona. Conformaron el universo 1953 niños. Se valoró el defecto refractivo y el tiempo de uso de los dispositivos electrónicos. Resultados: El astigmatismo miópico fue la ametropía más frecuente, con una incidencia superior al 50 por ciento. En encuestas realizadas a los padres se corroboró el uso desmedido de dispositivos electrónicos. Conclusiones: Como acto de responsabilidad profesional, desde la atención primaria de salud, el tecnólogo de la salud en optometría y óptica debe identificar los problemas visuales en niños en edad escolar y brindar educación especializada a familias y docentes, que contribuya a la rehabilitación visual(AU)

Introduction: From his or her permanent and continuous training, from education at work, the health technologist in Optometry and Optics develops modes of action in primary health care, through interaction with community schools, to identify visual problems in children and contribute to their rehabilitation, by providing specialized education to families and professors. Objective: To present the results of a research on visual problems in school-age children treated at Mario Escalona Polyclinic for the socialization of data that contribute to the specialized education of families and teachers in visual rehabilitation. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2020 to April 2022, in order to know the incidence of the use of electronic devices in school-age children attended at Policlínico Docente Dr. Mario Escalona Reguera. The universe consisted of 1953 children. The refractive defect and the time of use of electronic devices were assessed. Results: Myopic astigmatism was the most frequent ametropia, with an incidence higher than 50 percent. Surveys of parents corroborated an excessive use of electronic devices. Conclusions: As an act of professional responsibility, from primary health care, the health technologist in Optometry and Peptics should identify visual problems in school-age children, as well as provide specialized education to families and professors, contributing to visual rehabilitation(AU)

Prevalence and Intensity of Dental Caries in School-age Children of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Introduction: The high level of prevalence and intensity of dental caries in school children reflects the urgency of the problem and the necessity of proper dental education among children and their parents and to develop recommendations aimed at the prevention of dental caries. Aim: To find out the epidemiological situation of dental caries in school age children of Krasnoyarsk Territory. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted on the prevalence and intensity of dental caries in 232 school-age children of educational institutions in the city of Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai and 386 children in the city of Talnakh aged 7 to 17 years. The study used a special dental examination card recommended by WHO (2013). Results: The results obtained characterize an unfavorable level of morbidity with a high level of dental treatment needs and preventive care. School children and their parents exhibited low level of knowledge pertaining to sanitary conditions. The situation dictates the need for further intensification of the prevention of dental diseases and sanitary and educational work among the population. Conclusion: The research showed the inimical epidemiological situation of dental caries in school-age children of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The situation dictates the need for further intensification of sanitary and educational work and the introduction of an interdepartmental program for the prevention of dental caries in the region.

Efectividad de la hipnoterapia en escolares con trastornos de ansiedad fóbica / Effectiveness of hypnotherapy in school children with disorders of phobic anxiety: en

Introducción: La fobia es un trastorno de ansiedad caracterizado por temor o miedo intenso e irracional hacia algo. Presenta una tasa de incidencia anual de 8 % y la hipnosis es uno de los tratamientos más empleados en quienes la padecen. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del modelo hipnoterapéutico aplicado a pacientes en edad escolar con trastornos de ansiedad fóbica. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención hipnoterapéutica cuasiexperimental en los 30 pacientes con fobia escolar que acudieron a la consulta multidisciplinaria de hipnosis en la Clínica de Hipnosis Terapéutica de Santiago de Cuba, desde octubre de 2016 hasta igual mes de 2018. A tal efecto, la intervención constó de 3 etapas y se aplicó la prueba de Mc-Nemar para dos muestras relacionadas, así como el estadígrafo de la Χ2. Resultados: En la serie predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino (53,3 %), principalmente entre 8 y 9 años de edad (37,5 %), así como las fobias específicas. Luego de aplicada la hipnosis, se obtuvo una respuesta psicológica favorable en todos los pacientes. Conclusiones: El modelo hipnoterapéutico aplicado resultó ser efectivo, pues se logró una evolución clínica favorable y una buena respuesta al tratamiento.

Introduction: Phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by fear or intense and irrational fear toward something. It presents an annual rate of incidence of 8 % and hypnosis is one of the most used treatments in those who suffer from this disorder. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the hypnotherapeutic pattern applied to patients in school age with phobic anxiety disorders. Methods: A quasi-experiment hypnotherapeutic intervention was carried out in the 30 patients with school phobia that attended the hypnosis multidisciplinary service at the Therapeutic Hypnosis Clinic in Santiago de Cuba, from October, 2016 to the same month in 2018. To such an effect, the intervention consisted of 3 stages and the Mc-Nemar test was applied for 2 related samples, as well as the chi-square test. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the male sex patients (53.3 %), mainly between 8 and 9 years (37.5 %), as well as the specific phobias. After having applied the hypnosis, a favorable psychological response was obtained in all the patients. Conclusions: The hypnotherapeutic pattern applied was effective, because a favorable clinical course and a good treatment response were achieved.

