Relato de experiência na criação de um manual eletrônico para o ensino da avaliação cognitiva pré-escolar em terapia ocupacional / Experience report on the creation of an electronic manual for teaching preschool cognitive assessment in occupational therapy / Relato de experiencia en la creación de un manual electrónico para la enseñanza de la evaluación cognitiva preescolar en terapia ocupacional

Objetivo: Descrever o processo de criação e as etapas de elaboração de um produto educacional do tipo manual eletrônico visando contribuir com a construção de conhecimento de graduandos de terapia ocupacional e áreas afins sobre avaliação cognitiva de pré-escolares. Relato da Experiência: Trata-se de estudo do tipo relato de experiência, onde são descritas as experiências vivenciadas no período de outubro de 2021 a março de 2023 para a construção do produto educacional elaborado a partir da dissertação de Mestrado do Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Ensino em Saúde na Amazônia. Discussão: A proposta deste relato de experiência atende a uma necessidade de expor dos desafios da construção do manual para favorecer a aquisição de conhecimento dos graduandos de terapia ocupacional sobre avaliação cognitiva pré-escolar. Foram utilizadas estratégias de criação de conteúdo através de templates que culminou com uma maior uniformidade na construção dos capítulos. Conclusão: A experiência criou um manual com grande potencial para uso na aquisição de conhecimento dos graduandos, visto que, as estratégias de ensino em saúde visam a prática pedagógica direcionada e informações claras.

Objective: To describe the process of creation and the stages of elaboration of an educational product aiming to contribute to the construction of knowledge of graduates of occupational therapy and related areas on cognitive assessment of preschoolers. Experience Report: This is a descriptive study of the experience report type, where the experiences lived from October 2021 to December 2022 were described for the construction of the educational product elaborated from the Master's dissertation of the Professional Master's Program in Health Education in the Amazon. The purpose of this experience report responds to a need to expose the challenges of building the manual to favor the acquisition of knowledge by occupational therapy graduates about preschool cognitive assessment. A creation strategy was used using the inductive method through templates, which culminated in greater uniformity in the formation of chapters. Final Considerations: The experiences played an essential role in the acquisition of skills in creating content for an educational product, since health teaching strategies aim at targeted pedagogical practice and clear information.

Objetivo: Describir el proceso de creación y las etapas de elaboración de un producto educativo tipo manual electrónico con el fin de contribuir a la construcción del conocimiento de estudiantes de terapia ocupacional y áreas relacionadas sobre la evaluación cognitiva de preescolares. Relato de la Experiencia: Se trata de un estudio tipo relato de experiencia, donde se describen las vivencias durante el período de octubre de 2021 a marzo de 2023 para la creación del producto educativo, el cual se elaboró a partir de la disertación de maestría del Programa de Maestría Profesional en Enseñanza en Salud en la Amazonía. Discusión: La propuesta de este relato de experiencia responde a la necesidad de exponer los desafíos en la creación del manual para facilitar la adquisición de conocimiento de los estudiantes de terapia ocupacional sobre la evaluación cognitiva preescolar. Se utilizaron estrategias de creación de contenido mediante plantillas, lo que resultó en una mayor uniformidad en la elaboración de los capítulos. Conclusión: La experiencia ha generado un manual con un gran potencial para ser utilizado en la adquisición de conocimientos por parte de los estudiantes, ya que las estrategias de enseñanza en salud promueven la práctica pedagógica dirigida y la claridad en la información.

Observation and Reflection on the Judicial Practice of the Crime of Impairing the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases / 中国医学伦理学

The crime of impairing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases was "activated" in the COVID-19 epidemic that broke out in early 2020. However, the scope of infectious diseases involved in the relevant crimes of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China before the revision was only limited to Category A infectious diseases, and the scope of application should be expanded when used for infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The revised Criminal Law "expands" the scope of infectious diseases involved in the crime from Category A to Category B controlled according to Category A, providing a legal basis for related cases, while the expressions in the new laws are repeated and ambiguous. Whether the criminal subject causes others to be infected is closely related to the sentencing of the crime, but it is still impossible to draw an exclusive conclusion on the causality leading to infection at the technical level. In summary, this paper proposed to correct the cases of inappropriate expansion of the application scope before the amendment of the Criminal Law, revise the improper expression of the new laws while cleaning up the relevant normative documents, clarify the unidentifiable part in the causal relationship of relevant cases and consider it in sentencing process.

Reflection on the Changes in the Scope of Ethical Review / 中国医学伦理学

At the end of February 2023, the new Notice on the Issuance of Ethical Review Measures for Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans was issued by the National Health Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. It adheres to the basic principles and institutional framework of the Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans , and combines with the actual situation of domestic ethical work to optimize and improve the details and procedures of the review. Based on the Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans, the Ethical Review Measures for Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans have expanded the scope of application of ethical review. Different experts in the field have discussed in detail the changes in the scope of review, and proposed review procedures that may need to be corresponding adjustments based on the changes for the readers’ reference.

Methods of apoptosis detection: advances and applications / 药学学报

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a common phenomenon which involved in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions in humans, such as neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic injury, autoimmune diseases and cancers. Apoptosis can be detected in vitro by morphology, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and other techniques. Probes for cell apoptosis detection in vivo are still under research and various reagents and methods are constantly emerging. However, none of apoptosis detection methods or reagents are perfect and they all have advantages and disadvantages, as well as suitable scope of application. With the increasing application of apoptosis detection techniques, researchers will be confused about how to choose a suitable method to detect apoptosis and define the application range of each apoptosis detection method. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the benefits and drawbacks of existing apoptosis detection techniques as well as their applicable conditions. This article reviews morphological characteristics, molecular mechanism and specific biochemical changes in apoptotic cells. We summarized various apoptosis-detection methods based on these characteristics that can be used in vitro and in vivo, the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the scope of application. Also, we highlighted the existing tracers that have been used in apoptosis detection in vivo, their potentialities and limitations as well as the clinical applications of apoptosis imaging in multiple disease fields.

Scope review of human caring for patients by head nurses / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To explore the current practice of head nurses′ human caring for patients at home and abroad, and integrate those effective measures and effect evaluation methods, so as to provide reference for nursing administrators.Methods:A framework was built on the scope review method proposed by Arksey and O′Malley, and such search terms as head nurse/nursing administrator, human caring/care/human-based, sick person/patient, nursing supervisory/charge nurse/head nurse/nurse administrator/nurse manager/nurse executive, empathy/care/compassion, patient/client were used. CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP, Chinese Medical Association Journal Full-text Database, Medical Knowledge Network (PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, OVID, EBSCO) and the Cochrane Library were searched from their initiation to November 29, 2022. Two researchers independently screened and extracted basic characteristics of the literature, as well as the measures used by the head nurses to implement human caring for patients and the effect evaluation tools.Results:A total of 57 articles were included. This paper reviewed the measures of human caring for patients at both levels of head nurses as direct caregivers and as organizers.The measures at the level of direct caregivers included implementing human caring in their ward rounds, creating a caring atmosphere, setting up a head nurse reception day, interviewing the care needs of patients and their families, innovating working methods based on the perspective of human caring, and caring communication with patients and their families; measures at the level of organizers included building a nursing human caring mode with specialist characteristics, building a human caring mode for different patient groups, strengthening the training of nurses′ human caring ability and literacy, building a caring environment and atmosphere, simplifying the nursing work process, and establishing a continuous and diversified nurse-patient communication mode, continuing human caring for discharged patients, organizing participation of nurses in social practices of human caring, setting up caring posts, and conducting care supervision and quality control. Patient satisfaction survey was used to evaluate the practical effects of human caring, but the evaluation objects were nurses or nursing services.Conclusions:Head nurses play an important role in the implementation of human caring, and a variety of measures can be taken to directly or indirectly implement human caring for patients. It is suggested to build more human caring modes to cover more specialties and patient groups, and improve the patient satisfaction evaluation tools with head nurses as the evaluation object.

Risk factors forvessel catheter associated infection in children with intestinal failure: a scoping review / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To scope review of studies on the risk factors for vessel catheter associated infection in children with intestinal failure was reviewed, so as to provide a reference for clinical medical staff to prevent and control infection.Methods:Based on the framework of scope review method, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, China Biomedical Literature Database, China Knowledge Networkand Wanfang database are retrieved. The retrieval period was from the database construction to February 1, 2022. The included literatures were Summarized and analyzed.Results:A total of 28 articles were included, and the risk factors of vessel catheter associated infection in children with intestinal failure were found to include 7 aspects: basic information of children, catheter nursing measures, type of tube-sealing solution, catheter factors, residual intestinal condition of children, nursing level of caregivers, therapeutic factors.Conclusions:The risk factors of vessel catheter associated infection in children with intestinal failure were found to include 7 aspects, which are complex and diverse with distinctive disease characteristics. In the future, medical staff can optimize the pipeline nursing measures; construct the model of cross-specialty health education and improve the nursing level of caregivers to reduce the incidence of vessel catheter associated infection.

Relationship between the inserting sites of Fu's subcutaneous needling and traditional acupoints: revelation to acupuncture and moxibustion / 中国针灸

Focusing on the phenomenon of "de-acupoints" of the needle insertion sites in Fu's subcutaneous needling (FSN), the authors allocated the evolution and characteristics of the needle insertion sites of FSN. From six aspects, named morphology and structure, location, nomenclature, numbers and meridian tropism, indications and acupuncture manipulations, the comparison was made between the insertion sites of FSN and traditional acupoints. It is believed: ①The needle insertion sites of FSN has the basic attributes of acupoint, which not only refers to the operation site, but also indicates the reaction of disease; moreover, it is the treatment site with significant therapeutic effect. ②The optimized sites of insertion in FSN should be named differently and their locations and numbers should be specified relatively. ③The insertion sites of FSN should be further intersected and integrated with traditional acupoints, and a part of traditional acupoints should become the insertion sites of FSN. ④Accepting and integrating the insertion sites of FSN, and expanding the scope of traditional acupoints may be the new project in the research of traditional acupoints.

Intervenções assistidas por animais: revisão e avaliação de estudos latino-americanos1 / Animal assisted interventions: revision and evaluation of latin american studies

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo: (I) identificar o estado de arte das publicações sobre intervenções assistida por animais (IAA) na América Latina; e (II) realizar a avaliação crítica da qualidade metodológica dos estudos clínicos sobre IAA na América Latina. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo. Os dados foram coletados nas bases Redalyc, SciELO, LILACS, Periódicos CAPES e BIREME. Atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade 146 artigos, sendo 34 submetidos ao Método de Avaliação Crítica de Estudos da Colaboração Cochrane. Os estudos abrangeram o período de 1997 a 2021, principalmente produzidos no Brasil, com delineamentos do tipo estudos de revisão, de caso e descritivo. Em relação aos estudos clínicos, a população infantil foi o maior público submetido às IAA. Equinos e canídeos e representaram as principais espécies de coterapeutas. Parte significativa dos estudos de intervenção demonstrou critérios de replicabilidade, porém constatou-se a ausência de rigor metodológico, limitando a possibilidade de avaliação da eficácia das intervenções. Este estudo aponta o potencial uso da IAA na América Latina e aumento do número de produções ao longo do tempo; todavia, sugere-se que estudos futuros privilegiem a utilização de metodologia experimental, como os ensaios clínicos randomizados, de forma a permitir a avaliação da eficácia das IAA.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to: (I) to identify the state of the art of publications on animal-assisted interventions (AAI) in Latin America; and (II) to critically evaluate the methodological quality of clinical studies on AAI in Latin America. This is a scoping review. Data were collected from Redalyc, SciELO, LILACS, CAPES Journal Portal and BIREME. Eligibility criteria allowed the inclusion of 146 articles, 34 of which were submitted to the Cochrane Collaboration Method of Critical Appraisal of Studies. The studies covered the period from 1997 to 2021, mainly produced in Brazil, and designed as review, case, and descriptive studies. Regarding clinical studies, the child population was the largest population submitted to AAI. Horses and canidae represented the main cotherapists species. A significant part of the intervention studies demonstrated replicability criteria; however, there was a lack of methodological rigor, limiting the possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions. This study points to the potential use of AAI in Latin America and an increase in the number of studies over time; however, it is suggested that future studies should emphasize the use of experimental methodology, such as randomized clinical trials, in order to allow the evaluation of the effectiveness of AAI.