Assessment of anthropometric and physical profile of selected school-age children in rural and urban setting in South-West Nigeria (NigeriaLINX pilot) / Avaliação do perfil antropométrico e físico de crianças em idade escolar selecionadas em ambientes rurais e urbanos no sudoeste da Nigéria (piloto NigeriaLINX)

Objective: the objective of this study was to examine the anthropometric and physical profile of selected school-age children in rural and urban setting. Methods: the descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted for the study while multistage sampling techniques, which included simple random and systematic sampling techniques, were used to draw samples from the target population. The sample constitute healthy children who voluntarily participated in the study after consent for participation was given by individual parent. Anthropometric measurements for the study included height, weight, sitting height and BMI while the physical fitness tests for the study included sit and reach, handgrip strength, speed bounce, standing broad jump, 10m x 5 shuttles run and multistage fitness test. Z score, STEN score and independent T-Test were used for data analysis. Results: a total of 222 healthy children with average age of 10 years (male=112, female=109) participated in the study. The results showed that the urban children were taller (Urban=141.3±9.2m; Rural=134±21.3m), heavier (Urban=37.6±10.4kg; Rural=28.2±6.2kg), had more leg power (Urban=105.7±25.5; Rural=49.4±41.0) and arm strength (Urban=15.7±4.1; Rural=13.4±5.2) than rural children. However, the rural children had higher sit and reach score (Rural=25.3±5.8; Urban=22.8±6.0) and completed more laps in multistage fitness test (Rural=35.5±25.5; Urban=12±5.7). The statistical analysis showed that all the variables were significantly different urban and rural children (P<0.05). Conclusion: the current study shows that the children in the urban and rural settings differed in the selected anthropometric and physical variables Therefore, the physical education program and infrastructural facilities for physical activity and sport participation for school age children should be designed based on the socioeconomic status, social amenities and level of development of the host community

Objetivo: examinar o perfil antropométrico e físico de crianças em idade escolar selecionadas em ambientes rurais e urbanos. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal aplicando técnicas de amostragem em vários estágios, que incluíam processos de amostragem aleatória simples e sistemática, usadas para extrair amostras da população-alvo. A amostra constitui-se de crianças saudáveis que participaram voluntariamente do estudo, após consentimento para participação dado por um dos pais. As medições antropométricas incluíram altura, peso, altura sentada e IMC, enquanto os testes de aptidão física para o estudo incluíram sentar-se e alcançar, força de preensão manual, salto de velocidade, salto em largura, corrida de vaivém de 10 x 5 metros e teste de aptidão multiestágio. Foram usados para a análise escore z, escore STEN e teste t independentemente dos dados. Resultados: um total de 222 crianças saudáveis com idade média de 10 anos (masculino=112, feminino=109) participaram do estudo. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças urbanas eram mais altas (Urbano=141,3±9,2m; Rurais=134±21,3m), mais pesadas (Urbano=37,6±10,4kg; Rurais=28,2±6,2kg), tinham mais força nas pernas (Urbano=105,7±25,5; Rurais =49,4±41,0) e força de braço (Urbano=15,7±4,1; Rural=13,4±5,2) do que as crianças da zona rural. No entanto, as crianças da zona rural tiveram maior pontuação de sentar e alcançar (Rural=25,3±5,8; Urbana=22,8±6,0) e completaram mais voltas no teste de condicionamento físico multiestágio (Rural=35,5±25,5; Urbana=12±5,7). Todas as variáveis eram significativamente diferentes entre crianças urbanas e rurais (P<0,05). Conclusão: o presente estudo mostrou que as crianças das áreas urbana e rural diferiram nas variáveis antropométricas e físicas selecionadas. Portanto, o programa de educação física e as instalações de infraestrutura para atividades físicas e participação em esportes para crianças em idade escolar devem ser projetados com base no status socioeconômico, nas comodidades sociais e no nível de desenvolvimento da comunidade anfitriã

Sex difference of fine motor skills of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of fine motor skills of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in different sexes. MethodsFrom April, 2021 to April, 2023, 66 ADHD children from grades one to four in Beijing Haidian Wanquan Primary School were screened by psychiatrists, and other 69 ADHD children were recruited from hospitals and patient groups of WeChat, accounting to 135 ADHD children. Meanwhile, a total of 135 typically developed (TD) children matched with sex and age (< 0.5 year) were recruited from the same primary school as controls. They were assessed with Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2) four subtests of manual dexterit. ResultsAfter controlling age, the subtest scores and the total score of fine motor of MABC-2 were less in ADHD boys and girls than in the TD boys and girls (P < 0.05). The main effect of sex was significant on the subtest scores and the total score of fine motor for ADHD children (F > 5.133, P < 0.05), and they were less in the boy than in the girls (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe development of fine motor delays in school-aged ADHD children, especially for the boys.

Association Between Daily Executive Function and Core Symptoms， Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo explore the association between daily executive function and core symptoms， the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） in children with autism spectrum disorder （ASD）， and the moderating effect of theory of mind and other cognitive abilities on this association. MethodsChildren aged 6-12 years with ASD were recruited， and 86 children were identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children， Fourth Edition （WISC-Ⅳ）， Strange Story Test （SST） and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function （BRIEF） were used to evaluate children's cognitive ability. Swanson Nolan and Pelham-Version Ⅳ Scale （SNAP-Ⅳ）， Social Responsiveness Scale （SRS）， and Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revise （RBS-R） were used to assess the severity of ADHD symptoms， social impairment， and repetitive stereotyped behavior. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the association between daily executive function and ADHD symptoms， social impairment， repetitive stereotyped behaviors. ResultsAfter controlling for the score of strange stories， verbal comprehension index （VCI） and other factors， the full scale score and each index of BRIEF were positively correlated with full scale score of SNAP （b = 0.619-0.741， b’ = 0.637-0.755）， SRS （b = 0.928-1.200， b’ = 0.417-0.513） and RBS-R （b = 0.326-0.525， b’ = 0.339-0.520） in children with ASD （P< 0.05）， and the SNAP total score was more strongly correlated with the full scale BRIEF score and each index score （b’ = 0.637-0.755，P< 0.01）. In addition to daily executive function， strange stories score （b = -2.218- -1.839） and age （b = 3.181-4.037） were also the important factors affecting the social function of children with ASD （P< 0.01）. There were no moderating effects of strange stories score and age on the association between BRIEF score and full scale score of SNAP， SRS， and RBS-R（P> 0.05）. ConclusionThe deficits of daily executive function in school-aged ASD children are significantly associated with core symptoms and ADHD symptoms， and the association is independent of other cognitive domains， such as theory of mind and verbal comprehension intelligence quotient.

Analysis of the characteristics and therapeutic effect of consonant errors in children with functional articulation disorders at different ages / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#Analyzing the characteristics of consonant errors in children with functional dysarthria in different age groups and the effect of speech training provides a reference for clinical treatment. @*Methods @#This study followed medical ethics, and informed consent has been obtained from patients. Speech data from 388 patients with functional dysarthria were retrospectively studied. They were divided into two groups at the age of 6, namely, the preschool group (4-6 years old) of 226 patients and the school age group (6-13 years old, including 6 years old) of 162 patients. The characteristics of consonant pronunciation errors from four aspects were analyzed: average number of errors, pronunciation location, pronunciation method, and error type. One-on-one speech training was conducted, with a training frequency of once a week and once for 30 minutes. The training method was carried out in the order of phoneme training, syllable training, vocabulary training, sentence training, and short text and conversation training. The effects of speech training in the two groups were compared. @*Results@#Analysis by pronunciation location: both age groups had the highest frequency of errors in tongue tip posterior sounds; the school age group had the lowest error frequency for labiodental consonants, and the preschool group had the lowest error frequency for bilabial consonants. According to the analysis of pronunciation mode, both age groups had the highest error frequency of aspirated affricate and the lowest error frequency of nasal sound. Analysis by error type: both age groups are mainly characterized by substitution and omission. Compared with the preschool group, most consonants of patients in the school group tend to improve in terms of pronunciation location, pronunciation mode, and error types. Compared with the preschool group, the two types of errors-palatalization and lateralization-increased in frequency in the school group, but the trend of increased lateralization was not statistically significant. After 6.7 and 5.5 sessions of speech training, the pronunciation of the preschool group and the school-age group significantly improved; the cure rate of the school-age group was 84.9% (118/139), and that of the preschool group was 77.1% (91/118). There was no statistically significant difference in the cure rate between the two groups.@*Conclusion@# Functional dysarthria may improve with age, but it may not completely self-heal. Children of different age groups can achieve good treatment results through scientific and reasonable speech training.