Percepção e atitude do cirurgião-dentista diante do atendimento emergencial a mulheres em situação de violência: uma revisão de escopo / Dentists' perceptions and attitudes towards emergency care for women in situations of violence: a scope review

Resumo Avaliar por meio de uma revisão de escopo estudos que abordam a percepção e atitude do cirurgião-dentista diante do atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência. Utilizando os descritores women violence, dentist attendence ou dentist care, foram identificados 473 artigos, sendo incluídos 13, ao final da seleção. Embora a necessidade de capacitação tenha sido predominante, ela não é suficiente. Existe uma fragilidade em se compreender a violência como problema de saúde, de entender o papel do profissional na solução desse problema, os fatores que podem contribuir com seu crescimento ou seu controle. Os resultados revelaram que o cirurgião-dentista apresentou maior dificuldade do que os outros profissionais no enfrentamento e exigem um amplo aprendizado. O reconhecimento dos referidos casos pelo cirurgião-dentista exige a incorporação de medidas educativas que provoquem mudanças culturais, desconstrução de normas de gênero e a desnaturalização desse fenômeno social.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through a scope review, studies that address the perceptions and attitudes of dentists regarding the care of women in situations of violence. Using the descriptors women violence, dentist attendance or dentist care, 473 articles were identified, of which 13 were included at the end of the selection process. Although the need for training was predominant, it was not sufficient. There is a weakness in understanding violence as a health problem, in understanding the role of the professional in solving this problem, and the factors that can contribute to its growth or its control. The results revealed that the dentist had greater difficulty than other professionals in coping with the issue and required extensive training. The recognition of these cases of abuse by the dentist requires the incorporation of educational measures that cause cultural changes, deconstruction of gender norms and the denaturalization of this social phenomenon.

Perceived barriers to implementing occupation-based intervention / Percepção de barreiras para implementar intervenções baseadas em ocupação

Abstract Introduction Occupation-based intervention (OBI) is defined as an intervention using a clients' occupation and purposeful activities as a treatment medium to achieve the client's goals. Several barriers to practising OBI have been reported in previous studies. However, limited research has been done to identify these perceived barriers to applying OBI in Malaysia's various occupational therapy practice areas. Objective This study aimed to identify perceived barriers to applying OBI in Malaysia's three main occupational therapy practice areas including physical, psychiatry and paediatric. Method A cross-sectional study design was employed, and participants were recruited using a purposive sampling strategy. Data was collected using an online survey from a Delphi study. Results Two hundred ninety-eight Malaysian occupational therapists aged between 22 and 56 years old participated in this study. The study identified several perceived barriers from the client factors, the contextual factors, occupation as treatment modalities and logistical issues. A statistically significant difference was found in the perceived barriers of applying OBI between different areas of occupational therapy practice (p=.013), working experience (p=.003), and position of occupational therapists (p=.001). Conclusion This study suggests that perceived barriers to applying OBI were influenced by the area of practice, working experience and position of the occupational therapists. The results highlight the need to identify potential solutions to applying OBI through research and education.

Resumo Introdução Intervenção baseada na ocupação (OBI) é definida como uma intervenção usando a ocupação dos sujeitos e as atividades propostas como meio de tratamento, para atingir os objetivos dos sujeitos. Várias barreiras com relação à prática de OBI foram relatadas em estudos anteriores. No entanto, pesquisas limitadas foram feitas para identificar essas barreiras percebidas para a aplicação do OBI nas várias áreas de prática de terapia ocupacional na Malásia. Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as barreiras percebidas para a aplicação do OBI nas três principais áreas de prática de terapia ocupacional na Malásia, incluindo áreas físicas, psiquiátricas e pediátricas. Método Um desenho de estudo transversal foi empregado e os participantes foram recrutados usando uma estratégia de amostragem intencional. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa online de um estudo Delphi. Resultados Duzentos e noventa e oito terapeutas ocupacionais malaios com idades entre 22 e 56 anos participaram deste estudo. O estudo identificou várias barreiras percebidas nos fatores contextuais das pessoas, na ocupação como modalidades de tratamento e nas questões logística. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada nas barreiras percebidas da aplicação do OBI entre diferentes áreas da prática da terapia ocupacional (p = 0,013), experiência de trabalho (p = 0,003) e posição dos terapeutas ocupacionais (p = 0,001). Conclusão Este estudo sugere que as barreiras percebidas para a aplicação do OBI foram influenciadas pela área de prática, experiência de trabalho e posição dos terapeutas ocupacionais. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de identificar soluções potenciais para a aplicação do OBI por meio de pesquisa e educação.

Are the Values of Nurses Related to Their Treatment Preferences for Patients with Advanced Cancer? A Cross-sectional Vignette-based Study

Objectives: This study aimed to explore nurses’ treatment preferences for patients with advanced cancer and investigate the factors affecting these preferences. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to nurses at two hospitals who had experience in cancer patient care. Nurses recorded their treatment preferences and nurses’ value considered in their preferences for two vignettes of patients with advanced cancer that differed in performance status (PS) and prognosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used in this study. Results: Of 383 nurses, 300 (valid response rate, 78.3%) responded. Multiple regression analyses revealed that regardless of patients’ prognosis or PS, nurses’ treatment preferences were associated with their values regarding respecting patient wishes and the low probability of prolonging survival through treatment. For case with one month survival prognoses, nurses valued avoidance of discomfort, associated with side effects through treatment. Nurses recommended treatment in case with prognoses of 6 months and PS of 1, while they responded with almost same percentages of recommendation of continuing and discontinuing treatment for those with prognoses of 1 month and PS of 3. Conclusions: Nurses’ treatment preferences were associated with nurses’ values. Nurses’ involvement in treatment decision-making processes after sharing goals for patients’ treatment is potentially beneficial.

3-State Protein Secondary Structure Prediction based on SCOPe Classes

Abstract Improving the accuracy of protein secondary structure prediction has been an important task in bioinformatics since it is not only the starting point in obtaining tertiary structure in hierarchical modeling but also enhances sequence analysis and sequence-structure threading to help determine structure and function. Herein we present a model based on DSPRED classifier, a hybrid method composed of dynamic Bayesian networks and a support vector machine to predict 3-state secondary structure information of proteins. We used the SCOPe (Structural Classification of Proteins-extended) database to train and test the model. The results show that DSPRED reached a Q3 accuracy rate of 82.36% when trained and tested using proteins from all SCOPe classes. We compared our method with the popular PSIPRED on the SCOPe test datasets and found that our method outperformed PSIPRED.

The scope of practice of primary health care physicians in rural and urban areas in Brazil / O escopo da prática de médicos na atenção primária nas áreas rural e urbana do Brasil / Alcance de las consultas médicas en la atención primaria en salud en áreas rurales y urbanas brasileñas

This study aimed to identify differences in the scope of practice of primary care physicians and find the main factors associated with expanded practice in rural and urban areas of Brazil. Data from an online survey with 2,277 primary care physicians, conducted between January and March 2016, were used. Differences regarding activities and procedures performed by physicians per area were verified using Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's post hoc and chi-square tests. Multivariate linear regression analyses were done using a bootstrap technique to identify the main factors associated with an expanded scope of practice. Regardless of the location, the results showed that the practices of the primary care physicians are below their competences. Rural physicians performed a higher number of procedures and activities compared with their peers from intermediate and urban municipalities. Within the overall sample, the variables related to a broader scope of practice included: male gender, work in rural municipalities, participation in training and continuing education programs and consultation of clinical protocols, articles and books. This study contributes with evidence that the medical scope of practice varies according to location. Recognizing and understanding the differences and associated factors for an expanded scope of practice is necessary to determine the skills and resources required for practice in rural and urban areas, collaborating in proposals of strategies to improve quality and access of health care services.

O estudo buscou identificar diferenças no escopo da prática de médicos na atenção primária e os principais fatores associados com a ampliação dessa prática nas áreas rural e urbana do Brasil. Foram usados dados de um inquérito online com 2.277 médicos de atenção primária, realizado entre janeiro e março de 2016. Foram utilizados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis/post hoc de Dunn e qui-quadrado para verificar as diferenças em relação às atividades e procedimentos realizados pelos médicos, de acordo com o local. Foram realizadas análises de regressão linear multivariada, usando a técnica bootstrap para identificar os principais fatores associados com o escopo ampliado da prática. Independente de localização, os resultados mostraram que os médicos de atenção primária estão praticando abaixo de seus níveis de competências. Os médicos rurais realizavam mais procedimentos e atividades quando comparados aos colegas de municípios intermediários e urbanos. Na amostra total, as variáveis relacionadas ao escopo ampliado incluíam: sexo masculino, trabalho em municípios rurais, participação em programas de capacitação e de educação continuada, além de consultas a protocolos clínicos, artigos e livros. O estudo corrobora evidências de que o escopo da prática médica varia de acordo com a localização. O reconhecimento e compreensão das diferenças e fatores associados à ampliação do escopo de prática são relevantes para determinar as competências e recursos necessários para a prática médica nas áreas rural e urbana, contribuindo para propostas de estratégias para melhorar a qualidade e acesso a serviços de saúde.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las diferencias en el alcance de las consultas médicas en atención primaria, así como averiguar los principales factores asociados con las consultas practicadas en áreas rurales y urbanas de Brasil. Los datos que se usaron provenían de una encuesta en línea a 2.277 médicos de asistencia primaria, llevada a cabo entre enero y marzo de 2016. Las diferencias, respecto a las actividades y procedimientos realizados por médicos según su localización, fueron verificadas por los test post hoc de Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn y chi-cuadrados. Los análisis de regresión lineal multivariada se realizaron usando una técnica de bootstrap para identificar los factores principales, asociados con un alcance extendido de la consulta. Independientemente de la localización, los resultados mostraron que los médicos de atención primaria están realizando su trabajo por debajo de sus competencias. Los médicos rurales realizaron un número más alto de procedimientos y actividades, comparado con sus pares en municipios de tamaño medio y urbanos. En la muestra global, las variables relacionadas con un alcance más amplio de las consultas incluyeron: género masculino, trabajo en municipalidades rurales, participar en el entrenamiento y programas de educación continua y protocolos de consulta clínica, artículos, y libros. Este estudio corrobora con evidencias que el alcance de las consultas médicas varía según la localización. Reconocer y comprender las diferencias y factores asociados para un alcance extendido de las consultas, son relevantes para determinar las habilidades y recursos requeridos para realizar consultas en áreas rurales y urbanas, así como para colaborar con propuestas de estrategias en la mejora de la calidad y acceso a los servicios de salud.