Biometric investigation of ocular components in various types of anisometropia in school-age children / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To compare the differences and correlations between different types of anisometropia, binocular visual acuity and biological parameters in school-age children.METHODS: A total of 128 school-age children(6-12 years)with mild-to-moderate anisometropia were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects were divided into five groups according to anisometropia type. All participants underwent cycloplegic refraction, A-scan ultrasound biometry, and corneal topography. Refractive status, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), anterior chamber depth(ACD), lens thickness(LT), vitreous chamber depth(VCD), axial length(AL), corneal radius(CR), and ratio of AL and CR(AL/CR)were recorded. Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman rank correlation tests were then used for statistical analysis.RESULTS: Hyperopic anisometropia had the greatest binocular vision difference(0.14±0.20). Myopic anisometropia had the greatest asymmetry in AL and VCD(0.56±0.41 and 0.56±0.39 mm, respectively). Anisometropia was positively correlated with BCVA, VCD, AL, and AL/CR(r=0.266, 0.379, 0.350, 0.263, respectively; P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05), and it was not significantly correlated with LT and CR(r=-0.019,-0.069, respectively; P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05), while no parameters had a statistically significant correlation with anisometropia in each group.CONCLUSION: School-age children with hyperopic anisometropia showed the greatest difference of binocular acuity in the four types of anisometropia. The inter-ocular differences of biometric parameters in simple hyperopic or myopic anisometropia were mainly attributed to the asymmetry of VCD and AL, while the differences in ocular parameters were not statistically significant in school-age children with astigmatic anisometropia.

Aerobic activity reducing depression in school-age children: a multiple mediation effects analysis based on five dimensions of psychosocial functioning / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of aerobic capacity on depression in school-age children, and the multiple mediators of the five dimensions of psychosocial functioning (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, peer problems, prosocial behavior and hyperactivity) between aerobic capacity and depression. MethodsFrom October to December, 2021, pupils of Grade two to Grade five from two primary schools were chester-sampled and investigated using 20-meter multistage shuttle run test, Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, Self-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. ResultsA total of 391 pupils underwent 20-meter multistage shuttle run test, and 312 out of them answering the questionnaires, and 294 questionnaires were valid. Aerobic capacity, depression, emotional symptoms, peer problems, prosocial behavior and hyperactivity were significantly correlated with each other (|r| > 0.127, P < 0.05) (except aerobic capacity and peer problems, and emotional symptoms and prosocial behavior). The results of the multiple mediation effect model showed that aerobic capacity could directly and negatively predict depression, and the mediating effects of emotional symptoms, peer problems, prosocial behavior and hyperactivity were significant, accounting for 34.37%, 12.54%, 34.06% and 17.80% of the total mediating effect, respectively. ConclusionThe aerobic capacity could not only directly affect depression of school-age children, but also improve their psychosocial functioning by reducing emotional symptoms, peer problems and hyperactivity, and increasing prosocial behavior, to indirectly affect their depression.

Evaluating the effect of childhood and adolescence asthma on the household economy

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship between asthma control, family income and family costs of asthma in a population of children-adolescents; to detail the family costs of asthma in this age range; and to compare asthma costs for the families of children-adolescents and adults. Methods The authors invited asthmatic subjects who attended a scheduled spirometry test at the Jundiaí School of Medicine (FMJ). The FMJ performs all spirometry tests requested by staff physicians who serve at the public healthcare system in the municipality. Volunteers responded to the ACQ, the Asthma Family Costs Questionnaire and underwent a spirometry test. Results The authors included 342 children-adolescents. Families of children-adolescents taking maintenance therapy and families of those reporting uncontrolled asthma symptoms were more likely to report any expenditure with asthma during the preceding month. In this age range, the smallest expenditures were on diagnostic tests and medical consultations, while home expenditures to avoid asthma triggers were the highest ones. As compared to adults' families, the children and adolescents families reported a greater proportion of income committed with asthma. Expenditures with transportation to healthcare facilities for asthma care were greater in the families of children-adolescents as compared to the values reported by the adults' families; in contrast, loss of income due to asthma was smaller in the families of children-adolescents. Conclusions Children-adolescents' asthma affects the household economy. The authors believe researchers should assess this outcome when designing studies about asthma. Finally, the study's data support the necessity of public policies in low-resource communities to minimize the economic impact of children and adolescents' asthma.

Semantic and orthographic processing characters in Chinese school-age children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the developmental characteristics of Chinese semantic and orthographic processing in normal school-age children by event-related potential (ERP) technique.Methods:Children aged 7-11 in an ordinary primary school in Changzhou were randomly selected and divided into 7-year old group ( n=21 ), 8-year old group ( n=21), 9-year old group ( n=19), 10-year old group ( n=20) and 11- year old group ( n=22) according to their age.ERP was recorded while subjects completed the Chinese character semantic activation task and pseudo word judgment task. Then the N400 and P200 amplitudes of school-age children under the conditions of semantic correlation, semantic uncorrelation and pseudo word judgment were collected, and the data were analyzed by three factors mixed design ANOVA.Data of behavioral accuracy and response time were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni correction was used for multiple hypothesis testing. The statistical software was SPSS 25.0. Results:(1)Behavioral results: the accuracy of semantic related and semantic unrelated tasks of children in the five groups aged 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 were statistically significant ( F=15.55, 4.01, both P<0.01), and the accuracy of children in the 7-year old group was significantly lower than those in the other four groups (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the accuracy of pseudo word judgment task among the five groups ( F=0.68, P=0.609). The response time of children in the five groups under semantic related and semantic unrelated tasks was significantly different ( F=3.90, 3.13, both P<0.05). The response time of the 11-year old group under semantic related tasks was significantly shorter than those of the 7-, 8- and 9-year old groups (all P<0.05). The response time of the 7-year old and 11-year old groups under semantic unrelated tasks was significantly shorter than those of the 8-, 9- and 10-year old groups (all P<0.05). (2)ERP results: N400 amplitudes of 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- and 11-year old children under semantic related tasks were significantly smaller than those under semantic unrelated tasks and pseudo word judgment tasks (all P<0.05). The N400 amplitude of the subjects gradually decreased with the increase of age, except that there was no statistical difference between the 10-year old and 11-year old groups under the semantic related task, between the 8-year old and 9-year old groups under the semantic unrelated task and the pseudo word judgment task, and between the 10-year old and 11-year old groups (all P>0.05), there were statistical differences between the other age groups (all P<0.05). P200 amplitude of semantic related task at 7-, 8-, 9- and 10-year old was significantly higher than that at semantic unrelated task (all P<0.05), and the amplitude of semantic related task at 7-, 8-, 10- and 11-year old was significantly higher than that at pseudo word judgment (all P<0.05). The amplitude of P200 gradually increased with age, and there were significant differences in pairwise comparison among other age groups ( P<0.05), except semantic related task and unrelated task among 7-, 8- and 9-year old groups, between 10- and 11-year old groups, and pseudo word task between 7- and 8- years old groups, 10- and 11- year old groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The semantic processing and orthographic processing of school-age children develop with age in a unique way. The age of 7 is an important period for cognitive development of Chinese language.The age of 8-9 may be a sensitive period for the development of brain plasticity, and the development slows down at the age of 10-11.

The interaction between 5-HTT gene rs6354 polymorphism and family factors on the adaptability of Mongolian school-age children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of rs6354 polymorphism of 5-HTT gene and family factors on the adaptability of Mongolian school-age children.Methods:The adaptability of 453 primary school students was assessed based on the middle childhood temperament questionnaire(MCTQ). The polymorphism of 5-HTT gene rs6354 was determined by improved multiple ligase detection reaction(iMLDR) technology. SPSS18.0 statistical software was used for data processing and analysis.Results:(1) The adaptability scores of children with GG/GT and TT genotype at rs6354 locus of 5-HTT gene were(2.88±0.73) and(3.03±0.76). (2) Univariate analysis showed that the adaptability scores of Mongolian school-age children were significantly different among different education levels of their parents (father F=2.580, P=0.037; mother F=3.245, P=0.012). (3) Multiple regression analysis showed that mother's educational level( B=-0.079, P=0.010) and rs6354 polymorphism( B=0.165, P=0.041) were inflencing factors of the adaptability score of Mongolian school-age children. (4) Logistic regression analysis showed that father's education level was a significant impact factor of the adaptive level of Mongolian school-age children( B=0.453, P<0.05, OR=1.573, 95% CI=1.023-2.417). Conclusion:rs6354 polymorphism is weakly correlated with children's adaptability, and the education level of parents, especially fathers, may be an important factor affecting the adaptability of Mongolian school-age children.

Repeated low-level red-light therapy: a novel method for myopia prevention and control / 中华实验眼科杂志

China has recently proposed a countrywide myopia control strategy for children and adolescents due to the rapidly increasing incidence and early onset of myopia.Recent studies have proposed interventions and methods for myopia prevention and control, such as low-dose atropine and orthokeratology lens, while the current strategies are subject to cause inconvenience and ineligible risks of side effects.Although accumulating evidence has shown that increased time outdoors is effective in reducing the risk of myopia development, its effect is closely related to light exposure.Interventions to enhance time spent outdoors or further increase on light exposure to prevent myopia are pragmatically challenging.A multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) led by Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, adopted repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) to deliver light on the retina directly for a much shorter duration of exposure but repeatedly, and further assessed the efficacy and safety of RLRL therapy in myopia control among children.Findings from the RCT showed promising efficacy of RLRL therapy in slowing myopia progression among school-age children with mild to moderate myopia, providing high-level evidence for RLRL therapy as a safe and efficacious strategy for reducing myopia progression.This paper summarized the findings from the RCT, discussed how to adopt such a treatment for myopia control in clinical practice, and further suggested eye care service providers to follow the research progress of RLRL therapy for myopia prevention and control.