Escopo de prática de médicos em atenção primária em saúde no Brasil / Scope of practice of doctors in primary health care in Brazil

O escopo de prática de profissionais da Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS) e seus determinantes têm sido objeto de estudos em diversos países que buscam maneiras inovadoras para responder aos cenários de escassez e má distribuição de profissionais, principalmente de médicos. Recentemente, o escopo de prática também entrou na pauta de planejadores de Recursos Humanos em Saúde (RHS) no Brasil. Entretanto, estudos nesta temática no país ainda são escassos. A presente tese tem por objetivo investigar o escopo de prática de médicos que atuam na APS no Brasil. Adicionalmente, realizar uma revisão de estratégias de flexibilização da regulação e dos escopos de prática de profissionais de saúde que vêm sendo adotadas e recomendados internacionalmente, considerando o cenário atual da pandemia da COVID-19. Foram elaborados três estudos no âmbito desta tese. No Estudo 1, foram analisados dados de um estudo exploratório, de corte transversal, por meio de um survey on-line, com 2.277 médicos da APS, para identificar diferenças no escopo de prática de médicos que atuam nesse nível de atenção e levantar os principais fatores associados à expansão da prática em áreas rurais e urbanas no Brasil. Diferenças em relação às atividades e procedimentos realizados pelos médicos por localidade foram investigados pelos testes Kruskal-Wallist/Dunn's Post Hoc e Qui-quadrado. Os fatores associados a um escopo de prática ampliado foram avaliados por meio de regressão linear com inferência via método bootstrap. No Estudo 2, com o objetivo de delinear o perfil do médico no Brasil, considerando os determinantes e a abrangência do escopo de prática, foram analisados dados de um segundo estudo exploratório, de corte transversal, com 830 médicos de diferentes níveis de atenção. O método utilizado foi o Grade of Membership (GoM), a partir do qual foram gerados quatro perfis de médicos, considerando o grupo da especialidade de atuação, a abrangência do escopo e os determinantes: 1) aspectos pessoais; 2) formação; 3) localidade de atuação. No Estudo 3, foi realizada uma revisão de escopo (scoping review) com o objetivo de identificar as principais estratégias internacionais relacionadas a medidas de flexibilização de regulação das práticas de profissionais de saúde que vêm sendo adotadas e/ou recomendadas no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. No Estudo 1, independentemente da localização, os resultados revelaram que médicos da APS estão praticando aquém de suas competências. Médicos rurais, no entanto, declararam realizar uma média maior de procedimentos e ações de saúde em comparação com seus pares em municípios intermediários e urbanos. Considerando a amostra geral, as variáveis relacionadas a um escopo de prática ampliado incluíram sexo masculino, trabalhar em municípios rurais, participar de programas de educação permanente e consultar protocolos clínicos, livros e artigos. No Estudo 2, os resultados sugerem que a abrangência do escopo de prática pode ser analisada por meio de quatro perfis de médicos. Os perfis 1 e 2 apresentaram maior probabilidade de um escopo de prática mais abrangente e possuem similaridades, como atuar em especialidades da APS, em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS), em áreas descritas como rurais, inseguras/violentas e urbanas com escassez de médicos. Os médicos dos perfis 3 e 4 possuem em escopo de prática menos abrangente, em especial os do perfil 4. Ambos os grupos são de médicos brasileiros, que possuem Registro de Qualificação da Especialidade (RQE) e têm maior probabilidade de atuarem em áreas urbanas sem escassez ou dificuldade de fixar médicos. No Estudo 3, a revisão incluiu 36 documentos. As seguintes estratégias foram identificadas: 1) ampliação de escopo de prática de profissionais de saúde; 2) transferência de funções e atividades de uma categoria profissional para outra (task-shifting); 3) autorização para faturamento e atendimento via telemedicina; 4) licenciamento e recrutamento de profissionais não ativos; 5) recrutamento de profissionais de outras regiões/Estados; 6) mudanças na formação e oferta de treinamento. Os três estudos evidenciam que há variações importantes na prática de profissionais, que devem ser analisadas de forma mais aprofundada. O reconhecimento dessas diferenças pode ser relevante para determinar a competência, a formação e os recursos necessários para a prática de médicos em diferentes localidades em busca de uma melhora na qualidade e acesso a serviços de saúde. O Estudo 3 revela que muitos países estão experimentando novas maneiras de potencializar sua força de trabalho em saúde durante a pandemia. Talvez uma das estratégias mais importantes em resposta a situações de escassez de profissionais tem sido a flexibilidade e a disposição para adaptar, ampliar e redistribuir as atividades da prática de profissionais de saúde. A revisão evidencia a importância em se realizarem reformas na regulação da prática de profissionais, buscando otimizar a força de trabalho em saúde existente, para que esta possa atender de forma rápida as necessidades de saúde da população.

The scope of practice of Primary Health Care (PHC) professionals and its determinants has been the subject of studies in several countries that seeks innovative ways to respond to scenarios of shortage and poor distribution of professionals, especially physicians. Recently, the scope of practice has also entered the agenda of Health Human Resource (HRH) planners in Brazil. However, the number of studies on this topic in the country is still low. The present thesis aims to investigate the scope of practice of PHC physicians in Brazil and its main determinants. In addition, carry out a literature review on strategies of reducing barriers of health professionals' scope of practice regulations that have been recommended and/or implemented internationally, considering the current scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed three studies within this thesis. In Study 1, we analyzed data from an exploratory cross-sectional study, through an online survey, with 2.277 PHC physicians to identify differences in primary care physicians' scope of practice and to raise the main factors associated with expanded practice in rural and urban areas of Brazil. Differences regarding activities and procedures performed by physicians per location were verified by Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's Post Hoc and Chi-square tests. Multivariate linear regression analyses were done using the bootstrap technique to identify the main factors associated with an expanded scope of practice. Study 2 aimed to define the profile of physicians in Brazil, considering their scope of practice and its determinants; we used data of a cross-sectional study, with 830 physicians of different levels of care. We used the method Grade of Membership (GoM). Four physicians' profiles were gendered, considering medical specialty, the scope of practice, and the following determinants: i: personal factors, ii. education, and iii practice location. In Study 3 we carried out a scoping review to identify the main international strategies to reduce practice barriers of health professionals' regulations that have been recommended and/or implemented in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Study 1 regardless of the location, the results showed that primary care physicians are practicing below their competencies. Rural physicians performed a higher number of procedures and activities compared with their peers from intermediate and urban municipalities. Within the overall sample, the variables related to a broader scope of practice included: male gender, working in rural municipalities, participating in training and continuing education programs, and consulting clinical protocols, articles, and books. In Study 2 the results suggest that the scope of practice can be analyzed through four physicians' profiles. Profile 1 and 2 were more likely to have a broader scope of practice and showed similarities concerning working o PHC facilities and specialties, in areas described as rural, unsafe/violent, and urban with a shortage of physicians. Physicians of profiles 3 and 4 have a less comprehensive scope of practice, especially those in profile 4. Both groups are Brazilian physicians who have the Qualification of Specialty Registration and are more likely to work in urban areas without physician shortage. In Study 3 the scoping review included 36 documents. The following strategies were identified: 1) enhancing health professionals' scope of practice; 2) task-shifting from one professional category to another; 3) authorization and billing of telemedicine; 4) licensing and recruitment of non-active professionals; 5) changes in education and provision of targeted training. The three studies show that there are important variants in professionals' practice, which must be analyzed in more depth. The recognition of these differences can be relevant to determine the competencies, training, and recourses required for physicians practicing in different locations, seeking to improve the quality and access of health care services. Study 3 reveals that many countries are experimenting with new ways to enhance their health workforce during the pandemic. Perhaps one of the most important strategies in response to scenarios of professional's shortage and quickly meeting the needs of the population, has been the flexibility and willingness to adapt, expand and redistribute activities of health professionals. The review highlights the importance of carrying out reforms in the professional scope of practice regulations, to optimize the available health workforce, to quickly meet the health needs of the population.