Relationship between body muscle mass and body mass index of school-age children and their growth differences in different seasons / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the relationship between body muscle mass and body mass index of school-age children and their growth differences in different seasons. Methods A total of 526 cases of preschool children who came to Hengshui People's Hospital for examination from June 2018 to June 2020 were selected as observation objects, including 300 males and 226 females, aged 6-11 years old, with an average age of (8.2 years ±0.2 years). According to the body mass index (BMI), children are divided into normal body weight, overweight weight and obese groups. According to the season, preschool children were divided into four groups, spring group, summer group, autumn group, and winter group, with 131 cases in each group. The physique of preschool children was tested, and the serum 25(OH)D was detected at the same time, the body muscle mass was measured by the bioelectrical impedance method, and the whole body muscle mass index was calculated. Multi-factor linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between vitamin D nutritional status and muscle mass index ; To study the average vitamin D content of children and the differences in different seasons. Results There were 396 children with normal BMI, 90 were overweight, and 40 were obese. The children's normal weight, overweight, and obesity were divided into groups. According to the increase in BMI, the normal vitamin level group, overweight group, and obesity group also decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P0.05). Compared with the vitamin D deficiency and deficiency groups, the number of children with sufficient vitamin D is also increasing, and the children with sufficient vitamin D have a fixed-point visit to the MMI. According to the analysis results, it is observed that there is a statistically significant difference in vitamin D nutrition and body muscle mass levels (P<0.05). The serum 25(OH)D levels of children in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The body muscle mass and body mass index of preschool children have a significant relationship with 25(OH)D. When 25(OH)D is sufficient, higher body muscle mass can be obtained and the body mass index can be decreased. The growth difference in different seasons is manifested in the higher 25(OH)D in summer, which is more conducive to the growth and development of preschool children.

The SACT Template: A Human Brain Diffusion Tensor Template for School-age Children / 神经科学通报·英文版

School-age children are in a specific development stage corresponding to juvenility, when the white matter of the brain experiences ongoing maturation. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), especially diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is extensively used to characterize the maturation by assessing white matter properties in vivo. In the analysis of DWI data, spatial normalization is crucial for conducting inter-subject analyses or linking the individual space with the reference space. Using tensor-based registration with an appropriate diffusion tensor template presents high accuracy regarding spatial normalization. However, there is a lack of a standardized diffusion tensor template dedicated to school-age children with ongoing brain development. Here, we established the school-age children diffusion tensor (SACT) template by optimizing tensor reorientation on high-quality DTI data from a large sample of cognitively normal participants aged 6-12 years. With an age-balanced design, the SACT template represented the entire age range well by showing high similarity to the age-specific templates. Compared with the tensor template of adults, the SACT template revealed significantly higher spatial normalization accuracy and inter-subject coherence upon evaluation of subjects in two different datasets of school-age children. A practical application regarding the age associations with the normalized DTI-derived data was conducted to further compare the SACT template and the adult template. Although similar spatial patterns were found, the SACT template showed significant effects on the distributions of the statistical results, which may be related to the performance of spatial normalization. Looking forward, the SACT template could contribute to future studies of white matter development in both healthy and clinical populations. The SACT template is publicly available now ( https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/SACT_template/14071283 ).

Niveles de actividad física y gasto frente a pantallas en escolares: diferencias de edad y género / Levels of physical activity and time spending in front of screens in schoolchildren: differences in age and gender

Resumen Introducción: Cada vez se masifican las tecnologías electrónicas de pantalla entre la población infantil, práctica que ha llevado a un estilo de vida sedentario incrementa los riesgos para la salud de los individuos. Objetivo: Asociar la actividad física y el uso de pantallas, con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el género en escolares urbanos de la ciudad de Popayán entre 10 a 12 años. Materiales y métodos: Muestreo aleatorio simple, 440 escolares en edades entre los 10 y 12 años (220 niños/220 niñas). Se realizó la encuesta Physical activity Questionnaire for Older Children-PAQ-C. Estudio prospectivo transversal comparativo, de análisis univariado y bivariado. Resultados: Existe la asociación entre niveles de actividad física moderados y las horas de uso de pantallas (X2=598,6; p=0,00); así como también entre el nivel de actividad física y el sexo de los escolares (X2=13,551; p=0,004). Conclusiones: Los niveles de actividad física y el uso de pantallas demuestran que los escolares que usan con mayor frecuencia la televisión, el computador y los videojuegos, despliegan la actividad física en niveles de moderada a baja.