Recurrent hepatogastric fistula during lenvatinib therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma managed by over-the-scope clip closure: a case report / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: Lenvatinib is an oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor (mTKI) and is recommended for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with Child-Pugh A liver function, who are not amenable to surgical resection, locoregional treatment, or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Hepatogastric fistula is a rare complication with a poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Previous reports on fistula formation during mTKI therapy for HCC were all associated with sorafenib. Here, we report the first case of recurrent hepatogastric fistula during lenvatinib therapy for advanced HCC managed using an over-the-scope clip (OTSC).Patient: We present the case of a 73-year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis who was treated for multiple HCC for 7 years. HCC was treated using repetitive transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and sorafenib. Owing to disease progression, lenvatinib treatment was started. During lenvatinib treatment, recurrent hepatogastric fistulas developed. An OTSC was useful for fistula closure and prevention of recurrence.Results: The major cause of fistula formation is considered to be the direct invasion of HCC; however, HCC treatment might also be a contributing factor in our case. In addition, OTSC was useful for fistula closure.Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the fatal complications during HCC treatment.

Current setup and insights of the practicing scope of physicians in China / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the setup basis and registration rules of the practice scope of physicians in China, and take into account the current situation of individual provinces, for suggestions on further revision of the practice scope of these physicians.Methods:Relevant documents on practice scope setup were retrieved from such databases as CNKI, Wanfang and Weipu databases, while relevant national policies, laws and regulations were reviewed. On-site visits were conducted to health committees and medical institutions in 7 provinces from June 2020 through December 2020. Seminars and special interviews were held with relevant management personnel and doctors of different positions, for the purpose of learning the current physician practice scope setup and their suggestions for reform. Data gained from the above methods were summarized to arrive at reform suggestions for optimizing China′s practice scope setup, with further improvement made based on expert consultation method.Results:Several setbacks were found in the setup of their practice scope in China, namely as unclear setup principles, generalized setup of the national standards, inconsistent setup standards among the provinces, prohibition of cross-category registration, and roadblocks against in changing scope of practice. As the setup of the practice scope should set free manpower, unleash vitality, and delegate power, the practice scope should be changed to three categories of " discipline" , " discipline+ technology" and " comprehensive" . Physicians should be entitled to register separately as " discipline" and " discipline+ technology" as their practice scope, with " comprehensive" practice scope approved by a simple procedure of a notice.Conclusions:The setup and modification of the practice scope should be in a general rather than detailed manner, and conducive to the development of related disciplines. Such measures should also fully unleash the vitality of Chinese physicians, and take into account of both peacetime and emergencies, and both medical service and prevention.

Experiencias de fonoaudiólogos/as en hospitales y Centros Comunitarios de Rehabilitación: ¿se modifica la práctica de atención? / Experiences of speech therapist in hospitals and Community Rehabilitation Centers: is the care practice changed?

El presente trabajo busca caracterizar las prácticas fonoaudiológicas en dos contextos de atención de la salud pública chilena (hospitalario y atención primaria -centros comunitarios de rehabilitación). Es un estudio cualitativo con enfoque micro-sociológico, que implicó la realización de entrevistas en profundidad y observaciones no participantes a dos fonoaudiólogos/as insertos en Centros Comunitarios de Rehabilitación (CCR) y dos fonoaudiólogos/as insertos en hospitales públicos. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con herramientas de la Teoría Fundamentada y se propuso una conceptualización basada en semejanzas y diferencias de las prácticas fonoaudiológicas utilizando el software computacional ATLAS-ti. Del análisis surgen las siguientes categorías: rol del profesional, sujeto de atención, relación terapeuta-usuario/a, espacio físico y organización de la sesión, los/las participantes. Además, el principal hallazgo refiere a que todos/as los/las profesionales mencionan la relevancia de incorporar matices psicosociales en el abordaje que realizan. Sin embargo, en la práctica de todos/as los/las fonoaudiólogos/as durante la observación participante no se evidencia dicha incorporación. Los resultados permiten concluir que la conceptualización del quehacer fonoaudiológico se construye mayormente a partir del contexto laboral. Asimismo, los modelos de atención a la base (biomédico-biopsicosocial) se encuentran actualmente en un proceso de hibridación, siendo la práctica de los/las fonoaudiólogos/as situada y también influida por el contexto laboral.

The present work seeks to characterize speech therapy practices in two Chilean public health care contexts (hospital and primary care -community rehabilitation centers). It is a qualitative study with a micro-sociological approach, which involved conducting in-depth interviews and non-participant observations with two speech therapists inserted in Community Rehabilitation Centers (CCR) and two speech therapists enrolled in public hospitals. The data obtained were analyzed with Grounded Theory tools and a conceptualization based on similarities and differences of speech therapy practices was proposed using ATLAS-ti computational software. The following categories emerge from the analysis: role of the professional, subject of care, therapist-user relationship, physical space and organization of the session, the participants. In addition, the main finding refers to the fact that all the professionals mention the relevance of incorporating psychosocial nuances in the approach they carry out. However, in the practice of all speech therapists during participant observation, such incorporation is not evidenced. The results allow us to conclude that the conceptualization of speech therapy is built mostly from the work context. Likewise, the models of care at the base (biomedical-biopsychosocial) are currently in a process of hybridization, the practice of speech therapists being situated and also influenced by the work context.

Descripción de los factores que determinan la elección de prácticas clínicas de los estudiantes en el grado en terapia ocupacional / Descrição dos fatores que determinam a escolha das práticas clínicas dos estudantes de graduação em terapia ocupacional / Description of the factors that determine the choice of clinical practices of unfergraduation occupattional therapy students

Resumen Introducción La realización de prácticas en los contextos reales de trabajo supone uno de los aspectos clave en la organización, desarrollo y evaluación de los programas universitarios, tales como el Grado en Terapia Ocupacional. Además, permiten adquirir habilidades personales y profesionales, favoreciendo la integración de la teoría con la práctica, así como la identidad profesional. Método Estudio descriptivo transversal. 164 estudiantes de 2º, 3º y 4º curso del Grado en Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha fueron evaluados mediante un cuestionario online, tras el proceso de asignación de recursos. Se exploró la importancia que los estudiantes del Grado en Terapia Ocupacional atribuyen a su aprendizaje en recursos de prácticas y se identificaron los factores que determinan la elección de los dispositivos en los que realizarán su formación práctica. El reclutamiento de los estudiantes se llevó a cabo en el curso 2017-2018, siendo su participación voluntaria. Resultados Se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del curso académico (2º, 3º y 4º) entre las variables dependientes vinculadas con la valoración de las prácticas en el currículum académico: ayudan a solucionar problemas prácticos (p= 0,007) y enseñan habilidades interpersonales (p = 0,025). Más de la mitad de la muestra de estudiantes encuestados (51,2%) señaló la cercanía del centro de prácticas a su domicilio familiar como el factor más importante a la hora de seleccionar el dispositivo en el que realizará su formación práctica. Conclusiones Este trabajo contribuye a comprender el impacto de la toma de decisiones, así como a facilitar la mejora de dicho proceso por parte de los estudiantes, promoviendo experiencias en recursos de prácticas que resulten exitosas, así como un futuro desarrollo profesional satisfactorio.

Resumo Introdução A realização de ensino prático nos contextos reais de trabalho supõe um dos aspectos-chave na organização, desenvolvimento e avaliação dos programas universitários, como o Curso de Graduação em Terapia Ocupacional. Além disso, permite adquirir habilidades pessoais e profissionais, favorecendo a integração da teoria com a prática, assim como a identidade profissional. Método Estudo descritivo transversal. 164 alunos do 2º, 3º e 4º anos do Curso de Graduação em Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade de Castilla-La Mancha foram avaliados por meio de questionário on-line, após o processo de alocação de recursos. Foi explorada a importância que os alunos do curso de graduação em Terapia Ocupacional atribuem aos recursos de aprendizagem na prática e foram identificados os fatores que determinam a escolha dos dispositivos nos quais eles realizaram sua formação prática. O recrutamento dos alunos foi realizado no ano letivo 2017-2018, sendo sua participação voluntária. Resultados Foram obtidas diferenças estatisticamente significantes, dependendo do ano acadêmico (2º, 3º e 4º), entre as variáveis ​​dependentes vinculadas à avaliação de práticas no currículo acadêmico: ajudam a resolver problemas práticos (p = 0,007) e ensinam habilidades interpessoais (p = 0,025). Mais da metade da amostra de estudantes pesquisados ​​(51,2%) indicou a proximidade do centro de prática à casa da família como o fator mais importante na seleção do dispositivo no qual eles realizaram o estágio prático. Conclusão Este trabalho contribui para a compreensão do impacto da tomada de decisão, além de facilitar a melhoria do processo por parte dos alunos, promovendo experiências em recursos práticos bem-sucedidos, bem como o desenvolvimento profissional satisfatório futuro.

Abstract Introduction Carrying out internships within a real work context is one of the key aspects for the organisation, development and evaluation of university programmes such as the Degree in Occupational Therapy. In addition, it allows acquiring personal and professional skills, favouring this way the integration between theory and practice as well as the sense of a professional identity. Method This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. 164 students of 2nd, 3rd and 4th year of the Degree in Occupational Therapy of the University of Castilla-La Mancha were assessed by an online questionnaire after the process of allocation of resources. We explored the importance that students of the Occupational Therapy Degree attribute to their learning in practice resources and identified the factors that determine the choice of devices in which they will carry out their practical training. The selection of students was made during the 2017-2018 academic year and all of them participated voluntarily. Results Statistically significant differences were obtained depending on the academic year (2nd, 3rd and 4th) among the dependent variables linked to the assessment of the internship in the academic curriculum: it helps to solve practical problems (p = 0.007) and teach interpersonal skills (p = 0.025). More than half of the sample of students surveyed (51.2%) pointed out the proximity of the internship centre to their family home as the most important factor when selecting the device in which place where they would carry out their practical training. Conclusions This work helps to understand the impact of decision making as well as to facilitate the improvement of this process for students, promoting experiences in practical resources that are successful as well as a satisfactory future professional development.