Abstract Introduction: Use of electronic screen technologies are increasingly widespread among children and their frequent use has led to a sedentary lifestyle that increases health risks in this population. Objective: To study the association of physical activity and the use of electronic screen devices with the body mass index (BMI) and gender in urban schoolchildren aged between 10 to 12 years from the city of Popayán (Cauca, Colombia). Materials and methods: A comparative prospective cross-sectional study, with univariate and bivariate analyses, was carried out using a simple random sampling of 440 students between the ages of 10 and 12 years (220 boys/220 girls). The Physical activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) was applied. Results: There is an association between moderate levels of physical activity and hours spent in front of electronic screen devices (X2=598.6; p=0.00). Likewise, an association between the level of physical activity and gender of schoolchildren was found (X2=13.551; p=0.004). Conclusions: Children who frequently use television, computers, and/or video games show low to moderate levels of physical activity.

Evaluación del nivel de conocimiento sobre alimentación y hábitos saludables adquiridos a partir de un programa de educación alimentaria y nutricional destinado a niños y niñas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Evaluation of level of knowledge about food and healthy habits acquired through a food and nutritional education program aimed at school-age children in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Resumen Introducción: la educación alimentaria y nutricional en el ámbito escolar constituye una valiosa herramienta para la promoción de la salud y algunos estudios muestran su eficacia para mejorar conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos de la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de las y los escolares sobre los contenidos abordados en un programa de educación alimentaria y nutricional en escuelas de gestión estatal de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Materiales y método: se elaboró un cuestionario auto-administrado de 15 preguntas sobre alimentación saludable, características de un desayuno adecuado, actividad física, hidratación y nociones sobre el consumo de frutas y verduras. Se administró en una muestra aleatorizada de niñas y niños de 14 escuelas públicas de nivel primario, antes de iniciar la intervención educativa y luego de 2 años; entre abril de 2016 y noviembre de 2017. Se incluyeron 220 niñas y niños de 6° grado, de los cuales 191 completaron el cuestionario por segunda vez. Resultados: el porcentaje de escolares que respondieron correctamente se incrementó entre la primera y segunda medición en 13 de los 15 ítems, aunque la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa en solo 4. El puntaje final promedio fue levemente superior al inicial (0,88 puntos), y la diferencia alcanzó significación estadística para el total de niños y niñas, para ambos géneros y en 2 distritos escolares. Conclusiones: los resultados de la evaluación muestran una modificación pequeña, aunque significativa del nivel de conocimiento sobre alimentación y hábitos saludables de las niñas y los niños. Si bien este es uno de los múltiples factores que influyen en las decisiones alimentarias, es importante que desde el ámbito escolar se brinden las herramientas necesarias para que los individuos sean conscientes de tales elecciones.

Abstract Introduction: food and nutrition education at school is a valuable tool for health promotion and some studies show its effectiveness in improving the population's knowledge, attitudes and behavior. The objective of this work was to evaluate the level of knowledge schoolchildren had upon the contents addressed in a food and nutrition education program in state-run schools of the City of Buenos Aires. Material and methods: a self-administered questionnaire of 15 questions was developed including healthy eating, characteristics of an adequate breakfast, physical activity, hydration and notions about the consumption of fruits and vegetables. It was administered in a randomized sample of girls and boys from 14 state primary schools, before starting the educational intervention and after 2 years; between April 2016 and November 2017. 220 6th grade girls and boys were included, and 191 of them completed the questionnaire a second time. Results: the percentage of children who answered correctly increased between the first and second measurements in 13 of the 15 items, although the difference was statistically significant in only 4. The final average score was slightly higher than the initial one (0.88 points), and the difference reached statistical significance for all schoolchildren, for both genders, and in 2 school districts. Conclusion: The results of the evaluation show a small but significant change in the level of knowledge about food and healthy habits of school girls and boys. Although this is one of the many factors that influence food decisions, it is important that the necessary tools are provided from the school environment so that individuals are aware of such choices.

Investigation of the relationship between the theory of mind and creative thinking skills of children in rural area / Investigação da relação entre a teoria da mente e as habilidades de pensamento criativo de crianças na área rural

The aim of this study, accordingly, is to determine the relation between creativity and theory of mind skills of children aged 5-11 (Ns:117) who continue Primary Education in rural areas and to reveal the relation between the sub-dimensions of these abilities. At the end of the study, it was found that there was a significant and positive relation between the total creativity score and the sub-dimensions of theory of mind. It was found that there was a significant and positive relation between all sub-dimensions of creativity and theory of mind. The total creativity score and the scores of the sub-dimensions of creativity (fluency, originality, and elaboration) were significant but weak predictors of theory of mind tasks.

O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a relação entre criatividade e a teoria das habilidades mentais em crianças de 5 a 11 anos (Ns: 117) que continuam cursando o ensino fundamental em áreas rurais e revelar a relação entre as subdimensões dessas habilidades. No final do estudo, verificou-se que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre o escore total de criatividade e as subdimensões da teoria da mente dessas crianças. Verificou-se também que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre todas as subdimensões da criatividade e da teoria da mente. O escore total de criatividade e os escores das subdimensões da criatividade (fluência, originalidade e enriquecimento) foram preditores significativos, porém fracos, das tarefas da teoria da mente.

Cambios en sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares mexicanos de primarias públicas entre 2015 y 2018 / Overweight and obesity changes among Mexican school-age children from public elementary schools between 2015 and 2018

Resumen: Objetivo: Cuantificar los cambios de sobrepeso y obesidad (SO+O) y determinar su asociación con características sociodemográficas en escolares mexicanos de primarias públicas durante 2015 y 2018. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal comparativo. Se analizaron 6.5 millones de alumnos de 59 724 escuelas. La información deriva del Registro Nacional de Peso y Talla (RNPT) en cuatro periodos escolares, de 2015 a 2019, para niños de 6 a 12 años. Se estimaron razones de momios (RM) y prevalencias ajustadas mediante regresión logística ordinal generalizada. Resultados: Las RM fueron positivas para SO+O y para obesidad en el sexo masculino, ámbito urbano y baja marginación (p<0.001). La mayor prevalencia ajustada tanto para sobrepeso como para obesidad se reportó en 2016 (p<0.001). La región Sur manifestó ascensos constantes y significativos para obesidad durante cuatro periodos. Conclusión: El RNPT permite detectar diversas características de riesgo actual para el desarrollo de SO+O en escuelas primarias del país.

Abstract: Objective: To quantify changes in overweight and obesity and determine their association with sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican schoolchildren from public schools between 2015 and 2018. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional comparative study. The data of children between 6 an 12 years old was obtained from the National Register of Weight and Height (RNPT) during four years: 2015 trough 2019. Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted prevalences were estimated using generalized ordinal logistic regression. Results: A rough total of 6.5 million of children from 59 724 schools were studied. The OR's were positive for overweight and obesity (OW+OB) in male gender, urban locality and low marginalization (p<0.001). The greater adjusted probability of overweight and obesity found in 2016 (p<0.001). The country's south region shown constant and significative increases in obesity probabilities. Conclusion: The RNPT allows a real time detection of the various risk characteristics involved in overweight and obesity development in the country elementary schools.

Analysis of new myopia among school-age children in Suqian City in 2020 / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To determine the incidence of myopia and related risk factors among Chinese school-age children in Suqian city.<p>METHODS: The data were collected from 42 primary schools in Suqian, Jiangsu Province with a stratified cluster sampling method. According to the physical examination information in 2019 and 2020, a total of 12 452 school-age children were included. Based on their two-year information of visual acuity, diopter, height and weight, this study analyzed the incidence of myopia under different demographic factors and related risk factors among school-age children.<p>RESULTS: It was found that the overall incidence rate of myopia among school-age children was 24.63% in Suqian(all <i>P</i><0.01). Higher incidence rates of myopia occurred in the urban children than rural children(26.24% <i>vs</i> 21.31%), in females than males(27.05% <i>vs</i> 22.91%)and in overweight children than normal ones(25.82% <i>vs</i> 23.92%). The incidence also showed an increasing trend with age(χ2trend=236.421,<i>P</i><0.01). For the growth and development, the annual increases of height and weight in incident myopia were greater than that in persistent non-myopes(all<i>P</i><0.01). The Logistic regression analysis confirmed that urban children(<i>OR</i>=1.541), females(<i>OR</i>=1.325), elder-ages(<i>OR</i>=2.827)and overweight children(<i>OR</i>=1.191)were at higher risk of myopia onset(all <i>P</i><0.01).<p>CONCLUSION: The incidence of myopia among school-age children from Suqian City in 2020 was alarming. And urban children, females, elder and overweight school-age children were at relatively higher risk of myopia onset. Additionally, the rapid increase of height and weight over a period of time may be one of the warning signals for myopia onset. The factors impacting on the myopia onset among children warrants further studies.