Estrategia para la implantación del Sistema XAVIA HIS en instituciones hospitalarias / Strategy to Implant the System XAVIA HIS in Hospital Institutions

El Centro de Informática médica (CESIM) de la Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas (UCI) desarrolla el Sistema de Información Hospitalaria XAVIA HIS. El éxito en la implantación es de gran importancia para el CESIM, no obstante, los proyectos de implantación se han visto incididos por un conjunto de insuficiencias. El objetivo de la investigación es desarrollar una estrategia que contribuya a aumentar el éxito en la definición del alcance de los proyectos de implantación del sistema XAVIA HIS, en instituciones de salud. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que incluyó como escenario de aplicación el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, entre 2015 y 2017. Como resultado se obtuvo una estrategia para la implantación del sistema XAVIA HIS en instituciones de salud, que impacta positivamente en la disminución del tiempo necesario para este fin(AU)

University of Computer Sciences (UCI) develops the XAVIA HIS Hospital Information System. The implement success of the system is of great importance for CESIM, however, this stage have been affected by a set of insufficiencies. The objective of the research is to develop a strategy that contributes to increasing success in defining the scope of projects to implement XAVIA HIS system in health institutions. A descriptive study was carried out, which included as an application scenario the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery, between 2015 and 2017. As a result, a strategy to implement XAVIA HIS system in health institutions was obtained, which positively impacts the decrease of time necessary for this purpose(AU)

Contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária para a atenção primária à saúde: caminhos e desafios / Technical and socio-cultural contributions of quaternary prevention for primary health care: paths and challenges / Contribuciones técnicas y socioculturales de prevención cuaternaria para la atención primaria de salud: caminos y desafíos

Introdução: No contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, o conceito da prevenção quaternária adentra timidamente os níveis de atenção à saúde, no entanto, sofre expansão significativa no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Objetivo: Identificar por meio da sistematização de evidências científicas, as contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de estudos presentes nas bases de dados científicas da Scientific Electronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, biblioteca virtual da Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior e MEDLINE via PubMed com a utilização dos descritores "prevenção quaternária" e "atenção primária à saúde", em inglês e português. Resultados: O corpus de análise foi composto por 22 artigos, sendo que a produção científica sobre o tema se deu de forma mais intensa a partir do ano de 2015 e, em sua maioria, possuíam como abordagem metodológica ensaios teóricos. Dentre as contribuições técnicas destacaram-se a introdução do ensino da prevenção quaternária de modo continuado aos graduandos e profissionais; a construção de protocolos e documentos de amparo profissional; a utilização de modelos explicativos dinâmicos na socialização do quadro clínico; a conduta profissional com os usuários e as contribuições socioculturais envolvendo mudanças na percepção profissional e comunitária sobre o fenômeno saúde-doença, assim como o incentivo a práticas de desmedicalização sociocultural em relação à dor, incapacidade, desconforto, envelhecimento, nascimento e morte. Conclusão: Apesar do reconhecimento das potencialidades da prevenção quaternária, faz-se necessário fortalecer estratégias que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para fomentar e gerenciar alianças estratégicas com tomadores de decisão, profissionais de saúde e cidadãos, para fomentar a redução de diagnósticos e tratamentos excessivos, contribuindo com a qualidade do cuidado.

Introduction: In the context of the Unified Health System, the concept of quaternary prevention shyly enters the levels of health care, however, undergoes significant expansion in the scope of primary health care. Objective: To identify, through the systematization of scientific evidence, the technical and socio-cultural contributions of quaternary prevention within the scope of primary health care in Brazil. Methods: This is an integrative review of studies present in the scientific databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library of the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information of the Pan American Health Organization, virtual library of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Commission, and MEDLINE through PubMed using the descriptors "quaternary prevention" and "primary health care", in English and Portuguese. Results: The corpus of analysis consisted of 22 articles, and the scientific production on the topic took place more intensively from the year 2015 and, for the most part, had theoretical essays as methodological approach. Among the technical contributions, we highlight the introduction of teaching on quaternary prevention in a continuous way to undergraduates and professionals; the construction of protocols and documents of professional support; the use of dynamic explanatory models in the socialization of the clinical picture and professional conduct with users and socio-cultural contributions involve changes in the professional and community perception about the phenomenon of illness and health conception, as well as the incentive to practices of socio-cultural demedicalization in relation to pain, disability, discomfort, aging, birth, and death. Conclusion: Despite the recognition of the potential of quaternary prevention, it is necessary to strengthen strategies that enable the development of public policies to foster and manage strategic alliances with decision makers, health professionals and citizens, to promote the reduction of excessive diagnoses and treatments, contributing to the quality of care.

Introducción: En el contexto del Sistema Único de Salud, el concepto de prevención cuaternaria entra tímidamente en los niveles de atención de salud, sin embargo, experimenta una expansión significativa en el alcance de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Objetivo: Identificar, a través de la sistematización de evidencia científica, las contribuciones técnicas y socioculturales de la prevención cuaternaria en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil. Métodos: Esta es una revisión integradora de estudios presentes en las bases de datos científicas de la Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en línea, Portal Regional de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud del Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, biblioteca virtual de la Comisión de Mejoramiento del Personal de Educación Superior y MEDLINE a través de PubMed utilizando los descriptores de prevención cuaternaria y atención primaria de salud, en inglés y portugués. Resultados: El corpus de análisis estuvo conformado por 22 artículos, siendo la producción científica sobre el tema más intensiva desde 2015 y, en su mayor parte, tuvo ensayos teóricos como abordaje metodológico. Entre los aportes técnicos, destacamos la implantación de la docencia en prevención cuaternaria de forma continua a estudiantes de pregrado y profesionales; construcción de protocolos y documentos de apoyo profesional, uso de modelos explicativos dinámicos en la socialización del cuadro clínico y conducta profesional con los usuarios y los aportes socioculturales implican cambios en la percepción profesional y comunitaria sobre el fenómeno de la enfermedad y la concepción de la salud, así como el incentivo a prácticas de desmedicalización sociocultural en relación al dolor, discapacidad, malestar, envejecimiento, nacimiento y muerte. Conclusión: A pesar del reconocimiento del potencial de la prevención cuaternaria, es necesario fortalecer estrategias que permitan el desarrollo de políticas públicas para fomentar y gestionar alianzas estratégicas con los tomadores de decisiones, profesionales de la salud y ciudadanos, para promover la reducción de diagnósticos y tratamientos excesivos, contribuyendo a la calidad de la atención.